铅锌银尾矿区土壤微生物活性及其群落功能多样性研究

通过对浙江省天台铅锌银尾矿区土壤微生物活性指标以及微生物群落功能多样性研究 ,结果表明 ,尾矿污染区土壤几种重金属含量比非矿区土壤有明显的增加。尾矿区土壤微生物特征发生了显著的变化 ,微生物生物量和可培养细菌数量显著降低 ,但土壤基础呼吸和微生物代谢商 (qCO2 )值却明显升高。Bi olog测试结果显示 ,随着重金属污染程度的加剧其土壤微生物群落结构发生了相应变化 ,尾矿区土壤微生物群落代谢剖面 (AWCD)及群落丰富度、多样性指数均显著低于非矿区土壤 ,且供试土壤间均达极显著水平差异 (p <0 .0 1) ,表明尾矿区重金属污染引起了土壤微生物群落功能多样性的下降 ,减少了能利用有关碳源底物的微生物数量、降低了微生物对单一碳源底物的利用能力     

铜和磺胺嘧啶复合污染对土壤酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响

随着畜禽养殖业规模化发展以及畜禽粪便的大量农用,由此导致的土壤重金属和抗生素复合污染问题日益突出。本文以畜禽养殖常用的饲料添加剂铜(Cu)和磺胺嘧啶(Sulfadiazine, SDZ)为目标污染物,分别采用土壤酶试剂盒(微量法)和Biolog-ECO盘法,研究二者复合污染对土壤酶活性和土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果发现,低浓度Cu(200 mg/kg)复合污染可缓解SDZ对土壤脱氢酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用,表现为拮抗作用；但加重SDZ对磷酸酶的抑制作用,表现为协同抑制作用。高浓度Cu(500 mg/kg)和SDZ复合对所测试土壤酶均表现为协同抑制作用。Biolog分析表明,10 mg/kg SDZ添加对土壤微生物活性具有促进作用,而Cu和SDZ复合污染处理则可显著抑制土壤微生物代谢活性。多样性指数分析表明Cu和SDZ复合污染对微生物群落多性影响较小,但可显著改变微生物种群的均一性；且主成分分析也表明二者复合污染可显著改变土壤微生物群落结构组成。本研究结论如下：1)Cu和SDZ复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响与土壤酶的种类及复合浓度有关,且土壤脱氢酶是反映SDZ及其与Cu复合污染较为敏感的指标；2)Cu和SDZ复合污染可显著抑制土壤微生物群落的整体代谢活性,并改变代谢功能,进而促使土壤微生物结构的发生变化。     

铜、镉、砷单一及其复合污染对浮萍的毒性效应

通过实验室水培试验研究不同浓度处理水平下Cu、Cd、As单一及其复合污染对紫背浮萍叶绿素和丙二醛浓度的影响结果表明,同一浓度处理水平下,单一重金属污染对浮萍叶绿素的生态毒性效应为Cd>Cu>As,对丙二醛的生态毒性效应为Cd≈As>Cu。与单一污染相比,As Cd和Cu Cd复合污染对浮萍叶绿素毒性增强,表现为协同作用,加强了对浮萍叶细胞的伤害;而As Cu和As Cu Cd复合污染对叶绿素联合毒性作用趋向于毒性减少的拮抗作用。复合污染对浮萍丙二醛的生态毒性效应情况则较复杂,除As Cd外其余3种复合污染组合对浮萍细胞膜均有一定增透作用。     

重金属复合污染下土壤微生物群落功能多样性动力学特征

用碳素利用法对浙江省天台铅锌银尾矿区重金属复合污染土壤微生物群落功能多样性动力学特征进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明 ,矿区重金属复合污染降低了供试土壤的微生物群落代谢剖面 ,且群落代谢剖面值与培养时间之间呈非线性关系 ,其变化过程符合微生物种群生长动态模型 (S形 )。随着重金属复合污染程度的加剧 ,土壤微生物群落功能多样性动力学参数K和r值越低 ,参数s值所需的时间则越长。上述动力学参数与群落代谢剖面各自的主成分分析结果显示 ,微生物群落功能多样性的动力学参数K值和s值能够很好地区分矿区土壤重金属污染程度 ,并且其区分效果比微生物群落代谢剖面值好。土壤微生物群落功能多样性动力学特征的变化可以较好地显示矿区重金属复合污染土壤微生物群落对碳源利用模式的差异 ,反映矿区特定生境土壤微生物群落功能多样性的变化 ,在一定程度上揭示重金属胁迫下环境微生物种群作用机理。     

