Identification of vulnerable areas for gully erosion under different scenarios of land abandonment in Southeast Spain

Abandonment of agricultural land is one of the main changes in Mediterranean land use. To mitigate runoff and erosion from abandoned land, it is necessary to identify locations that are vulnerable to erosion as a result of land abandonment. The objective of our study was to identify vulnerable areas for gully erosion using different scenarios of land abandonment in Southeast Spain. The study area was the Carcavo basin, a semi-arid catchment in the province of Murcia (Southeast Spain). A preliminary field survey confirmed the assumption that abandoned fields have more gully erosion compared to cultivated fields. This can be explained by the quicker concentration of runoff on abandoned land due to crust formation and reduced surface storage capacity. Next we simulated the spatial dynamics of land abandonment with a spatially explicit land use change model for the period 2004 to 2015 for four different land use change scenarios. The results of the simulation were used to identify vulnerable areas for gully erosion by a simple GIS-model based on the controlling factors of gully erosion. The potentially vulnerable areas for gully erosion increased for the different scenarios ranging from 18 ha to 176 ha. Most of the vulnerable areas are located around channel heads or along channel walls. The combination of more gully erosion on abandoned fields and an expected increase of land abandonment are potentially a big problem in relation to land degradation and reservoir sedimentation. The identification of vulnerable areas enables soil conservationists and engineers to mitigate gully erosion by applying preventive conservation practices.     

重力侵蚀黄土沟壑区沟坡产沙特性

沟坡是黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域侵蚀产沙的主要来源,其侵蚀规律的研究可为流域水土保持措施优化配置提供科学依据,对该地区的防灾减灾和可持续发展具有重要现实意义。在多种坡度、坡高的陡坡模型上进行了模拟降雨试验,分别采用地貌仪和径流泥沙采样装置对次降雨过程中沟坡的重力侵蚀量和产流、产沙过程进行了动态监测和定量分析。结果表明:重力侵蚀在高含沙水流的形成中起着十分重要的作用,但不是每次重力侵蚀的发生都能导致高含沙水流;次降雨过程中,含沙量和输沙率均随降雨历时呈现上升趋势,特别是次降雨的中后期,含沙量和输沙率的增大趋势都比较明显;历次降雨事件中,次降雨30min全过程出口径流的平均产沙量和次降雨中后期出口径流平均产沙量的变化趋势一致;次降雨过程中,出口径流含沙量与输沙率随坡度的增大呈整体波动式增大,但与坡高关系不显著。总之,在黄土沟坡区,重力侵蚀对产沙过程有显著影响。     

全风化花岗岩管沟回填土坡面侵蚀影响因素及交互作用

为了查明全风化花岗岩地区输油气管道作业边坡坡面水土流失问题,通过野外典型边坡边界条件测量、坡面侵蚀特征冲沟沟深、冲沟截面积数据采集、岩土体取样测试,并结合室内模型降雨试验等方法。结果表明：降雨、坡长、坡度、汇水面积、岩土体特性5种因素均影响全风化花岗岩管沟回填土坡面侵蚀。产沙率和产流率随着降雨强度的增大而增大。坡长、坡度、汇水面积与冲沟沟深和冲沟截面积呈正相关关系,且随着坡长、坡度、汇水面积的增大,冲沟沟深和冲沟截面积也在增大。通过取样测试发现,原状土与回填土的颗粒组成相对含量具有较大差异,初始回填土粒度级配为良好土。降雨冲刷初期回填土坡面径流主要携带粉粒和黏粒。5年回填土相对于原状土,孔隙率增加到原来的1.13倍,土体渗透系数增大1个数量级,饱和状态下黏聚力降低为原状土的67.6%,内摩擦角降低为原状土的87.5%。通过查明全风化花岗岩管沟回填土坡面侵蚀影响因素及其作用,为后续的边坡治理提供依据。     

Methodologies for interrill soil erosion studies

Due to wide range of experimental techniques reported in the literature for determining interrill erodibility and soil loss values, meaningful comparisons between experiments often cannot be made. Furthermore, inaccurate concepts are developed because erosion processes are dependent upon methodologies. The purpose of this paper is to discuss problems related to both laboratory and field rainfall simulator experiments. Rainfall simulators cannot duplicate a wide range of rainfall intensities and, at the same time, have similar energies as natural rainstorms, unless several different nozzles are used. Rainfall intensity in most simulators is created by varying the frequency of spray oscillation. This intermittent spray characteristic of most simulators, and the constant drop size characteristic of other simulators, greatly affects results. Erosion pan design for laboratory studies and preparation of soil samples placed in the pans also can influence erosion results. We conclude that standardization of rainfall simulator design and test procedures will allow better comparison of erosion results to be made among researchers.     

