密氮互作对灌区胡麻籽粒产量及品质的影响

为明确适用于灌区胡麻高产优质生产的密度和氮肥施用量,以内亚9号为材料,于2017和2018年连续两 年进行田间试验,分析播种密度与氮对胡麻籽粒木酚素及脂肪酸组分含量及其产量的影响。播种密度分别为3.0× 106、6.0×106和9.0×106粒每公顷,现蕾前结合灌水进行的氮肥追施量分别为每公顷0、16、32和48 kg氮。结果表明： 在同一播种密度下,随施氮量增加,籽粒产量增加;在同一施氮情况下,随播种密度增加,籽粒产量提高。随氮肥增 加,油酸含量减少,亚油酸含量增加。随密度增加,亚麻酸含量也显著提高。方差分析结果表明,密度和氮对油酸 含量影响显著;密氮互作对木酚素含量影响显著。相关性结果显示,籽粒木酚素、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量两两显著正 相关。综合考虑增产增效和胡麻籽粒特殊品质,灌区种植胡麻的推荐播种密度为每公顷6.0×106粒,追施氮16 kg· hm-2。     

甘肃省胡麻生态气候分析及种植区划

根据甘肃省各地胡麻生物和气候特性,运用统计学方法,分析了不同气象因子对胡麻产量的影响,确定了胡麻生态气候适生种植区划综合指标,依此对甘肃省胡麻进行适生区划,并分区评述,同时提出合理利用气候资源途径.     

我国花生产量波动与气象条件关系的初步分析

分析全国和某一省、市、自治区的花生产量时间序列,花生产量曲线上升而在年际间有波动。对产量负波动随时间的变化进行估算求得了负波动显著的年份。明确降水和温度的波动所引起的灾害性气象是产量波动的原因。     

辽宁省玉米主产区气候因子与玉米产量相关性的研究

根据辽宁玉米主产区沈阳、铁岭、鞍山3市1980～2004年的农业气候资料及玉米产量资料,采用直线滑动平均模拟法分离出气象产量,并结合相关系数分析法初步分析了温度、降水两大气候因子与气象产量之间的关系。结果表明：生育期内降水对玉米气象产量影响最大,其次是≥0℃活动积温和极端温度;降水关键期在4～5月和7～8月,≥0℃活动积温关键期在7～8月;降水、活动积温过大和过小对玉米产量均不利;极端温度影响以最高温度影响较大,极端最低温度影响较小;极端最高温度发生几率逐年增加,极端最低温度出现的几率有减少趋势。     

密度对高油玉米298产量和含油率的影响

以高油玉米298为材料,研究了密度对高油298产量和含油率的影响.结果表明:密度对高油298的产量和含油率有显著影响,随密度增加,高油298的穗粒数、百粒重、子粒的含油率降低;吐丝期光合速率随密度增加而下降;成熟期粒叶比随密度增加而减小;子粒产量均在一定范围内先升后降.在本试验条件下,获得最高子粒产量的密度为60 000株/hm²,产量为7 472.4 kg/hm²,子粒含油率为9.84%,综合考虑子粒产量和含油率二因素,密度为60 000株/hm²时油产量最高,为643.2 kg/hm²。     

微垄和地膜覆土对旱地胡麻生长发育及籽粒产量形成的影响

为探讨不同起垄方式和地膜覆土对胡麻生长发育及籽粒产量形成的影响,分别于2016和2017年胡麻生长季,以传统露地条播为对照（CK）,研究了全膜微垄覆土穴播、全膜微垄不覆土穴播、全膜平作覆土穴播和全膜平作不覆土穴播4种种植方式对胡麻出苗率、株高、茎粗、干物质积累量、生长速率和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明：微垄方式改善了胡麻生长发育状况,出苗率显著高于CK,干物质积累量在苗期至现蕾期以微垄不覆土处理最高,盛花期至成熟期以微垄覆土处理最高,分别较CK平均高出39.3% ~ 69.8%和36.0% ~ 53.7%。微垄覆土模式下籽粒产量较CK显著提高26.8%。关联度分析可知,影响胡麻籽粒产量的主导因素为蒴果数和果粒数。相关分析结果显示,胡麻籽粒产量与产量构成因子、干物质积累量均呈显著正相关关系。表明微垄覆土与不覆土穴播方式均能够显著提高胡麻出苗率,促进干物质积累,增加胡麻单株蒴果数和果粒数,提高籽粒产量,是半干旱旱作农业区胡麻适宜的种植模式。     

