油松天然群体种实性状表型多样性分析

在油松天然林分布区共抽取了10个群体,分别测量了8个种实性状。方差分析表明:油松种实性状在群体间和群体内存在广泛的变异,8个性状在群体间和群体内差异均达极显著水平。表型分化系数即群体间的变异为51.86%,大于群体内变异(48.14%),是油松表型遗传变异的主要部分。球果长、球果径、球果形状指数、种子长、种子宽、种子厚、种子形状指数和千粒重的变异系数分别为:12.87%、12.43%、11.19%、13.97%、16.92%、18.8%、11.53%和32.50%。利用群体间欧氏距离进行UPGMA表型性状的聚类分析,可将油松10个天然群体划分为5类。相关分析表明,油松球果长和果径相关紧密,种长、种宽和千粒重两两相关显著。种形指数与纬度、海拔和生态梯度值(EGA)呈显著负相关,与年均温、年降水量和生长期呈显著正相关。     

吉林省西洋参栽培群体种子表型多样性研究

采用方差分析、多重比较等多种分析方法对吉林省西洋参栽培区13个群体种子单株种子数、千粒重、种子长、种子宽、种子厚5个表型性状进行研究,以系统揭示西洋参栽培群体种子表型性状的变异程度和变异规律.结果表明:西洋参种子单株种子数、种子宽在群体间和群体内均达到显著或极显著差异,而千粒重、种子长及种子厚仅在群体内存在极显著差异,说明西洋参种子性状在2个层次上都具有丰富的多样性.5个种子性状平均变异系数为0.161 9,变异幅度为0.088 2～0.314 9,其中单株种子数最大,为0.314 9,种子长最小,为0.088 2,各群体平均变异系数最大的是延吉2,最小的是汪清.各性状的平均表型分化系数(Vst)为9.8％,即群体间的变异(8.31％)远低于群体内的变异(49.49％).群体内的变异是吉林省西洋参栽培群体的主要变异来源.     

云南松天然群体球果表型变异研究

对采自云南松自然分布区内9个天然群体4个球果性状进行测定分析。结果表明,不同球果性状在各群体间和群体内均存在极显著差异,揭示变异存在的广泛性。群体内变异是云南松球果表型变异的主要来源,种质资源保护时以增加群体内个体数、减少群体取样数为宜。基于各性状两两群体间的表型分化均很低,甚至没有分化,经聚类分析,各群体的聚类并不完全按地理分布进行聚类。     

板栗叶片性状表型多样性研究

对中国板栗自然分布区8个产地采集的板栗叶片进行取样测定,分别测定叶片3项形态指标,结果表明,各指标在同一群体不同品种间差异显著。板栗叶片形态在群体间和群体内存在广泛差异,其中,叶片长、叶片宽及叶片长宽比等3个性状群体内的差异均达极显著水平,F值分别为7.50、6.36及7.39;群体间,叶片长、叶片宽及叶片长宽比3个性状差异均达极显著水平,其F值分别为19.36、18.32和3.40。根据3个性状的平均,群体间的方差分量占总变异的11.417%,群体内的占39.86%,机误占48.72%。板栗叶片3个性状群体间的表型分化系数平均为13.03%,而群体内的平均表型变异占86.97%,表明群体内变异是板栗叶片表型变异的主要来源。     

云南松不同类型群体种子形态及萌发特征比较

为了探究云南松通直和扭曲天然群体表型变异规律,对2种类型群体的种子形态及其萌发特征进行比较.结果表明,云南松种子性状的平均表型分化系数为9.87％,表型变异主要来源于群体内.群体内各种子性状均存在极显著的差异,群体间除了种翅长度外,其他均存在显著或极显著的差异,2种类型群体间的种子重量不存在显著差异,通直群体的种子形状指数高于扭曲群体,但种翅形状指数低于扭曲群体.从萌发特征来看,2种类型群体的发芽过程相似,通直群体的发芽率、发芽势和日均发芽率稍高于扭曲群体,由此表明,在相同条件下,云南松通直群体在种子萌发初期具有一定的优势.     