Relative Contribution of Rill/Interrill and Gully/Channel Erosion to Small Reservoir Siltation in Mediterranean Environments

Reservoir siltation because of water erosion is an important environmental issue in Mediterranean countries where storage of clear surface water is crucial for their economic and agricultural development. The high density of gully systems observed in Mediterranean regions raises the question of their contribution to reservoir siltation. In this context, this study quantified the absolute and relative contributions of rill/interrill and gully/channel erosion in sediment accumulation at the outlet of small Tunisian catchments (0·1–10 km²) during the last 15 years (1995–2010). To this end, a fingerprinting method based on measurements of caesium‐137 and total organic carbon combined with long‐term field monitoring of catchment sediment yield was applied to five catchments in order to cover the diversity of environmental conditions found along the Tunisian Ridge and in the Cape Bon region. Results showed the very large variability of erosion processes among the selected catchments, with rill/interrill erosion contributions to sediment accumulated in outlet reservoirs ranging from 20 to 80%. Overall, rill/interrill erosion was the dominant process controlling reservoir siltation in three catchments whereas gully/channel erosion dominated in the other two catchments. We identified the presence of marly gypsum substrates and the proportion of catchment surface covered by soil management/conservation measures as the main drivers of erosion process variability at the catchment scale. These results provided a sound basis to propose guidelines for erosion mitigation in these Mediterranean environments and suggested to apply models simulating both rill/interrill and gully/channel erosion in catchments of the region. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三峡库区野外模拟降雨条件下弃渣场土壤侵蚀特性

[目的]揭示三峡库区弃渣场土壤侵蚀规律,为该地区弃渣场的土壤侵蚀治理提供依据。[方法]通过现场搭建径流小区并采用人工模拟降雨的方法进行研究。[结果]降雨量同侵蚀量存在极显著的线性关系;降雨强度同渣场产流时间呈极显著的幂函数关系,同径流含沙率呈极显著的指数函数关系;渣场表层较高的细砾石含量,一定程度上可以减少溅蚀与面蚀量,但在强降雨或持续降雨条件下会促进坡面沟蚀的发育;渣场侵蚀具有一定季节分布,非雨季时,渣场侵蚀以面蚀与轻微沟蚀为主,坡面主要发育为细沟与浅沟,侵蚀量较少;雨季时,渣场坡面浅沟迅速转化为切沟,泥沙流失严重。[结论]研究区渣场侵蚀具有一定的季节性,渣场施工时应根据气候特征适当调配,主动避开雨季,并在雨季前完成渣场的水土保护设置;采取相应防护措施抑制或减缓雨季沟蚀的发育是研究区渣场水土保持防护的重点。     

董志塬沟头溯源侵蚀过程及崩塌中孔隙水压力变化

为研究董志塬沟头溯源侵蚀过程及孔隙水压力变化规律,采用模拟降雨+放水冲刷的方法,研究集水区坡度(1°、3°、5°、7°)和放水流量(3.0、3.6、4.8、6.0、7.2m3/h)对董志塬沟头溯源侵蚀过程和孔隙水压力特征值的影响。结果表明:1)崩塌发生频率由试验初期0～30 min时的6.29%增加到150～180 min时的27.48%。2)放水流量为3.0～7.2 m3/h时,产沙率随试验时间呈对数函数减小。产沙量随坡度和放水流量的增加而加大,建立了产沙量与二者间的多元线性回归方程。3)坡度为1°～7°时,崩塌会增加22.75%～324.59%的产沙率,产沙率突变点出现时间相较于崩塌而言存在"滞后"现象。4)孔隙水压力随试验时间呈显著线性或对数函数关系,孔隙水压力的上升是影响溯源侵蚀崩塌发生的关键因素。研究结果可为黄土高塬沟壑区生态治理提供参考。     

