提高规模化猪场仔猪成活率的措施

仔猪成活率是影响规模化猪场效益的重要因素之一。本文从规模化猪场的建设和管理,妊娠母猪、哺乳母猪、仔猪饲养管理以及疾病综合防控等方面系统阐释了提高仔猪成活率的措施,旨在提高规模化猪场的养殖水平,促进生猪稳产保供。     

提高规模化猪场仔猪成活率的综合技术探讨

从技术角度综合分析如何提高规模猪场仔猪的成活率,建议规模猪场在建设猪场前,要科学地选址建场、合理地规划猪舍布局。正确饲养猪群,尤其加强妊娠母猪、哺乳母猪、哺乳仔猪的饲养管理,优化妊娠母猪预产期的推测,严格防控仔猪发生疾病,以提高仔猪的成活率和健康度,不断提高猪场的生产水平,以获取更大的经济效益。     

母猪不发情的原因及解决措施

生猪养殖过程中,母猪的生产水平直接关系到整个猪场的生产效益,母猪良好的发情妊娠过程可以提高猪场仔猪的产出,提高猪只的养殖量,提高生猪养殖的经济效益。母猪的饲养管理在整个猪场养殖中尤为重要,许多生猪养殖户在养殖母猪的过程中会出现母猪不发情的情况,导致生产效益的下降,养殖户一筹莫展。导致母猪不发情或者发情时间不对的原因有很多,通常是由于养殖管理方面以及疾病方面的原因,可以通过良好的饲养管理以及相关疾病的防治手段来解决母猪不发情的状况,下文将对母猪不发情的原因以及相关的解决方式进行介绍,旨在为猪场母猪的养殖提供帮助。     

高温高湿对妊娠母猪饲养的影响

妊娠母猪的健康状况和繁殖性能直接关系到猪场仔猪的产子数和成活率,对于生猪养殖产业的发展具有关键的作用。生猪养殖过程中气温过高,湿度过大是影响妊娠母猪机体健康状况的关键因素,容易导致妊娠母猪出现消化系统功能减退,免疫系统机能下降以及繁殖系统机能紊乱等情况,进而导致仔猪产子数下降,成活率低的现象。高温天气妊娠母猪饲养管理中我们通过做好降温,环境卫生保障以及饲料品质保障等方面可以有效改善妊娠母猪饲养的生产性能。下文将对高温高湿对妊娠母猪饲养的影响进行介绍,旨在为妊娠母猪科学饲养带来帮助。     

提高母猪年产断奶仔猪数的措施

<正>影响母猪年产断奶仔猪数的因素很多,主要有遗传、品种、营养、饲养管理、疾病等。本文从种猪的选育、合理的胎次结构、母猪各阶段的饲养管理及营养、降低母猪非生产天数、科学断奶等方面,阐述了提高母猪生产力的综合性技术措施,以实现规模化猪场效益的最大化。目前规模化猪场饲养成本不断上升,养殖利润逐渐下降,这些问题已成为制约养猪业发展的重要因素。究其原因,除了养殖环境压力、饲料和人力成本增加等因素外,母猪和断奶仔猪关键养殖技术不过关,致使种猪生产性能差,仔猪成活率不高是最主要的原因。     

妊娠母猪的营养需要与饲养管理

妊娠母猪良好的机体状况和繁殖性能是提高仔猪产出和成活率的基础,也是促进生猪养殖产业发展的重点研发方向。繁殖母猪的养殖重点需要从妊娠母猪的养殖管理着手,保障胎儿在母猪机体中的正常生长发育,避免出现弱子、死胎或者流产的情况,提高仔猪的初生重和机体健康状况。本文将对生猪养殖中妊娠母猪的营养需要和饲养管理措施进行综述,旨在为妊娠母猪的科学饲养以及生猪养殖产业的科学发展提供帮助。     

妊娠母猪的饲养技术要点

妊娠母猪的饲养管理水平将直接影响到母猪的繁殖性能和仔猪生产性能,进而影响猪场的经济效益,是母猪养殖过程中最重要的环节.     