同质环境条件下滇牡丹表型变异研究初报

利用2年生滇牡丹实生苗的13个表型性状,系统揭示不同居群表型变异程度和变异规律。研究表明,同质环境条件下,13个表型性状的平均分化系数为99.57%,居群间表型分化系数的方差分量占82.76%,居群内表型分化系数的方差分量占0.32%。居群间的表型变异明显大于居群群内的表型变异,表明居群间的变异是表型变异的主要来源。已有的研究中,天然居群表型性状的平均分化系数为98.51%,其中,居群间的表型变异为48.87%,居群内的表型变异为0.59%。相比而言,同质环境条件下,居群间的表型变异更大,居群内的表型变异更小。这一现象表明,引种驯化栽培后,居群内表型性状更加趋于稳定,居群间表型性状的差别更为明显。研究结果可为建立核心种质资源提供数据支撑。     

滇西北野生牡丹天然居群的表型多样性

为揭示滇西北天然牡丹居群的表型变异程度和变异规律,利用12 个形态指标对18 个滇西北牡丹(Paeonia delavayi)的天然居群进行表型多样性研究。结果表明：滇西北牡丹表型性状在居群间存在广泛的变异,12 个性状居群间的变异系数为16.65%~107.78%,种群间的平均变异系数为38.44%。在研究的18 个居群中,宁蒗拉伯乡居群的变异最小,变异系数为25.02%;其次是玉龙县大平坝居群,变异系数为26.68%;以丽鸣线路旁居群的变异为最大,变异系数为50.86%。滇西北牡丹变型性状在居群间和居群内存在着丰富的表型多样性,12 个表型性状的平均表型分化系数为98.51%,居群间的变异(48.87%)大于居群内的变异(0.59%),表明居群间的变异是表型变异的主要来源。滇西北牡丹表型性状与地理因子的典型相关分析表明,坡度能正向依次解释单荚荚长(y11)、果柄长(y8)、叶柄长(y4)和单荚总数(y10),负向依次解释单荚荚宽(y12)、荚果数(y9)和株高(y1);聚类分析结果说明滇西北牡丹居群间表型性状变异是不连续的。     

中国板栗北方种群表型变异频率研究

研究了中国板栗北方产区5个地理种群种子及叶片特征的表型分化、表型性状值(数量性状)的频率分布及表型频率多样性。结果表明,板栗种群间的方差分量占总变异的10.97%,种群内的占41.57%,7个性状种群间的表型分化系数变幅在11.85%~28.34%。板栗7个性状种群间的表型分化系数平均为24.26%,表明种群内变异是板栗表型变异的主要来源,种群内品种间的多样性大于种群间的多样性。板栗7个性状频率分布基本符合正态分布,但偏度和削度各自不同,众数的位置及所在组的频率也存在一定差异。表型多样度、Shannon信息指数均可用于表型多样性的评价。     

滇楸结实特性及果实性状变异研究

在云南和贵州调查了滇楸9个群体的结实特性和果实的8个表型性状,采用巢式设计的方差分析、变异系数、相关及聚类分析等进行表型性状的遗传多样性分析.结果表明:果实的8个性状在种群间、种群内差异均达到极显著水平(p＜0.01),表型性状的平均变异系数为31.03％,变化幅度为24.53％ ～ 39.28％;群体间表型分化系数为22.81％(10.91％ ～ 36.34％),种群内变异达到77.19％,明显大于种群间的变异22.81％.通过果实表型性状的聚类分析,将9个种群划分为3大类,表型性状没有依据种群的距离进行分类,群体间的表型变异表现为不连续.     