便携式人工模拟降雨装置的设计与率定

用人工模拟降雨研究径流,可以大大缩短试验周期,加速雨水入渗规律和土壤侵蚀规律的研究进程。目前的人工模拟降雨装置普遍存在体积庞大、操作复杂、试验成本高等问题,在现实应用中难以推广。该文针对以上问题设计了一种由喷淋系统和供水系统构成的便携式人工模拟降雨装置。该装置采用单喷头、下喷式模拟降雨结构,通过控制输水管道供水压力和改变喷头型号,实现了不同雨强、不同历时的人工模拟降雨过程。通过降雨特性试验表明,该装置可实现降雨强度为0～140mm/h的模拟降雨,降雨均匀性能保持在80%以上,雨滴直径主要分布在0.1～5.5mm之间,能够满足不同直径的雨滴获得2～2.9m/s的终点速度。试验结果与天然降雨有较高的相似性,可有效实现模拟降雨。     

Modelling of event-based soil erosion in Costa Rica,Nicaragua and Mexico: evaluation of the EUROSEM model

This study was undertaken as part of a larger project to evaluate the impact of soil erosion on soil productivity in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Mexico. An important part of the overall project consists of the use of the event-based EUROSEM model (European Soil Erosion Model) to predict soil erosion rates. This paper evaluates the use of the model both for single event and yearly soil loss estimations using erosion plot data from Nicaragua and data obtained through rainfall simulator experiments in Costa Rica and Mexico. EUROSEM was calibrated based on the hydrographs followed by the sedigraphs in Costa Rica and Mexico and this was followed by a model validation. In Nicaragua, model calibration was done using total soil loss values for 1993 and the model was consecutively validated using plot data for 1994 and 1995. The study stresses the importance of calibrating the model for individual catchments, and that the total area of plant stems and soil cohesion are crucial calibration parameters when modelling grassland with cover percentages above 60%. EUROSEM generally did not perform well on single event simulations in terms of simulating hydrographs and sedigraphs. Whereas the difference between observed and simulated total soil loss was between 0.0% and 100.0%, differences in total discharge, peak run-off rate and peak soil loss ranged between 2.0% and 326.5%. The difference was attributed to the model's inability to model crusting. The application of the model for yearly soil loss predictions looks promising with simulated and observed total soil loss values in Nicaragua differing by between 2.5% and 5.0%.     

黄土区浅沟侵蚀影响因素对其侵蚀速率影响的模拟试验研究

浅沟侵蚀是黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的主要侵蚀类型之一。利用室内模拟降雨与放水相结合的研究方法,对雨强、上游汇水面积、坡度和耕作等因素对浅沟侵蚀的影响进行了初步研究,结果表明:浅沟侵蚀发生的速率与坡度、雨强和汇水面积均呈正相关关系。耕作通过改变表层土壤结构,改变了浅沟侵蚀随雨强、坡度和上游汇水面积与侵蚀速率的响应关系。且在较小坡度坡面上,耕作显著减少由于雨强变化引起的侵蚀变化,但在大坡度和大雨强条件下,耕作对雨强引起的侵蚀变化有加强作用。     

稀土元素(REE)示踪土壤侵蚀动态过程的降雨模拟试验研究

该文应用稀土元素(REE)示踪法研究土壤侵蚀发生和发展动态过程的方法，分析了土壤侵蚀沿坡面变化的规律。采用Dy、La、Sm、Yb、Ce、Eu、Nd、Tb等8个REE进行了一系列的人工降雨模拟试验，并采用3个雨强(50，100和150 mm/h)和5个坡度(8.74%,17.63%，36.4%和46.63%)，分Ⅰ、Ⅱ2个降雨阶段进行，定量分析了土壤表面雨水动力特征与土壤侵蚀之间的动态平衡过程，揭示了土壤侵蚀发生和发展的过程及土壤侵蚀沿坡面分布的规律，结果表明雨强和坡度越大的条件下，侵蚀率越大的区段越靠近坡的顶端，这与细沟发生的部位完全吻合。     