氮磷对油用亚麻茎叶中生理指标及产量构成因子的影响

为了明确氮磷对胡麻茎叶中生理指标及产量构成因子的影响,以陇亚杂1号为材料,设计不施肥、施磷、施氮和氮磷配施4个处理。在大田条件下,研究了灌溉地陇亚杂1号整个生育期茎、叶中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、可溶性糖的动态变化。结果表明,叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量动态变化一致,呈先升后降趋势;叶片中叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量高峰值出现在现蕾期,茎中出现在盛花期;叶中可溶性糖含量先降后升,茎中呈降-升-降趋势;可溶性糖累积量,茎中先升后降,呈倒V型,最高值出现在绿熟期,叶中可溶性糖累积量也呈倒V型,最高值出现在盛花期。胡麻茎叶中叶绿素a、总叶绿素、可溶性糖含量和累积量都随氮磷增加而增加;氮磷配施与不施肥（CK）相比胡麻产量构成因子中单株蒴果数、每果籽粒数、千粒重及产量,分别提高了27.97%、16.13%、18.52%和49.07%。     

胡麻/大豆间作体系下施氮对胡麻干物质积累和产量的影响

为改进胡麻产量和发展胡麻/大豆间作技术,采用随机区组试验,设单作模式下不施氮(T1)、施氮75kg/hm2(T2)、施氮150kg/hm2(T3)和间作模式下不施氮(T4)、施氮75kg/hm2(T5)、施氮150kg/hm2(T6)6个处理,研究了施氮量和种植模式对胡麻干物质积累规律、产量及产量构成因子的影响。结果表明,拟合的胡麻全生育期干物质积累Logistic模型均达到极显著相关水平。单作胡麻最大干物质积累速率出现在盛花期,间作种植模式下过量施氮时峰值会转移至子实期。在单作模式下,胡麻总干物质累积量和籽粒干物质累积量均随施氮量的增加而增加,以施氮量为150kg/hm2处理(T3)最高;而在间作种植模式下,施氮量为75kg/hm2处理(T5)显著高于不施氮处理(T4)和施氮量150kg/hm2的处理(T6)。在同一施氮水平下,间作种植模式下各处理开花前贮藏同化物的转运量、花后干物质积累量和花后干物质同化量对籽粒的贡献率均显著高于单作各处理,以施氮量为75kg/hm2处理(T5)最高;各处理以T5的产量最高,为3 204.80kg/hm2,且胡麻与大豆间作中得到的互利效应大于受到的竞争效应。因此,胡麻与大豆间作,即便减量施氮(75kg/hm2)仍可获得高产。     

不同品种、密度、肥料对甜糯玉米产量的影响研究

根据正交设计原理,对甜糯玉米的产量在品种、密度、肥料配比等三个因素影响下的变化进行了研究,结果表明三因素对甜糯玉米鲜穗产量的影响效果依次为:品种、密度、肥料;在一定范围内,甜糯玉米鲜穗产量随密度的升高而增加;适量施用K肥可以提高产量;并找到了适宜本地的甜糯玉米高产栽培措施的优化组合.     

密度和施氮量对垄膜沟播春玉米干物质积累和产量的影响

2012、2014年,以玉米杂交种沈禾201为试验材料,探讨垄膜沟播条件下种植密度和施氮量对植株干物质积累和产量的影响。两年试验结果表明,在抽雄期和灌浆期,玉米个体干物质积累量随密度的增加而减小,随施氮量的增加而增加;群体干物质积累量随密度和施氮量的增加而增加。种植密度和施氮量对玉米群体产量的综合影响呈开口向下的凸面体,2012年施氮量对群体产量的影响大于密度处理,2014年施氮量对群体产量的影响小于密度处理。通过对产量方程模型寻优,得到超过平均产量的管理方案,2012、2014年种植密度分别为69 727~84 818株/hm~2、39 880~51 778株/hm~2;施氮量分别为342~478 kg/hm~2、223~413 kg/hm~2。在试验区特定的生态环境条件下,适宜的种植密度和中高施氮量可显著增加垄膜沟播春玉米产量。     

