红壤地区典型农田土壤水力学特性及土壤水库容研究

针对红壤地区普遍存在的季节性干旱问题,研究了红壤的水力学特性及土壤库容状况,结果如下:红壤旱地土壤各层的有效水含量变化不大,变化区间为61.00gkg-1～73.77gkg-1,作物可利用的有效水区间较小,不利于作物生长;水田中土壤剖面有效水含量变化明显,变化区间为75.27gkg-1～170.80gkg-1,其中表层和犁底层的有效水含量远大于其它各层次。土壤的饱和含水量主要受容重的影响,粘粒含量主要影响高吸力下的水田土壤含水量。旱地红壤表层总库容和死水库容较高,有效水库容较低,为17.71mm;水田土壤表层死水库容较小,有效水库较高,达到30.74mm。红壤季节性干旱的主要原因是土壤本身理化性质导致的有效水含量较低,难以被作物吸收利用。     

生物质炭对旱地红壤理化性状和水力学特性的影响

[目的]研究生物质炭对旱地红壤基本理化性质及水分特征曲线的影响,为红壤地区土壤改良提供依据。[方法]分层测定不同生物质炭施用量水平下的土样容重、孔隙度和有机碳含量,采用原状土压力膜法分层测定土壤的水分特征曲线。[结果]施用生物质炭能显著降低土壤的容重,提高土壤的孔隙度及有机碳含量,且随着施用量的增加,土壤容重逐渐降低,孔隙度及有机碳含量逐渐提高;随着生物质炭施用量的增加,土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量和有效水含量逐渐增加,凋萎系数逐渐减小,施用生物质炭30t/hm2的土壤处理饱和含水量、田间持水量和有效水含量最高;生物质炭施用量与土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量和有效水含量呈极显著正相关关系,与凋萎系数呈极显著负相关关系。[结论]施用生物质炭能显著提高红壤田间持水量和有效水含量。     

太湖地区典型水稻土水力学特征及土壤库容研究

针对气候变化条件下温度升高对土壤水分产生的影响,选择太湖地区典型水稻土——乌栅土作为研究对象,对其土壤的水力学特征及土壤库容进行了研究。结果表明：（1）影响乌栅土水分特征曲线的主要因素是容重与黏粒含量。饱和条件下和水吸力达到1.50×106 Pa时各土层的含水量（凋萎含水量）变化均表现为：耕作层〉犁底层〉潴育层〉潜育层。（2）乌栅土的有效水含量与容重和黏粒含量呈显著负相关关系,与孔隙度呈显著正相关关系。（3）在土壤的各种理化性质中,容重和总孔隙度是影响饱和导水率的主要因素,而毛管孔度与pH值为次要因素。（4）乌栅土耕作层总库容为91.48mm,有效水库容为22.02mm,滞洪库容为20.50mm,这种土壤具有良好的水分状况,既能保证太湖地区粮食作物的稳产高产,又具一定的蓄水调节功能。     

砾石对丘陵紫色砾质土持水性的影响

通过红棕紫泥、灰棕紫泥、棕紫泥原状土和扰动土的持水性实验,研究了砾石对丘陵紫色砾质土持水性的影响.结果表明,在考虑砾石的情况下,原状土饱和含水量减少0.70%～10.70%,田间持水量减少2.07%～4.33%;砾石含量＜10%,饱和含水量和田间持水量与砾石含量关系不明显;砾石含量＞10%,饱和含水量和田间持水量随砾石含量减少而增加;在0～30 kPa吸力段,原状土和扰动土的持水能力、幂函数拟合式的α值、原状土物理性黏粒含量、扰动土比水容量都随砾石含量减少而增大;原状土的比水容量随砾石含量减少而减小.     

太湖地区农田生态环境中土壤饱和导水率研究

对太湖地区主要水稻土类型的饱和导水率进行了研究.结果表明,该土壤的饱和导水率变化于7.20×10-5～6.33×10-4 cm/s, 并随着深度的增加饱和导水率迅速下降;原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率相差很大, 土壤的质地、有机质含量、容重、孔隙度和结构系数等均对饱和导水率有一定的影响.原状土的饱和导水率能反映田间的实际情况, 对研究土壤水分平衡和水土保持有极其重要的意义. 而扰动土的饱和导水率只能作为一种农业工程的参考数据被运用.     