重金属污染黄壤生态修复中的微生态效应

以黄壤作为供试土壤,种植重金属富集植物与非富集植物,采用室内培养方法对外加镍污染黄壤的微生物活性及其群落结构进行了研究。结果表明:较低浓度Ni有利于提高土壤微生物活性,当Ni浓度>100 mg/kg时供试土壤的微生物活性开始下降,其中微生物生物碳、氮量和基础呼吸随重金属浓度增加而明显下降,但种植重金属富集植物的土壤下降幅度明显低于种植非富集植物的土壤。结果还显示,镍严重污染破坏了土壤微生物区系,使土壤细菌、放线菌及真菌数量下降,其中放线菌对重金属毒性影响最为敏感,重金属富集植物车前草引起土壤微生物区系的变化较小,表现了良好的修复能力。     

重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

通过野外土样采集及室内测定,研究了云南东川铜矿区土壤酶和微生物特征,并采用盆栽试验研究了重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响。结果表明,距离矿口越近,土壤有机质、有效N、P、K的含量、土壤pH值亦越低,土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量C和N受到的抑制程度也增强,其中土壤酶中的酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶,土壤微生物中的细菌对重金属污染较为敏感。盆栽试验中,Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染使白菜(Brassica rapapekinensis)生物量明显下降,且随复合污染程度的增加,白菜生物量下降幅度增加。Cd与Zn、Cu、Pb,Zn与Cd、Cu、Pb,Cu与Cd、Zn、Pb的复合效应机制为协同效应,而Pb与Cd、Zn、Cu的复合效应机制为拮抗效应。重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd复合污染使土壤酶活性显著降低,但低量的Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染刺激了细菌、真菌、放线菌、微生物生物量C和N。重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb对土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量及微生物生物量C和N的复合效应机制表现出协同和拮抗效应。     

三七种植土壤中主要污染物累积及微生物特性变化

通过野外采样及室内分析研究了三七不同种植年限土壤中主要污染物积累以及土壤酶活性和微生物功能多样性的变化特征。结果表明:Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Ni、Hg、Cu含量均超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准,其中As、Cd污染程度最严重;随着三七种植年限增加,土壤中重金属Cu、Cr累积量增加。有机氯农药五氯硝基苯及毒死蜱在土壤中也存在一定程度的残留,其平均含量分别为42.6和79.4μg/kg。随着三七种植年限的增加,土壤微生物碳源利用能力逐渐增强,群落物种均一度发生变化,而土壤脲酶、脱氢酶活性呈明显的先提高后下降的趋势。冗余分析表明As、Ni对土壤微生物活性及多样性起主要抑制作用。     

重金属镉、铜、镍复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响

采用回归正交设计方案，研究了Cd、Cu、Ni复合污染对6种土壤酶（脲酶、转化酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶）活性的影响。结果表明：6种土壤酶活性与Cd，Cu，Ni复合污染之间均呈显著或极显著的相关关系，但Cd，Cu，Ni复合污染对各种土壤酶活性的影响存在着明显差异。在复合效应影响中，重金属对土壤酶活性的抑制效应顺序为：Cd〉Cu〉Ni，Cd，Cu对土壤酶的活性多表现为抑制作用，而Ni多表现为激活作用，Cd，Cu，Ni对磷酸酶均表现出一定的激活效应。Cd，Cu，Ni复合污染对脲酶和脱氢酶具有相当大的毒性。因而认为脲酶、脱氢酶活性可作为指示土壤Cd，Cu，Ni复合污染程度的主要预警指标。     

矿区侵蚀土壤的微生物活性及其群落功能多样性研究

通过对浙江省天台铅锌银矿区侵蚀土壤的微生物活性以及微生物群落功能多样性研究,结果表明:人为开矿使矿区土壤环境呈现不同层次的加速侵蚀特征。矿区侵蚀土壤的几种重金属含量比无明显侵蚀土壤有明显的增加,且其基本理化性质相应变差。矿区侵蚀土壤微生物特征发生了显著的变化,与无明显侵蚀土壤相比,微生物生物量和可培养细菌数量显著降低,但土壤基础呼吸和微生物代谢商(qCO2)值却明显升高。Biolog测试结果显示,随着土壤侵蚀程度的加剧,其微生物群落结构亦发生了相应改变,侵蚀土壤微生物群落的丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度均显著低于对照土壤,且几项指标都达极显著水平差异(P<0.001),表明矿区水土流失引起了土壤微生物群落功能多样性的下降,减少了能利用有关碳源底物的微生物数量,降低了微生物对单一碳源底物的利用能力,最终导致土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性发生变化。     