吉林省气候变化对玉米气象产量的影响

利用吉林省梨树县1986～2008年的气象资料和玉米产量资料,在确定梨树县玉米的气象产量与积温、降雨以及日照时数之间关系的基础上,分析吉林省气候变化规律及其对玉米产量的影响。结果表明：玉米的气象产量(Y_w)与降雨量(x₁)呈显著正相关,与生育期内的积温(x₂)呈显著负相关,与日照时数无显著相关关系,与生育期内的降雨量和积温存在显著的二元线性关系：Y_w=15768.77+2.87x₁-5.42x₂,(r=0.63)。吉林省整个生育期内的平均气温、积温分别以每年0.05℃和10℃左右增加,降雨量以每年5mm左右减少,日照时数没有明显变化。随着吉林省气候变暖和降雨减少现象的加剧,对吉林省的旱情和玉米产量的影响越来越重。     

Evapotranspiration Responses of Plants and Crops to Carbon Dioxide and Temperature

Summary

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has risen from about 270 mmol (CO2) mol^?1 (air) (i.e., mole fraction of dry atmospheric air basis) before 1700 to about 370 mmol mol ^?1 currently. General Circulation Models (GCM) have predicted a global temperature rise of 2.8 to 5.2°C for a doubling of CO2. This review examines evapotranspiration and water-use efficiency responses of plants to rising CO2 and climatic changes, especially temperature. Doubling of CO2 will decrease leaf stomatal conductance to water vapor about 40%. However, water use by C3 crop plants under field conditions has usually been decreased only 12% or less for two reasons. Firstly, feedbacks in the energy balance of plant foliage cause leaf temperatures to rise as stomatal conductance is decreased. Increases of leaf temperature raise the vapor pressure of water inside the leaf, which increases the leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference. This increased driving force for transpiration offsets in large part the decreased leaf conductance caused by elevated CO2. Secondly, CO2 enrichment tends to cause leaf area to increase more rapidly in many crops. This increased leaf surface area for transpiration also offsets part of the decreased stomatal conductance per unit leaf area on the whole canopy evapotranspiration, but the energy budget feedbacks are more important.

Experiments point to a yield enhancement of 30 to 35% for C3 crops for the direct effects a doubling of CO2 (without ancillary climate change). If temperature rises, this yield enhancement may be greater for vegetative growth but less for seed grain yield. Experiments on both ambient and elevated CO2 treatments in sunlit growth chambers showed that transpiration rates increased 20% when air temperature was changed from 28 to 33 °C and increased 30% when temperature was increased from 28 to 35 °C. Thus, under well-watered conditions, evapotranspiration will increase about 4 to 5% per 1°C rise in temperature.

Crop model predictions of yields of soybean and maize showed a reduction due to temperature increases by two GCM models. Under Southeastern USA conditions, doubling CO2 in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) climate change scenario resulted in an 12% increase in yields, but yields decreased 50% in the Geophysical Fluids Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) climate change scenario. Optimum irrigation for both models gave yield increases of about 10%. These model results illustrate the critical requirement of water for production of crops. Under rainfed conditions, crop yields could suffer tremendously if growing season precipitation is decreased, but yields could increase moderately if growing season precipitation is increased. Under the high growing season rainfall scenario (GISS), irrigation requirements for optimum soil water were increased 22%, but under the low rainfall scenario (GFDL), irrigation requirements were increased 111%.

Without the effects of climate change, rising CO2 will cause an increase in crop water-use efficiency (WUE). Most of the increases in WUE will be due to increases in dry matter, with little or no contribution from decreases in water use per unit land area. Growers could produce higher yields per unit land area with higher total production, or maintain the same total production with less land and less total water use. However, if temperatures rise, transpirational water use will increase, and WUE will decline. Higher temperatures, and especially less rainfall, would raise the irrigation requirements of crops. Competition for water resources from other uses could result in less water available for irrigation.     