南方典型土壤水力特征差异性分析

为探究南方地区典型土壤水力性质的差异,采用压力膜法、定水头渗透法和一维水平土柱吸渗法对粘性潮土、沙性潮土、红壤、水稻土和紫色土5种南方典型土壤的水动力学参数进行室内测定,对比分析了各土壤水力特征的差异及其产生的原因。结果表明:土壤质地和粘粒含量是影响土壤水力特征的主要因素;粘性潮土、沙性潮土属于级配良好土,而红壤、紫色土、水稻土属于级配不良土,粘性潮土、沙性潮土、红壤、紫色土、水稻土饱和导水率依次增大,分别为1.75×10~(-3),3.15×10~(-3),4.77×10~(-3),11.02×10~(-3),11.87×10~(-3) cm/min;相对水稻土和沙性潮土而言,其他3种试验土持水性较高。土壤有效水含量为沙性潮土粘性潮土水稻土紫色土红壤,其有效水孔隙体积分别占其总孔隙体积的48%,29%,27%,18%和17%。非饱和条件下,沙性潮土和红壤中的水分运动速率较快,远高于粘性潮土中的水分运动速率,约为其6.8倍。土壤质地、颗粒级配、粘粒和有机质含量不同是造成土壤水力特性差异的因素,其中土壤质地和颗粒级配为南方典型土壤水力特性差异的主要影响因素。     

适量砒砂岩改良风沙土的吸水和保水特性

该文研究了不同砒砂岩改良风沙土模式下的土壤入渗特征、饱和导水率和水分特征曲线,分析了不同模型对砒砂岩改良风沙土水分特征曲线的适用性和不同改良模式的土壤水力学特征,以期为评价砒砂岩改良风沙土水力学特性以及筛选合理改良模式提供科学依据。结果表明:砒砂岩可以有效降低风沙土的入渗率和饱和导水率,增加风沙土的饱和含水量和滞留含水量,增强风沙土的持水能力。VGM(m,n)模型可以拟合砒砂岩改良风沙土土壤水分特征曲线。同一改良模式下,土壤的入渗率、饱和导水率和饱和含水量随容重增大呈减小趋势;容积含水量在低吸力段随容重增大逐渐减小,在中高吸力段逐渐增大。砒砂岩和风沙土以25∶75比例混合的复配模式,可以有效改良风沙土的吸水和保水特性,可在实践中推广。     

长期有机无机肥配施条件下的旱地红壤水分特征分析

以长期有机无机肥配施条件下的旱地红壤为研究对象,采用压力膜法测定土壤水吸力在1~1500 k Pa条件下的旱地红壤含水量变化,绘制出完整的土壤水分特征曲线;运用van Genuchten模型对实验数据进行拟合并计算出旱地红壤中不同类型水分的含量,借助相关分析探讨了土壤团聚结构、土壤有机质、铁铝氧化物与黏粒等土壤理化性质与旱地红壤中各类型水分常数间的相关关系。结果表明:长期配施有机肥的旱地红壤水分含量均随着土壤水吸力(0~1500 k Pa)的增加呈现出"快速下降-缓慢下降-基本平稳"的变化趋势;配施有机肥虽然可显著提高旱地红壤中的饱和含水量,但同时也使旱地红壤中的多余水显著提高,且可显著降低全有效水占饱和含水量的比例。相关分析表明,旱地红壤游离氧化铝、有机质分别与正常生育有效水、速效水及全有效水呈显著正、负相关关系。这一结果意味着旱地红壤中游离氧化铝含量越高、有机质含量越低,越利于旱地红壤中有效水量的提高,但背离了"有机质增加可以提高土壤供水能力"的这一通识。因此,有必要明确并区分铁铝(氢)氧化物与有机质在红壤团聚结构的形成及土壤保水功效调控过程中的作用与机制,进而为旱地红壤水分的有效调控提供科学的依据。     

太湖地区主要水稻土的土壤水分参数研究

太湖地区主要水稻土类型的水分参数研究结果表明 ,水稻土 4个土层的土壤水分特征曲线基本一致。土壤的饱和含水量、田间持水量、凋萎系数和土壤有效水的含量均从土壤上层到下层呈降低的趋势 ;土壤的非饱和导水率与负压水头之间呈负相关的指数曲线变化 ,当负压水头达到 10 k Pa时 ,非饱和导水率降低到最小值 ,且基本趋于稳定 ;非饱和土壤水扩散率变化于 1.1× 10 - 3～ 1.886× 10 - 3cm2 / min之间 ,非饱和土壤水扩散率随含水量也呈指数曲线变化。     

碱化盐土饱和导水率特征与影响因素研究

选择碱蓬地和碱斑地2组典型碱化盐土剖面,对原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率(K10)进行了测定,并分析了盐度、碱度、结构、有机质、质地、容重等土壤基本性质对土壤饱和导水率的影响。结果表明:碱化盐土的K10极低,原状土仅为0.05~0.22mm d-1,其与土壤碱度、盐度、结构系数、团聚度的相关性均无显著统计学意义,与土壤有机质含量极显著(p0.01)负相关,与砂粒和粉粒含量分别呈极显著(p0.01)正相关和负相关,与砂粒/(粉粒+黏粒)呈极显著(p0.001)直线递增关系,底层(20~100 cm)原状土和表层(0~10 cm、10~20 cm)扰动土K10均与土壤容重呈极显著(p0.001)幂函数递减关系;土壤质地和容重对K10的影响存在交互作用。     

