北京大中型沼气工程冬季运行状况及发酵前后物料理化生物特性

为了解北京市大中型沼气工程冬季运行情况及发酵剩余物理化特性,该文实地调查了北京市29座沼气工程冬季运行情况,以调研问卷的形式了解沼气工程运行状况,并采样分析了发酵原料、沼渣和沼液样品的养分含量、粪大肠菌群数、铜、锌、砷、铅等指标。结果表明:北京29座冬季运行的沼气工程中主要以畜禽粪便为原料,其中有20座沼气工程采用猪粪进行厌氧发酵,厌氧消化反应器类型主要是全混式厌氧反应器和升流式厌氧固体反应器,沼气以供周边农户使用为主,沼渣和沼液以农田利用为主,从区域沼气工程运行状况来看,房山区的沼气工程运行状况相对较好,大兴区和顺义区的沼气工程运行状况参差不齐;所调研沼气工程沼渣和沼液的pH值适宜向农田施用,沼渣的EC值相对原料平均下降了56.97%,沼渣有机质和可挥发性固体的质量分数相对原料分别降低了20.99%和27.93%,沼渣的养分质量分数较高,沼液的养分质量浓度较低,沼渣中的粪大肠菌群数和沼液的化学需氧量、粪大肠菌群数整体偏高,有6座沼气工程的砷含量较高。调查结果可为北京市沼气工程冬季运行效果及沼渣沼液资源化利用提供基础数据,促进北京市沼气工程的可持续发展,提高生态和经济效益。     

沼气肥养分物质和重金属含量差异及安全农用分析

对山西省高平市不同沼气肥有机质、养分和重金属含量进行比较分析,结果表明:沼气肥的p H值均呈碱性。鸡粪沼液中有机质、全N、P、K含量均高于猪粪沼液,秸秆沼液中有机质和全K含量高于鸡粪和猪粪沼液。沼渣富含有机质,且秸秆沼渣有机质含量均高于猪粪沼渣。猪粪沼渣全N含量高于全P和全K,而秸秆沼渣全K含量高于全N和全P;两类沼渣中有效P含量占全P的比重最大。3种沼液的中、微量元素均以Cl含量最高,且超过农田灌溉水质标准(GB5084-2005);Ca和Mg含量次之,Cu含量最低。6个沼渣的中、微量元素均以Ca、Fe含量较高;3个猪粪沼渣均以Cl含量较少,而3个秸秆沼渣均以Mn、Cu含量较低。1号猪粪沼渣As含量超过有机肥料标准(NY525-2012)。由此可见,部分沼液和沼渣可能存在有害物质过高的问题,从而影响其农用的价值和效果,存在潜在的生态环境风险。同时,应加强相关标准的制定和完善,以确保沼气肥的安全、高效农业利用。     

三价铁离子促进玉米秸秆厌氧发酵

厌氧消化是农业废弃物资源化利用的有效途径之一。微量元素是影响有机废弃物厌氧产沼气性能的重要生态因子,其中铁对有机废弃物的厌氧发酵过程的效率和稳定性作用最为显著,而通常秸秆的含铁量很低。因此,该试验以玉米秸秆为例,研究了初始FeCl3加入量分别为0.1%、0.2%、0.5%、1.5%、3%、6%（基于秸秆的挥发性组分）时秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气、产甲烷过程以及沼液沼渣特征。结果表明初始FeCl3加入量为3%,秸秆的厌氧产甲烷效率相对于对照（加入量0%）提高了14%。X射线衍射分析结果表明FeCl3存在时,沼渣中纤维素的结晶度显著降低。沼渣的组分分析结果表明FeCl3的存在有助于提高玉米秸秆中纤维素及半纤维素的分解效率,从而提高了秸秆产甲烷效率。该研究可为农业废弃物甲烷化利用提供参考。     

畜禽养殖场沼气工程厌氧消化技术优化分析

为推进畜禽养殖场沼气工程高效运行,提高其厌氧消化效率,该文选择了3座沼气工程,对其厌氧消化工艺、工程运行管理和投入产出情况进行分析探讨。在此基础上,提出中国畜禽养殖场沼气工程建设厌氧消化技术的优化运行方案：完全混合式厌氧反应器、升流式固体反应器和高浓度推流式反应器适用于高悬浮固体浓度、高固体发酵原料的“能源生态型”沼气工程;与厌氧消化工艺相匹配的要素是沼气工程日常调控的重点;热电肥联产能够实现沼气工程效益的最大化;利用太阳能加热、沼液回用发酵可以节约能源,降低工程运行成本。     