妊娠母猪的饲养管理

<正>妊娠指从配种至分娩的生理过程,妊娠母猪即为正处于妊娠期的母猪。妊娠母猪的饲养管理是养猪生产过程中最重要的环节之一,科学、有效的妊娠母猪的饲养管理至关重要,直接关系到母猪的繁殖性能和仔猪的生产性能,是决定猪场效益的关键。在母猪妊娠期间,良好的饲养管理可使受精卵及胎儿在母体内较好地发育,每窝所产仔猪的数量增多并且仔猪健康状况良好,并且有利于母猪泌乳及之后的发情配种。本文重点阐述妊娠母猪不同时期不同的营养需求,以及     

猪场养殖管理技术

猪场想要获得可观的经济效益,科学有效的养殖管理措施必不可少。猪场的养殖管理措施首先要从母猪和仔猪入手。母猪的生产性能直接关系到整个养猪场的生产规模,良好的母猪生产性能可以有效提高猪场猪只数量以及质量。仔猪的健康状况直接关系到猪场的经济效益,有健康的仔猪才能有健康的肥猪出栏,母猪和仔猪在猪只养殖过程中都非常重要。本文对生猪养殖场中仔猪和母猪的养殖管理措施进行了介绍,以期为猪场提高经济效益带来帮助。     

论小型猪场如何提高仔猪存活率

如何提高仔猪存活率是养猪业面临的重大问题。本文就当前小型化猪场如何做好仔猪的培育工作进行分析,力图通过母猪饲养管理、仔猪饲养管理、保健、预防等方面来提高仔猪的存活率,进而提高猪场的养殖效益及水平。     

Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: a review

Birds have evolved alternate physiologic strategies to contend with dehydration, starvation, malnutrition, and reproduction. Basic anatomic and functional differences between birds and mammals impact clinical chemistry values and their evaluation. Interpretation of the results of standard biochemical analyses, including BUN, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, gamma glutamyltransferase, bilirubin, ammonia, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, bile acids, glucose, albumin, globulins, calcium, phosphorus, prealbumin (transthyretin), fibrinogen, iron, and ferritin, is reviewed and discussed in relation to these physiological differences. The use and interpretation of alternative analytes appropriate for avian species, such as uric acid, biliverdin, glutamate dehydrogenase, and galactose clearance, also are reviewed. Normal avian urine and appropriate use of urinalysis, an integral part of laboratory diagnosis in mammalian species that frequently is omitted from avian diagnostic protocols, is discussed.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

药物对眼的毒性作用

临床用药是预防和治疗动物疾病的有效措施,如果局部或全身不合理的使用某种或多种药物往往会对眼睛的某个或多个部位产生毒性作用,引起眼疾,如角膜沉积、角膜穿孔、角膜基质炎、角膜浸润、角膜炎、结膜炎、青光眼、白内障、黄斑部水肿、视力模糊、失明、视野缺损、视网膜水肿、视盘水肿、视网膜出血、视神经乳头水肿、视神经炎、视神经萎缩、中毒性弱视等.药物对眼的毒性作用具有多样性和复杂性.论文将国内报道的能对眼睛产生毒性作用的药物的种类、作用及其机理进行综述,以期对动物临床用药提供理论依据.     

Some Pharmacokinetic Parameters of R-(–)- and S-(+)-Ketoprofen: The Influence of Age and Differing Physiological Status in Dairy Cattle

The pharmacokinetic parameters of ketoprofen have previously been studied in cattle, but no studies have been performed on differing ages and metabolic situations in these animals. The aim of this work was to study the possible modifictions of the pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen enantiomers that may result from age, lactation or gestation in dairy cattle. Three groups of Holando Argentino cattle contained, respectively, 8 cows in early lactation, 8 pregnant cows and 8 newborn calves. Four animals from each group received the enantiomer R-(-)-ketoprofen, the other four animals received the S-(+) enantiomer, all by intravenous injection at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. Significant differences between the three categories of animals were obtained in elimination half-life (t1/2) (1.52, 0.87 and 0.31 and 1.71, 0.69 and 0.26 in newborn calves, cows in early lactation and cows in gestation, respectively), mean residence time (MRT) (0.45, 1.25, 2.20 and 0.38, 0.99, 2.47 h, in cows in gestation, cows in early lactation and newborn calves, respectively) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) (0.87, 2.93, 3.24, and 0.67, 2.78, 5.13 (microg/h)/ml in cows in gestation, cows in early lactation and newborn calves, respectively, for the R-(-) and S-(+) enantiomer, respectively. In calves, there was a significant difference in AUC (3.24 vs 5.13 (microg/h)/ml between R-(-)- and S-(+)-ketoprofen. In view of the differences between calves and adult cattle in the pharmacokinetic results for ketoprofen, the effects of age and physiological status (lactation, gestation) should be taken into account for therapeutic regimens.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Study on Improving Active Ingredients of Astragalus Root,Stem and Leaf by Probiotic Fermentation