Modelling Thermal Diffusivity of Differently Textured Soils

A series of models has been proposed for estimating thermal diffusivity of soils at different water contents. Models have been trained on 49 soil samples with the texture range from sands to silty clays. The bulk density of the studied soils varied from 0.86 to 1.82 g/cm³; the organic carbon was between 0.05 and 6.49%; the physical clay ranged from 1 to 76%. The thermal diffusivity of undisturbed soil cores measured by the unsteady-state method varied from 0.78×10^–7 m²/s for silty clay at the water content of 0.142 cm³/cm³ to 10.09 × 10^–7 m²/s for sand at the water content of 0.138 cm³/cm³. Each experimental curve was described by the four-parameter function proposed earlier. Pedotransfer functions were then developed to estimate the parameters of the thermal diffusivity vs. water content function from data on soil texture, bulk density, and organic carbon. Models were tested on 32 samples not included in the training set. The root mean square errors of the best-performing models were 17–38%. The models using texture data performed better than the model using only data on soil bulk density and organic carbon.     

多因素作用下浑水入渗对土壤导水特性的影响

浑水土壤入渗具有复杂的上边界变化过程,其上边界导水能力的变化规律是研究浑水土壤入渗特性的重要基础。为研究浑水入渗形成致密层过程中导水率的变化情况,该研究进行了17组(9组正交试验处理,8组用于模型验证)浑水饱和土柱入渗试验,通过对试验结果进行多元回归构建多因素(浑水含沙率、黏粒含量及入渗时间)影响下砂土导水率动态模型;并结合浑水饱和土柱入渗特性进行合理假设,分别建立浑水砂壤土和粉壤土饱和土柱导水率动态模型并进行验证。结果表明:浑水含沙率、黏粒含量及入渗时间对砂土导水率影响极显著(P<0.01),入渗时间为砂土影响导水率变化的主要因素,其次为含沙率和黏粒含量;建立的砂土导水率动态模型决定系数为0.853,均方根误差为0.004 cm/min,表明该模型可客观反映各因素与导水率之间的关系;模型验证试验结果中均方根误差小于0.01 cm/min,相对误差绝对值均值小于7%,说明该导水率动态模型可靠性较高;砂壤土和粉壤土导水率动态模型决定系数分别为0.912和0.930,均方根误差分别为2×10^-3和5×10^-5 cm/min;模型验证中均方根...     

Thermal diffusivity of plowed leached meadow-chernozemic soils in the Adygeya Republic

Thermal diffusivity of the upper horizons of leached meadow-chernozemic soils varies in dependence on the soil water content within the following limits: 1.20–4.11 × 10⁻⁷ m²/s for the Ap horizon, 1.21–3.85 ×10⁻⁷ m²/s for the A1 horizon, and 1.35–3.73 × 10⁻⁷ m²/s for the A1B horizon. The relationships between the thermal diffusivity and the soil water content are described by S-shape curves with a long gently inclined segment within the range of water contents of <0.20 cm³/cm³, a distinct rise in thermal diffusivity within the water contents from 0.20 to 0.30–0.35 cm³/cm³, and a flattened or somewhat declining segment in the area with the high (>0.30–0.35 cm³/cm³) water contents. The thermal diffusivity of air-dried soil samples correlates with the physical clay (<0.01 mm) content. The Pearson correlation coefficient for these two variables equals −0.67 and is statistically significant at the significance level of 0.05. Regression equations allowing one to calculate the thermal diffusivity of the investigated soil horizons on the basis of data on the soil water content have been obtained.     

不同压实水平下铁尾矿砂和土壤的水力学特征比较

由于尾矿砂的不良结构和严重压实,水土流失严重,水分已成为其生态恢复的重要限制因素。因此以水分运移为主线,通过室内土柱模拟,研究铁尾矿砂和土壤在自然状态到最大压实状态间5个压实水平(铁尾矿砂1.50~1.70 g/cm^3,土壤1.30~1.50 g/cm^3)的水力学特征差异,为尾矿砂的合理改良提供依据。结果表明:铁尾矿砂自然容重1.50 g/cm^3的水分入渗能力低于土壤自然容重1.30 g/cm^3的水分入渗能力。随容重的增大,尾矿砂和土壤的水分运移特征均呈幂函数减小的趋势,但分别在1.60,1.40 g/cm^3处入渗能力明显降低。从水分参数入渗率、湿润锋距离、累计入渗量、饱和导水率、剖面水分分布整体来看,在较低容重范围内,土壤水分运移能力高于铁尾矿砂,但由于容重对土壤水分运移的影响大于铁尾矿砂,在较高容重范围内,土壤的水分运移能力则不如铁尾矿砂。铁尾矿砂和土壤的水分特征曲线形状也完全不同,铁尾矿砂呈现"上凸"形,表现为高吸力段缓低吸力段陡,土壤水分特征曲线均为"下凹"形,表现为高吸力段陡低吸力段缓。因此,尾矿砂中可以添加土壤或者类似土壤结构的基质来增强其不良的持水性和导水性,促进生态恢复。     