Gully Head Retreat in the Sub‐Humid Ethiopian Highlands: The Ene‐Chilala Catchment

In the northern highlands of Ethiopia, gully erosion is severe. Despite many efforts to implement gully prevention measures, controlling gully erosion remains a challenge. The objective is to better understand the regional gully erosion processes and to prevent gully head retreat. The study was conducted in the Ene‐Chilala catchment in the sub‐humid headwaters of the Birr River located southwest of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Twelve gully heads were monitored during the 2014 and 2015 rainy monsoon phase. We measured gully head morphology and retreat length, soil shear strength, ground water table levels, and catchment physical characteristics. Two active gully head cuts were treated in 2014 and an additional three head cuts in 2015 by regrading their slope to 45° and covering them with stone riprap. These treatments halted the gully head advance. The untreated gullies were actively eroding due to groundwater at shallow depths. The largest head retreat was 22.5 m, of which about half occurred in August of the first year when the surrounding soil was fully saturated. Lowering both the water table and protecting the gully heads can play a key role in reducing gully expansion and soil loss due to gully erosion in the Ethiopian highlands. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土区不同地貌部位径流泥沙空间分布试验研究

黄土丘陵区侵蚀泥沙的来源以及坡沟侵蚀产沙关系等一直是研究的热点难点之一，也是争论较多的问题。在梁峁坡到谷坡的坡沟系统中，不同地貌部位有对应的侵蚀形式出现。该文采用多坡段组合模型，运用人工模拟降雨试验方法，研究了黄土区坡面各垂直侵蚀带径流泥沙的空间分布特征及上坡来水来沙的加速侵蚀作用。结果表明：单位面积与时间产流量排列为谷坡＞梁峁坡下部＞梁峁坡中部＞梁峁坡上部。雨强0.5 mm/min时，没有沟蚀发育；1.0 mm/min时，细沟主要在梁峁坡下部；1.5 mm/min时，细沟伸展到梁峁坡上部，谷坡出现滑塌和崩塌等重力侵蚀现象。坡面径流量、产沙量随坡度、坡长、降雨强度变化成正比增长。上坡来水来沙使梁峁坡和谷坡产沙量大幅度增加。     

Study on the Topographic Effect on Soil Erosion Using RUSLE Model for Small Size Watershed

1 IntroductionSoil erosion has been recognized to be a serious environ-mental and soil degradation problem:it can reduce soil pro-ductivity,and it can also increase sedi ment load in receivingwater.The purpose of this researchis to evaluate an availa-bili…     

人工模拟降雨装置及其应用介绍

我国水土保持科研人员借鉴国外经验,通过改装与自我研发,研制了不少能满足室内和室外试验要求的人工模拟降雨装置。经过多年的发展,人工模拟降雨装置已在水土保持科学研究中得到了广泛应用,并积累了大量的观测资料,为进行土壤侵蚀预测预报打下了基础。系统介绍了近20年来我国人工模拟降雨装置研制的发展及目前应用情况。     

Soil erosion in agricultural landscapes of Donbas

The use of topographic surveys performed in different years for the assessment of soil erosion is discussed. The estimates of soil erosion in 56 years within a gully catchment in the Donbass region are compared with the experimental data on soil erosion induced by the snowmelt runoff and with the model prediction of soil erosion induced by rainfall of 10% probability.     

Estimating the rate and consequences of gully development,a case study of umbulo catchment in Southern Ethiopia

In southern Ethiopia wide and deep gullies are common features, significantly affecting farmers' livelihoods. Little action is being taken to address the problem despite farmers being knowledgeable about erosion and its control measures. A study was conduced to investigate the nature and rate of gully development in Umbulo catchment, southern Ethiopia, based on interviews with farmers and field measurements. The results indicated a rapid, down slope development of gullies over the last 30 years with average rate of soil loss from 11 to 30 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. The critical period of development of the gully system was estimated to be between 1974 and 1985, but since then the gully system has enlarged both in depth and width. Wide channels with deep, nearly vertical walls are typical. The trigger for gully initiation is believed to have been human, but the soil properties may have played an important role. Under the current situation agricultural production is unsustainable unless the gullies are controlled using integrated measures at the catchment scale. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