The utilization of Astragalus resource was often limited to the root, while the stem and leaf had always been discarded, causing serious waste of traditional Chinese medicine resources. This experiment was aimed to study the changes of the content of active ingredients such as Astragalus polysaccharides, flavonoids and saponins in Astragalus root, stem and leaf by probiotic fermentation. A strain of FGM probiotic isolated from chicken intestines was used in this experiment for the fermentation of Astragalus root, stem and leaf. The results showed that, after fermentation, the crude polysaccharide contents of Astragalus root, annual stem, two years stem, annual leaf, two years leaf increased by 177.46%, 227.27%, 207.11%, 170.61% and 182.28%, respectively, the total flavonoids contents increased by 55.67%, 33.68%, 30.04%, -8.17% and -6.57%, respectively, and the total saponins contents increased by 68.50%, 55.91%, 55.71%, 40.93% and 46.13%, respectively. FGM probiotic fermentation made the main component contents of Astragalus increased, which would help for the further utilization of different parts of Astragalus, and efficient utilization of traditional Chinese medicine resources.     

鸡贫血病毒感染新城疫免疫雏鸡vNDV攻击后免疫病理学变化

本文对鸡贫血病毒感染新城疫免疫雏鸡新城疫强毒攻击后,其血清,泪液,气管液,肠液,胆汁的ＩｇＧ,ＩｇＭ,ＩｇＡ含量和ＨＩ抗本滴度;胸腺,法氏囊,脾脏,哈德尔腺,盲肠扁桃体的Ｔ细胞,ＩｇＧ,ＩｇＭ,ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞数量以及免疫保护情况进行了检测。     

哺乳期犊牛健康管理

哺乳期犊牛是奶牛生命周期的开始,也是奶牛整个生命周期中最为脆弱的阶段,其健康状况可直接影响牧场的可持续发展和经营效率。在哺乳期,犊牛可面临多种疾病的挑战,但消化道疾病和呼吸道疾病是全球奶牛养殖业面临的共性问题。本文对哺乳期犊牛健康状况、初乳管理、犊牛腹泻和呼吸道疾病的管理进行了梳理,并对其防控提出了建议。初乳管理方面分析了影响初乳质量的因素、初乳储存与处理和饲喂管理;犊牛健康管理部分叙述了产圈管理、饲养环境和饲喂方式、营养及饲喂管理、疫苗免疫、通风、疾病早期诊断、应激管理和患犊管理。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Comparison of effects of leptin and ghrelin on porcine ovarian granulosa cells

The aim of our studies was to compare the roles of leptin and ghrelin in the direct control of proliferation, apoptosis, and secretory activity by porcine ovarian cells. In our in vitro experiments, we analyzed the effects of leptin and ghrelin treatments (at 0, 1, 10, or 100 ng/mL medium) on the accumulation of proliferation-related peptides (PCNA, cyclin B1, MAP kinase [MAPK]) and apoptosis-associated peptides (Bax, caspase 3, p53), and on progesterone secretion by cultured porcine granulosa cells, using immunocytochemistry, SDS PAGE-Western immunoblotting, and radioimmunoassay (RIA). Leptin stimulated proliferation (PCNA, cyclin B1, MAPK), apoptosis (Bax, p53), and progesterone secretion. Ghrelin promoted proliferation (PCNA, cyclin B1, MAPK) and progesterone secretion but suppressed apoptosis (Bax, caspase 3, p53). These observations suggest that both leptin and ghrelin directly control proliferation, apoptosis, and secretory activity by porcine ovarian cells. At the level of the ovary, in contrast to the hypothalamo-hypophysial system, leptin and ghrelin may have similar action in promoting granulosa cell proliferation and progesterone secretion, but they may be antagonistic to one another (leptin, stimulator; ghrelin, inhibitor) in controlling apoptosis.