Prediction of long‐term sustainability of constructed urban soil: impact of high amounts of organic matter on soil physical properties and water transfer

Sustainability of urban soils lies in their ability to facilitate water and air permeabilities. Exogenous organic matter has been shown to have a positive impact on these properties. Under urban conditions, a large one‐time input of an organic amendment was made to the reconstituted soil. Two organic materials, green‐waste compost (gw) or cocompost from sewage sludge and wood chips (sw), were mixed with sandy loam soil (40% v/v) and placed in 600‐L containers. Containers received a 29‐cm thick layer of sandy loam soil–organic matter mix over a 28‐cm thick layer without organic amendment. Volumetric water content, dry bulk density, hydraulic conductivity at saturation and water retention were measured over 5 yrs in the soils and values for the mixes and a control compared. After this time, dry bulk density was greater (1.54 g/cm³) in control than in gw or sw soils (1.31 and 1.11 g/cm³, respectively), whereas hydraulic conductivity at saturation was smaller (4 × 10^?7 m/s) than in gw (3.4 × 10^?6) or sw (3.7 × 10^?6 m/s). HYDRUS 1D water balance model indicated that below 27 cm depth in the control after 5 yrs, there was a high degree of anoxia, lasting >200 days per year, compared with <40 days in gw and sw. Amplification of the risk of anoxia below 27 cm depth after 10 yrs was 323, 151 and 100 days in the control, gw and sw, respectively. Organic matter amendment could support sustainable urban soils for ten years after soil reconstitution.     

矿区生态修复过程中不同立地类型土壤水动力学特性

[目的]揭示矿区不同立地土壤水动力学特性及其影响因素,为矿区生态环境恢复治理提供科学依据。[方法]基于矿区不同立地类型土壤水分特征曲线、非饱和导水率、孔隙度与紧实度等监测试验,揭示不同立地类型土壤持水性、有效水含量和导水特性等变化规律。[结果]土壤持水性和供水性在受损区<修复3a区<修复5a区<修复10a区<修复15a区<未干扰区,但修复区20—40cm土壤持水性、供水性较0—20cm土壤低,修复效果不明显;土壤结构改善效果遵循受损区<修复区<未干扰区的变化规律,且修复区亚表层土壤结构改善效果不明显。采用指数函数拟合吸力和非饱和导水率效果较好(r2>0.95),相同吸力下,容重大而非饱和导水率较小;非饱和导水率和容重呈负相关,和孔隙度呈正相关且相关性随吸力增加降低。矿区0—20cm易有效含水量呈现受损区<修复3a区<修复5a区<修复10a区<未干扰区<修复15a区,但修复区20—40cm土层易有效水含量较0—20cm小。[结论]土壤易有效水含量和容重、紧实度呈负相关关系,与总孔隙度、黏粒含量呈正相关关系。修复后土壤结构有所改善,持蓄调节水分能力有所提高。     

Effect of biochar application rate on soil physical and hydraulic properties of a sandy loam

Biochar is used as a soil amendment for improving soil quality and enhancing carbon sequestration. In this study, a loamy sand soil was amended at different rates (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% v/v) of biochar, and its physical and hydraulic properties were analyzed, including particle density, bulk density, porosity, infiltration, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and volumetric water content. The wilting rate of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) grown in soil amended with various levels of biochar was evaluated on a scale of 0–10. Statistical analyses were conducted using linear regression. The results showed that bulk density decreased linearly (R² = 0.997) from 1.325 to 0.363 g cm^?3 while the particle density decreased (R² = 0.915) from 2.65 to 1.60 g cm^?3 with increased biochar amendment, with porosity increasing (R² = 0.994) from 0.500 to 0.773 cm³ cm^?3. The mean volumetric water content ranged from 3.90 to 14.00 cm³ cm^?3, while the wilting rate of tomato ranged from 4.67 to 9.50, respectively, for the non-amended soil and 100% biochar-amended soil. These results strongly suggest positive improvement of soil physical and hydraulic properties following addition of biochar amendment.