锌污染对猪粪堆腐过程中微生物群落的影响

利用Biolog微平板技术,对不同浓度重金属Zn影响下堆料微生物群落多样性进行了研究。结果表明,较低浓度Zn处理（Zn含量为400mg·kg^-1）的堆料升温快,高温持续时间长。微生物群落多样性指数和微生物群落主成分分析（PCA）指标均表明不同浓度重金属处理的堆料微生物群落有明显不同,Zn含量为400mg·kg^-1的堆料微生物活性高,有利于增加群落的丰富度和功能多样性,与Zn含量为1000mg·kg^-1的堆料、对照组堆料起分异作用的碳源主要为多聚物类和糖类。     

粤西黄铁矿区铊-铅污染土壤的环境质量研究

以云浮硫铁矿开采场和尾渣堆放区为研究对象,采用HNO3-H2O2-HClO4-HF混酸-微波消解处理土壤样品,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）测定土壤样品中重金属的含量,研究了开采场附近土壤表层、尾渣堆放区土壤剖面的铊、铅、镍、铜、锌、镉等毒害重金属的含量。结果表明,云浮硫铁矿开采活动给矿区土壤环境带来了严重的危害。与中国土壤环境背景值相比,土壤中重金属含量最高可为背景值的35倍。运用Muller地积指数对土壤重金属污染现状进行了系统的环境风险评估,证实目前云浮矿区土壤中存在不同程度的铊、铅、铜、锌、镉等毒害重金属污染,其中,铊、铅的污染最为严重,镉、锌等达到中度污染至强污染,且污染已经渗透至土壤深层,特别是毒害性极强的重金属铊,生态环境受到严重危害。     

DNA- and RNA-derived assessments of fungal community composition in soil amended with sewage sludge rich in cadmium, copper and zinc

Current UK legislation permits the application of sewage sludge to agricultural land provided concentrations of heavy metals in soil do not increase above maximum permissible limits. However, even within the defined limits, we do not know how an increase in soil heavy metal concentrations is likely to affect biological diversity and activity. Here we report on the effects of sewage sludge addition, including sludge rich in the metals cadmium, copper and zinc, on soil fungal community composition using both an rDNA and rRNA DGGE approach. Sewage sludge addition altered fungal ITS-DGGE banding patterns, however, there were no additional effects of an increase in soil heavy metal concentrations. Similar results were obtained for the full range of copper rich sludge treatments even when copper concentrations were well above the maximum permissible limits. Our data therefore demonstrate that although an increase in soil organic matter content alters soil fungal community diversity and composition, increasing soil concentrations of cadmium, copper and zinc up to current legislative limits had little additional effect regardless of whether rRNA or rDNA was analysed. This suggests that current UK limits for these three heavy metals are within a concentration range that the dominant soil fungi at this field site can tolerate.     

赫章土法炼锌区水-沉积物重金属污染的时空变化特征

对赫章土法炼锌区河流水体和沉积物重金属污染状况及时空变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,水体和沉积物受到多种重金属污染：地表水体中Pb、Zn、Cd的均值分别为137.19×10-3、1 919.38×10-3、14.21×10-3 mg.L-1,分别是地表水环境质量标准Ⅲ类水质标准的2.74、1.91、2.84倍;沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的均值分别为702.79、3 242.8、5 427.6、32.19 mg.kg-1,分别是土壤环境质量标准三级标准的1.76、6.49、10.86、32倍。水体和沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd沿河流总体呈无规律性的变化,受炼锌废渣堆和铅锌选矿厂影响的地点,水体和沉积物重金属含量均较高,污染严重。近10年来,炼锌区河流水体和沉积物重金属污染仍然很严重,水体重金属污染呈加重特征,沉积物中Pb、Zn污染呈减轻趋势,Cd和Cu污染则加重。     

Examining the Effects of the Destroying Ammunition,Mines, and Explosive Devices on the Presence of Heavy Metals in Soil of Open Detonation Pit: Part 1—Pseudo-total Concentration

This paper presents the results of determining the pseudo-total concentration of five heavy metals in the soil on which the destruction of ammunition, mines, and explosive devices is carried out by the method of open detonation. In the analyzed area, the concentrations of cadmium, lead, nickel, copper, and zinc were determined, while from the physical properties of the soil were determined the granulometric composition and the pH. The aim of the study is to determine the origin and total load on heavy metals and, based on that, to assess the dangers and impact of the site in terms of the soil pollution by heavy metals. In accordance with the regulations of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the results of the soil testing showed a significant load of copper (up to seven times) and cadmium (up to six times), and exceeding the allowed values for nickel and zinc in some places. Lead was the only metal whose concentration was within the maximum allowed and according to that the soil was classified as unpolluted. A sample of soil from the edge of the pit is the only sample in which all heavy metals, except Ni, were within the maximum allowable concentration. In regard to the concentration of the examined metals, the soil of the pit is classified as medium polluted from the aspect of copper, cadmium, and nickel and highly contaminated with zinc. The concentrations of copper and zinc in the examination area correspond to contaminated soil that represents ecological risk, which requires soil remediation.     