对土壤侵蚀研究的几点思考

土壤侵蚀是现代地理环境条件下改变地貌景观的主要过程,也是引起土壤质量退化、沙漠化与石漠化的核心因素,与土壤、生态、水文等多个地表过程密切相关。虽然土壤侵蚀研究需要气候、地质、地貌、土壤、水文、生态等相关学科的基本知识,分析土壤侵蚀发生、发展过程的动力机制,但需要明确界定土壤侵蚀研究的时空尺度。土壤侵蚀与水土保持之间相互联系、相互促进。土壤侵蚀研究的时间尺度以次降雨、月、年为主,研究主题为次降雨侵蚀过程、土壤侵蚀季节变化与年际变化,时间尺度不宜超过100年。土壤侵蚀研究的空间尺度以小流域为主,基于土壤侵蚀垂直分带性,可以进一步分为样点、坡面、沟坡与小流域。在不同空间尺度上,研究内容与研究方法差异明显。土壤侵蚀过程包括土壤分离、泥沙输移和泥沙沉积,各个过程的主控因素存在差异,研究成果积累差异明显,研究重点会随着时空尺度的变化而有所不同。在土壤侵蚀过程研究中,应充分理解分离控制和输移控制及其时空转换阈值。虽然土壤侵蚀研究已经取得了大量成果,但在细沟网络结构及其时空变化、泥沙沉积过程、沟蚀形成与演变动力机制、重力侵蚀发育过程动力学机理、小流域土壤侵蚀过程模型等诸多方面,亟待加强研究。     

雨强和土地利用方式对豫西南山区有机质流失的影响

[目的]研究丹江口水库水源区不同降雨强度和土地利用方式对土壤中有机质流失的影响,为该区域的面源污染和水土流失防治提供依据。[方法]通过人工模拟降雨试验,以豫西南山区5种常见土地类型的表层土壤为研究对象,应用双因素方差分析,研究雨强和土地利用方式对土壤中有机质的影响。[结果]雨强对径流中有机质的流失影响显著,雨强越大流失量也越大,而土地类型对其影响不大;泥沙中的有机质流失量受雨强和土地类型的影响均显著,随雨强增加而增大;农用地(梯田和坡耕地)中随泥沙流失的有机质含量较高,林草地则低;分别对径流和流失泥沙中的有机质含量与雨强作回归分析,均显示出多项式拟合效果最好(除灌草地的泥沙拟合外)。[结论]梯田作为一种水保措施,能够保持养分和水土流失,因此其土壤中富集的养分也最多;林草地土壤结构较好,能够减缓土壤侵蚀,因而流失的养分也较少。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用方式下小流域侵蚀产沙特征

为进一步优化和合理配置水土保持措施,以黄土丘陵沟壑区3个不同土地利用方式下的坝控小流域为例,基于人工探槽取样、淤积层次甄别及与产流降雨事件的对应关系,结合1∶10 000早期地形图与全站仪测量,拟合库容曲线来估算淤地坝泥沙淤积量,进而反演坝控流域的产沙模数变化特征。结果表明:(1)延河马家沟3个不同土地利用方式下的洞儿沟、阎桥和芦渠坝控小流域,自建坝至2016年的多年平均淤积量分别为2 748.80,4 634.31,3 141.17 t;(2)洞儿沟、阎桥和芦渠流域多年平均产沙模数分别为2 432.56,3 131.29,1 794.95 t/(km~2·a),依次属于轻度、中度和轻度侵蚀;不同土地利用方式下坝控小流域的最小产沙降雨量均20 mm以上;(3)不同的土地利用方式对小流域侵蚀产沙影响显著,人类活动明显的阎桥流域多年平均产沙模数大于以林草地为主的洞儿沟流域,而以林地和梯田为主的芦渠流域多年平均产沙模数最小。由此可见,在黄土丘陵沟壑区合理配置不同的水土保持措施,是减少小流域侵蚀产沙的有效途径。