如皋市蚕沙沼气循环利用综合效益分析

将蚕桑生产副产品蚕沙与农村户用沼气池相结合,以蚕沙作为沼气池发酵原料,以沼渣沼液作为桑田有机肥,形成"桑-蚕沙-沼气-沼液沼渣肥桑"循环利用模式。实施结果表明该模式可以有效防止环境污染,改善农村环境卫生,解决沼气池原料不足,节省农户肥料支出,减少农药使用,增加桑叶产量,稳定桑园面积,推进蚕桑生产高效规模化进程。     

厌氧消化残留物的再利用及其中微量元素的测定

将厌氧消化残留物（沼渣和沼液）再利用,产生良好的经济效益和社会效益。动植物实验表明：试验组各项匀明显高于对照组。ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ测试结果表明：厌氧消化残留物含有许多人体必需的微量元素,如铁,铜,锰,锌,镍,硒和钙等。对人体有害的元素汞、铅、铋、锑等未检出。     

木质纤维素生物质厌氧发酵沼渣热化学转化利用研究进展

厌氧发酵技术可以将木质纤维素生物质转化为沼气,并伴随副产物沼渣产生。随着大型沼气工程的发展,大量沼渣排放已成为厌氧发酵技术推广应用的主要限制因素之一,亟须对沼渣进行快速有效处理。其中,沼渣的热化学转化利用符合大型沼气工程发展趋势,是当前的研究热点之一。首先分析木质纤维素沼渣的原料特性与热化学转化潜力;再对沼渣成型燃料、热解以及水热炭化等领域的研究现状进行分析,着重对沼渣衍生产物特性、热化学转化过程中存在的问题以及与厌氧发酵结合的潜在优势等方面进行讨论;最后,对沼渣热化学转化的发展趋势进行了展望。木质纤维素生物质厌氧发酵与沼渣热化学转化结合的应用模式研究对大型沼气工程推广应用具有一定的科学意义。     

浅议沼气发酵残留物在重庆市南川区种植业上的应用

沼气发酵的残留物——沼液、沼渣应用于种植业上,能改良土壤、浸种、防治农作物病虫害等,具有广泛的综合利用前景。本文针对南川区的实际,浅议沼液、沼渣在水稻、果树、蔬菜上的应用,并提出加快应用的对策措施。     

水葫芦能源利用的生命周期环境影响评价

水葫芦厌氧发酵能源化利用已成为水葫芦处理与资源化利用的一个重要途径,以江苏省农业科学院水葫芦中试基地与常州市武进区水葫芦综合利用示范工程为案例,利用生命周期评价的方法建立水葫芦厌氧发酵产沼气工程污染物排放的清单,并对系统生命周期环境影响进行评价,以水葫芦能源利用产生1MWh电能为功能单位,评价其对环境产生的影响。研究过程将整个生命周期分成3个阶段：水葫芦厌氧发酵预处理、水葫芦厌氧发酵产沼气发电和沼液沼渣农田应用,重点考虑了3种环境影响类型：全球变暖、环境酸化和富营养化。评价结果为：各类型环境影响指数分别为2.1×10^-3、4.89×10^-2和1.98×10^-1,与能源作物发电及传统火力发电相比较,水葫芦厌氧发酵能源化利用中的CO2、SOx、NOx等污染物排放量均较低,对环境的负面影响最小,但水葫芦能源利用的生命周期效率仅为0.09,低于能源作物热电联用的技术途径（0.119）。降低水葫芦厌氧发酵能源化利用中的石化能源消耗、控制堆肥及沼液沼渣有机肥施用过程中氨挥发损失,对于提高水葫芦能源转化效率与降低环境影响指数至关重要。     

沼液无害化处理与利用成套设备工艺技术

针对目前循环农业生产中沼液有害重金属超标以及沼液管网系统产气爆管,沼渣、厌氧菌落群堵管等问题,导致农用沼液难以利用的现状,研究开发出了一种沼液无害化处理与利用的成套设备。该设备包括沼液无害化处理与肥水一体灌溉装置两部分,具有重金属脱除容易、管网自动排气防爆、防堵塞及肥水一体化灌溉功能,有效提高了沼液沼渣利用率,实现农业循环经济发展与节能减排的根本目的。目前,该设备已获2项国家发明专利授权和1项实用新型专利授权。     