花生荚果与种子相关性状QTL定位及与环境互作分析

花生荚果、种子性状与产量紧密相关,是重要的农艺性状。为挖掘与荚果、种子性状紧密连锁的分子标记,本研究以大果品种冀花5号和小果美国资源M130组配衍生的315个家系RIL8群体为材料,利用SSR、AhTE、SRAP和TRAP等标记构建了一张包含363个多态性位点的遗传连锁图谱。该图谱共包含21个连锁群,总长为1360.38 cM,标记间平均距离为3.75 cM。利用完备区间作图法对2017—2018年5个环境的荚果、种子相关性状进行数量性状基因座(quantitativetraitlocus,QTL)分析,共鉴定到97个与荚果、种子性状相关的QTL,可解释的表型变异为2.36%～12.15%,分布在A02、A05、A08、A09、B02、B03、B04、B08和B09等9条染色体上。其中, 9个与荚果长相关, 13个与荚果宽相关, 14个与荚果厚相关, 11个与种子长相关, 14个与种子宽相关, 13个与种子厚相关, 13个与百果重相关, 10个与百仁重相关; 4个主效QTL分别为qPWA08.1、qPTA08.3、qPTA08.4和qSWB08.5,可解释的表型变异分别为10.02%、11.06%、12.15%和11.97%;45个稳定表达的QTL在3个以上环境可被重复检测;连锁群A02、A08、B02、B04和B08上存在QTL聚集区。另外,检测到15对上位性QTL,可解释的表型变异为10.23%～51.84%。研究结果将为花生荚果、种子性状的分子标记辅助育种提供重要的理论依据。     

Genetic Diversity in Tall Fescue Ecotypes from Alabama I. Maturity, Morphological Traits, and Disease Reaction

There is a large hectarage of tall fescue in Alabama. Recognition of the deleterious effects of the endophytic fungus Acremonium coenophialum has resulted in substantial acceptance of new endophyte-free cultivars. Destruction of old pastures and the concomitant loss of potentially valuable adapted germplasm could be a valid cause for concern. The objectives of this study were to evaluate genetic variation for maturity and plant morphological traits, both among and within tall fescue cv. ‘Kentucky 31’ populations from 18 to 38 year-old pastures in Alabama. Ten populations of approximately 50 plants each were collected from old Alabama tall fescue pastures. Two pastures were sampled in each of five counties, representing the five major land use areas of the state. In 1990, spaced plants of all populations were evaluated at heading time for maturity, morphological, and disease traits at two locations in central Alabama. Endophyte infection level of the populations ranged from 2 to 100 %. Maturity was highly correlated with tiller length and flag leaf width and was used as a covariate for these traits in the analysis of variance. Leaf rust and net blotch ratings were negatively correlated. Significant variation among populations was observed for maturity and flag leaf dimensions, most variation being due to differences among source counties. Significant variation was observed within all populations for maturity and morphological traits, but only in seven populations for leaf rust. No within-population variation was detected for net blotch. The average precipitation for the month of May explained 81 % of the variation among populations for maturity. Age of the pasture sampled had a significant effect on tiller diameter (r²= 0.55), and latitude of the pasture sampled was the best individual predictor of leaf width (r²= 0.42). This study reveals that considerable genetic diversity, largely influenced by climatic conditions, exists among ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue ecotypes from Alabama.     

甜菜种质资源叶部性状多样性及聚类分析

为进一步挖掘甜菜种质资源潜力促进甜菜品种改良及种质资源的高效利用,利用软件SPSS 22.0采用聚类分析方法对从中国甜菜种质资源中期库中筛选出的121份国内外甜菜种质资源进行了遗传多样性研究和分类。结果表明：对9个叶部形态性状进行了调查分析,其中多样性指数最高的是叶片薄厚,然后依次为叶色、叶柄长、叶面形、叶柄色、叶缘形、叶柄宽、和叶柄厚,多样性指数最低的为叶形;基于各种质间叶部性状的遗传差异,在遗传距离为12.5时将来自不同国家的121份种质资源分为4大类。第Ⅰ类群甜菜种质资源主要来自中国、美国、意大利和比利时,第Ⅱ类群甜菜种质资源主要来自俄罗斯、美国和中国,第Ⅲ类群甜菜种质资源主要来中国、美国、俄罗斯和比利时,第Ⅳ类群甜菜种质资源主要来自中国、意大利、美国、比利时和俄罗斯。聚类结果表明,不同国家的种质资源多样性较丰富,充分了解了甜菜种质资源叶部性状遗传多样性地理分布特点和种质资源群间的遗传关系,对于鉴别特异种质,挖掘优异种质材料具有现实意义。     