Influence of heavy metals on the functional diversity of soil microbial communities

Three soil types-Calcaric Phaeozem, Eutric Cambisol and Dystric Lithosol-in large container pots were experimentally contaminated with heavy metals at four different levels (light pollution: 300 ppm Zn, 100 ppm Cu, 50 ppm Ni, 50 ppm V and 3 ppm Cd; medium pollution: twofold concentrations; heavy pollution: threefold concentrations; uncontaminated control). We investigated the prognostic potential of 16 soil microbial properties (microbial biomass, respiration, N-mineralization, 13 soil enzymes involved in cycling of C, N, P and S) with regard to their ability to differentiate the four contamination levels. Microbial biomass and enzyme activities decreased with increasing heavy metal pollution, but the amount of decrease differed among the enzymes. Enzymes involved in the C-cycling were least affected, whereas vartous enzyme activities related to the cycling of N, P and S showed a considerable decrease in activity. In particular, arylsulfatase and phosphatase activities were dramatically affected. Their activity decreased to a level of a few percent of their activities in the corresponding unpolluted controls. The data suggest that aside from the loss of rare biochemical capabilities-such as the growth of organisms at the expense of aromatics (Reber 1992)-heavy metal contaminated soils lose very common biochemical propertities which are necessary for the functioning of the ecosystem. Cluster analysis as well as discriminant analysis underline the similarity of the enzyme activity pattern among the controls and among the polluted soils. The trend toward a significant functional diversity loss becomes obvious already at the lowest pollution level. This implies that concentrations of heavy metals in soils near the current EC limits will most probably lead to a considerable reduction in decomposition and nutrient cycling rates. We conclude that heavy metal pollution severely decreases the functional diversity of the soil microbial community and impairs specific pathways of nutrient cycling.Dedicated to Professor J. C. G. Ottow on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Schwermetallbelastung von Aporrectodea caliginosa (Oligochaeta,Lumbricidae) im Raum Kiel

Heavy metal content in Aporrectodea caliginosa (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) in the city of Kiel (Germany, Schleswig-Holstein) In November 1995 the content of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in earthworms of the Aporrectodea caliginosa species was investigated at 28 sites of the Kiel area, as well as at one reference site (Belauer See, ca. 20 kilometres south of Kiel), and compared with the heavy metal content in the soil taken from all those sites. As for the lead and copper content, a positive correlation could be established between the earthworms and the soil. However, the lead content in the earthworms did not depend only on its amount in the soil, but also on soil pH and calcium content. Their copper content decreased exponentially as weight increased. The content of lead, cadmium and copper in A. caliginosa suggested an influence of urban soil pollution on the heavy metal content in earthworms. According to the grouping of heavy metal content in the earthworms, which was done in the course of the research work, the city of Kiel ranges among a minor to a medium degree of pollution caused by the investigated heavy metals.     

Schwermetalle in Oberböden des Warthetals unter städtischem Einfluß

Heavy metals in surface soils of the Warta river valley in an urban area In the urban area of the city of Poznan the contamination with heavy metals was investigated. From the top soil layers of five cross-sections of the valley of the Warta river 87 samples were collected. Beside common soil characteristics the contents of arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, phosphorus and zinc were analyzed. Predominantly the level of contamination with heavy metals is low in the valley soils. A higher level was found in the area of the old city centre. Especially the contents of lead, copper and zinc were raised. Downstream of the sewage plant discharge into the river Warta increased contents of lead and cadmium were found. The distribution of heavy metals in the river Warta sediments indicates that the reason of the local increase of heavy metal contents is the sewage water discharge, Correlations between the content of different heavy metals and other soil properties (pH, clay and P-content, C/N-ratio) were calculated.     

哈尔滨市城市土壤重金属生态风险评价

研究哈尔滨城市土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu和Zn含量与分布特征,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对土壤重金属污染环境质量和潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明:哈尔滨城市土壤5种重金属含量与松辽平原土壤背景值相比有较大积累,污染源的空间差异性引起不同功能区土壤重金属含量不同.土壤表层5种重金属污染程度:工业区>交通区>郊区耕地区>植物园区,潜在生态风险系数在工业区和交通区为中度危害,在郊区耕地区和植物园区为低度危害.最后,对土壤重金属污染来源进行综合分析,提出相应的管理防治对策.