RCP情景下基于AquaCrop模型的河南省夏玉米减产风险评估

本研究基于AquaCrop模型研究rcp4.5和rcp8.5两种代表性浓度路径情景下河南省不同区域未来气候变化下的夏玉米减产风险的变化特征，准确的评估未来气候变化对作物单产的影响，为最大限度的避免作物减产和制定适应性措施提供理论依据。结果表明，在rcp4.5和rcp8.5情景下，较历史时期2000～2019年相比，河南省各地区最高温度、最低温度和降雨均呈现出显著波动上升趋势，在空间上气温和降雨增加速率呈现出相反的变化特征。基于AquaCrop模型分别模拟rcp4.5和rcp8.5情景下不同区域夏玉米产量损失率，分别为18.3%～42.9%、22.9%～44.8%。产量损失率呈现出明显的空间差异性，其中，豫北-安阳和新乡产量损失率最高，豫南-驻马店产量损失率最低。在rcp4.5和rcp8.5情景下，河南省各区域减产风险指数整体上均呈现出增加的趋势，平均减产风险指数分别为0.353(rcp4.5)和0.368(rcp8.5)，减产风险高值区主要位于河南西北部和中部地区，减产风险低值区主要在河南省南部地区。     

不同播期夏大豆的产量、光合特性和气象因子效应研究

为探讨播期对黄淮海地区夏大豆产量的影响,以大豆品种齐黄34为材料,设置7个播期,比较了不同播期大豆产量性状的差异,并分析了降水和温度与夏大豆生育进程、光合性能指标、产量及产量构成因素的关系。结果表明：在黄淮海地区,夏大豆花后阶段降水和温度是决定产量高低的重要因子。适期早播可延长夏大豆的生育天数,增加花后积温,提高花后累积日温差,花后阶段获得充足降水,可使夏大豆后期衰老速度减慢,提高光合势, 增加干物质量,提高收获指数。降水和温度主要通过影响单株荚数、单株粒重、单株粒数和百粒重来影响产量,产量表现出随着播期推迟先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,适期早播有利于大豆增产。该研究可为黄淮海地区大豆播期的科学设置以及高产栽培提供依据。     

全生育期增温对冬小麦物侯期、产量和水分利用效率的影响

为明确太行山山前平原地区冬小麦生长发育、产量形成及水分利用对气候变暖的响应,以冬小麦品种藁优5218为材料,于2017-2018和2018-2019连续两个冬小麦生长季在旱棚内采用开放式增温系统(free air temperature increase,FATI)模拟气候变暖趋势,分析了FATI的增温效果及全生育期增温对冬小麦物候期、茎秆发育、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,与自然条件(CK)相比,增温后冬小麦穗分化进程加快,整个生育期缩短4~6 d,主要表现为越冬—拔节期的生育进程缩短,而灌浆期的持续时间延长;增温导致冬小麦茎秆基部变细薄,降低节间横截面维管束数目及木质化程度,增加倒伏风险;增温降低了冬小麦产量和水分利用效率(WUE),两个生长季分别减产10.4%和5.3%,WUE分别下降16.1%和12.7%。因此,气候变暖不利于该区域小麦产量和WUE的提高,可通过栽培管理措施或品种改良来使冬小麦生产系统适应增温趋势,实现稳产提效。     

Assessing the impact of climate change on annual typhoon rainfall—a stochastic simulation approach

Rainfall amount drawn by typhoon events accounts for a significant portion of annual rainfall in Taiwan. Changes in typhoon rainfall due to climate change may have severe consequences for water resources management. A stochastic simulation approach is proposed for evaluation of changes in typhoon rainfall under certain climate change scenarios. The number of typhoon events and total rainfall of individual typhoon events are, respectively, considered as random variables of the Poisson and Gamma distributions. Climate change scenarios were set by varying various degrees of changes in average number of typhoon events annually and the mean of event-total rainfall. Using stochastic simulation, basin-wide annual typhoon rainfalls were simulated for the Shihmen Reservoir watershed in northern Taiwan. It is found that 10% increases in average annual number of typhoon events and mean event-total rainfall will result in 18% increase in the annual typhoon rainfall of 5-year return period, whereas the annual typhoon rainfall of 10-year return period will increase by 15% under the same climate change scenario. Such increases may cause significant increase in reservoir sediment and pose challenges to reservoir management.     