Evaluation of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Landrace Populations Originating from Different Growing Regions in the Near East*

This study characterizes barley (Hordcttm vulgare L.) garmplasm that evolved under continuous cultivation in highly drought-prone areas of the Near East. Landrace population:) originating from 70 locations in Syria and Jordan were evaluated under field conditions in Tel Hadia, Svria, on the basis of single head-row progeny performance. Significant genetic variation was found for all traits recorded: seed colour, kernel row number, growth habit, awn barbing, days to heading, culm length, leaf widths, awn length, early growth vigour, lodging score, and mildew resistance. For most traits, large proportions oi the total variation were tound between head progenies tvhh.in single populations. The qualitative traits, growth haba, seed colour, and awn barbing showed higher variation indices in populations originating from the drier regions ol Syria. Populanons from tbe drier regions; headed slightly earlier, had narrower leaves, longer eulms and tended to be more susceptible to lodging and mildew than populations originating in the higher rainfall areas in Syria. For all traits, the variance components resulting from differences among populations within a particular growing region, as well as those among populations from differences regions, were highly significant. This indicates that this germplasm stock contains materials with adaptability to these diverse growing conditions. The vanabili:y present within populations, as well 25 that among populations with similar adaptability, is sufficient to allow successful election for productivity-related traits.     

Morphological variation in Astragalus hamosus L. and Coronilla scorpioides L. populations of Tunisia

Morphological variation between Astragalus hamosus and Coronillascorpioides populations was studied using local germoplasm collected in northern and central Tunisia. Twenty-one morphological traits were recorded and data were analysed using complementary statistical analysis. Considerable variation based on morphological and agronomical traits was found between populations and for both species. Pod and peduncle lengths as well as flowers number were the most discriminant variables between populations. Differences were also found for variables like seed number per pod, seed yield and dry matter production. Significant correlations were found between plant traits and the environmental parameters of the origin sites. This study revealed enough variation among populations to initiate a selection programme for pasture improvement in arid and semi-arid areas of Tunisia, where the two species are well adapted. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

122份国外普通菜豆资源聚类分析和主成分分析

对122份国外普通菜豆资源的熟性、生育日数、生长习性、出土子叶色、叶形、花旗瓣色、花翼瓣色、株高、株型、主茎节数、单株分枝数、结荚习性、单株荚数、每果节荚数、荚色、荚形、荚面、荚长、荚宽、单荚粒数、粒形、种皮光泽、种皮斑纹、粒色、百粒重、单株产量、小区产量15个质量性状和12个数量性状进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明,122份国外普通菜豆资源聚为四类,其中来自葡萄牙的91号资源单独为一类。主成分分析结果表明,26个性状提取了8个主成分,累计贡献率为74.37%,包括颜色因子、百粒重因子、产量因子、形态因子等主要因子。该研究旨在充分挖掘国外菜豆种质资源特性,为资源利用提供依据。     

Morphological and Yield Traits of Wild Legume (Tetragonolobus palaestinus Boiss) Populations

Through the process of domestication, cultivated crops have been selected from their wild ancestors for various anthropocentrically important characteristics. Tetragonolobus palaestinus Bioss is a wild grain legume species which grows naturally on the plains and hilly areas of north Jordan and neighbouring countries. In a study of agronomic and morphological traits of wild populations of T. palaestinus at two locations, the following variables were evaluated: number and dry weight of nodules per plant, plant height, number of branches and pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, and seed weight per plant. Positive and significant correlations between 14 pairs of variables were noted, including number and dry weight of nodules per plant, plant height, number of branches and pods per plant, pod length, and seed weight per plant. The wild populations of T. palaestinus studied here appeared to be homogenous, although some of the observed variation could have arisen from variation of the environmental conditions among locations.     