The effect of climate change on global potato production

The effect of climate change on global potato production was assessed. Potential yields were calculated with a simulation model and a grid with monthly climate data for current (1961–1990) and projected (2010–2039 and 2040–2069) conditions. The results were mapped and summarized for countries. Between 1961–1990 and 2040–2069 the global (terrestrial excluding Antarctica) average temperature is predicted to increase between 2.1 and 3.2 C, depending on the climate scenario. The temperature increase is smaller when changes are weighted by the potato area and particularly when adaptation of planting time and cultivars is considered (a predicted temperature increase between 1 and 1.4 C). For this period, global potential potato yield decreases by 18% to 32% (without adaptation) and by 9% to 18% (with adaptation). At high latitudes, global warming will likely lead to changes in the time of planting, the use of later-maturing cultivars, and a shift of the location of potato production. In many of these regions, changes in potato yield are likely to be relatively small, and sometimes positive. Shifting planting time or location is less feasible at lower latitudes, and in these regions global warming could have a strong negative effect on potato production. It is shown that heat-tolerant potato cultivars could be used to mitigate effects of global warming in (sub)tropical regions.     

Evaluating water depths for high water productivity in irrigated lowland rice field by employing alternate wetting and drying technique under tropical climate conditions,Southern Taiwan

The uncertainty of monsoon rainfall and the decreasing availability of irrigation water, as a result of climate change, and high water demand of other sectors have resulted to wide adoption of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) technique especially in irrigated lowland rice production to overcome water scarcity. However, under climate change circumstances, AWD can be optimized when taking advantage of favorable water seasonality conditions to increase crop yield and irrigation water use efficiency. Therefore, a field trial was conducted to find suitable water depth for reducing rice irrigation water use by combining four different water depth treatments (T_2cm, T_3cm, T_4cm, and T_5cm) with rainfall through a randomized complete block design having 3 replications. Water depths were applied weekly from transplanting to heading. The results showed that water stress at vegetative stage decreased plant height and tillers number between 7 and 33 % at panicle initiation, followed by total and partial growth recovery. In addition, panicle number per hill showed a 53–180 % decrease at the heading stage. Severe water stress induced by the lowest water treatment significantly reduced yield components between 15 and 52 % at harvest. It was found that weekly application of 3 cm water depth combined with rainfall improved AWD effectiveness, and yielded the highest beneficial water productivity with less yield expenses.     

1971-2017年陇中地区气候变化及其对旱地春小麦产量的影响

为了解不同生育阶段气候变化对旱地春小麦产量的影响,利用陇中地区1971-2017年逐日气温和降水量,运用APSIM模型模拟春小麦生育期和产量,对近47年来该地区气候变化特征及其与春小麦产量的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,陇中地区年降水量按4.639 mm·10a^-1的速率显著减少,春小麦全生育期降水量按1.304 mm·10a^-1的速率减少,8个生育阶段的降水变化趋势不同,其中灌浆-成熟期的降水量下降幅度最大,倾向率为-2.995 mm·10a^-1;分蘖-拔节期的降水量有明显的上升趋势,倾向率1.855 mm·10a^-1。旱地春小麦全生育期和各生育阶段的日均温、日均最高温和日均最低温都呈上升趋势,并且日均最低温的上升幅度要大于日均最高温。经相关分析,旱地春小麦全生育期降水量和日均最高温与产量分别呈极显著和显著相关;拔节-孕穗期和灌浆-成熟期降水量与产量的相关性分别达显著和极显著水平,拔节-孕穗期和灌浆-成熟期日均温与产量均呈极显著相关,拔节-孕穗期和灌浆-成熟期的日均最高温与产量分别呈显著相关和极显著相关。