Seed yield and its components in smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) cultivars

Summary Seed yield performance and effect on seed yield of morphological traits such as seeds/panicle, seed weight, seeds/branch, branches/2nd node, branches/panicle, fertile tillers/plant and panicle length were evaluated in 13 cultivars of smooth bromegrass in a spaced-plant nursery. Wide variation was observed between and within cultivars for seed yield and traits. Highly significant correlation coefficients were found among traits and seed yield. Path analysis showed that specifically seeds/panicle and seed weight had strong direct effect on seed yield. It was concluded that seeds/panicle and seed weight were primary selection criteria for seed yield in smooth bromegrass.     

鱼腥草种质资源群体表型遗传多样性研究

本试验通过观测湖南怀化市不同地域鱼腥草居群,以揭示其变异规律和检测种质资源的遗传多样性状况,为其保护和利用提供依据.以湖南省怀化市的16份鱼腥草种质资源为材料,观测了其群体表型性状特征,并分析了这些表型性状的变异系数、遗传参数和遗传多样性.结果表明,鱼腥草种质资源的不同表型质量性状的频率不同,以绿色地上茎、白色地下茎和心形叶最具代表性.居群问各表型数量性状以地上茎的分枝数和鲜质量、地下茎的节间数、4-甲基-1-异丙基-3-环己烯-1-醇和2,4-甲基-3-环己烯基异丙醇变异较大,根的直径变异最小;而居群内以地上茎分枝数的变异系数最大(39.8%),甲基正壬酮含量最低(13.4%).居群内各表型数量性状多样性指数为0.182～0.710,而居群间为0.213～0.804;不同地域类群间表型多样性指数存在一定差异,黄岩地区最高(1.024),鸡公界地区最低(0.574).群体问的平均表型变异约占总变异的1/2而群体内的约占1/3,说明群体问变异是表型变异的主要来源;群体间表型分化最大的是地上茎的分枝数(77.04%),最小的是根的直径(51.88%).在5%的选择强度下数量性状的绝对遗传进度都较小(RGS%<40%)但遗传力均较大(h~2>50%).当遗传距离分别为2.0和1.5时,材料被聚为2类和3类,而且聚类首先是按地上部分的茎色,其次是按叶型,再次是以海拔高度,最后是以地域而划分的.群体表型变异丰富而且具有遗传分化程度较高.     

Variation in morphophysiological characters of fruits of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trigonobalanus doichangensis</Emphasis> (Fagaceae) according to individual trees,populations and years

Trigonobalanus doichangensis is recognized as a rare and endangered plant of China. The morphological and physiological traits of fruits were investigated in one population over 2 years (2006–2007) and in four populations during 2007 in order to facilitate ex-situ conservation and eventual reforestation through planting of propagules. The results indicated that morphological traits including fruit length, fruit width and 1,000-fruit weight showed significant variation among individual trees within populations (P < 0.01), however, not among populations. And each of them had significant positive correlation with each other (P < 0.01). Seed abortion occurred, and there was significant variation in percentage of fruit fill among populations and among individual trees within populations, whereas, percentage of fruit fill showed no correlation with the morphological traits. As for fruit germination, germination percentage, germination index and vigor index presented significant variation among populations and among individual trees within populations. The three germination-related indices had significant positive correlations with each other (r ≥ 0.9, P < 0.01) and with percentage of fruit fill (r > 0.86, P < 0.01), however, possessing weak correlations with morphological traits. It was also found that each of the traits mentioned above showed significant variation among individual trees within years, however, not between years. In addition, more than 48% of the variation occurred among individual trees both within populations and within years in all the fruit characters. We suggest that collecting fruits from various individuals at each of populations will be the preferred strategy to conserve the most genetic diversity of the species.