施肥对灌漠土作物产量、土壤肥力与重金属含量的影响

有机物还田是提升土壤肥力的主要措施,但也存在造成土壤金属污染的潜在风险。为查明不同有机物还田对土壤质量及作物产量的影响,本文通过长期定位试验,研究了无肥对照、常规施化肥(氮磷配施)以及70%常规化肥与牛粪、沼渣、污泥、鸡粪、菌渣和猪粪配施对土壤理化性状、有机碳和氮的固存率、氮磷钾活化系数、作物产量及重金属含量的影响。结果表明:牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪与70%化肥配施虽作物产量与常规施化肥相似,但6种有机物处理土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量都较常规施化肥处理显著增加,污泥、鸡粪和猪粪处理土壤全磷与速效磷含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,而且牛粪、沼渣、鸡粪和猪粪处理的速效钾、土壤磷活化系数和土壤钾活化系数较常规施化肥处理也显著提升。牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪处理土壤有机碳固存率为36.42%～71.61%,较常规施化肥处理都显著提高;而其氮固存率为6.47%～49.44%,仅有菌渣处理与常规施化肥处理差异不显著,而其他处理较常规施化肥处理显著增加。长期施鸡粪和菌渣处理的土壤铜含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,增加量分别为4.17mg·kg~(-1)和14.2mg·kg~(-1);而污泥、鸡粪和菌渣处理的土壤锌含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,增加量分别为13.53 mg·kg~(-1)、22.60 mg·kg~(-1)和49.73mg·kg~(-1)。综上,等有机质(4 500kg×hm~(-2))的牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪可替代30%氮磷肥,作物产量不受影响;不同有机物培肥土壤效果为污泥、鸡粪和猪粪优于牛粪和沼渣,而沼渣的培肥效果略差。为保证土壤环境质量稳定不恶化,种植小麦时有机物铜和锌的年携入量应分别低于53.01g×hm~(-2)和221.30 g×hm~(-2),而种植玉米时应分别低于153.40 g×hm~(-2)和347.04 g×hm~(-2)。     

化学与生物预处理对玉米秸生物气产量影响的初步比较研究

为实现玉米秸的高效能源化转化，提出通过生物与化学预处理提高厌氧消化效率和生物气产量的新方法。研究了经白腐真菌Pleurotus florida生物处理和经氢氧化钠、氨水与尿素化学处理后，玉米秸主要成份木质素、纤维素、半纤维素、总氮和干物质等的变化规律，及其对生物气产量的影响。对经不同处理后的玉米秸进行了相应厌氧消化试验。结果显示，除尿素处理外，所有其它处理都可不同程度地提高玉米秸的产气量；其中，经氢氧化钠处理的获得了最高的产气量，与未处理和经生物处理的玉米秸相比，其产气量分别提高了78.3%和13.2%。由于化学处理方法简单、管理容易、处理时间短，并可获得较高的产气量，因此，在大规模应用时，推荐使用氢氧化钠作预处理（添加量为干物质质量的8%）。该研究结果为大幅提高玉米秸的产气量提供了一个新的有效的方法。     

Phosphorus Characterisation of Sludge and Crust Produced by Stabilisation Ponds in a Dairy Manure Management System

In dairy farming, recirculation and continuous use of nutrients are necessary for sustainable nutrient management in both the short- and long-term. When managed effectively, nutrient recycling can improve soil fertility. On the other hand, if applied nutrients are in excess of the soil’s nutrient holding capacity, nutrients can enter surface and ground water bodies resulting in eutrophication. Phosphorus (P) characterisation in manure, pond sludge and crust, in terms of plant availability, is the first step to sustainably manage nutrients within dairy farms. In this study, pond sludge and crust were characterised for P using a sequential fractionation method. Pond sludge and crust contained significant amounts of labile P. Water extractable P (H₂O-P) in primary anaerobic pond and secondary facultative pond sludges was found to be about 8 to 13 times higher than the amount found in the surface soil (0–10 cm) of a grazing paddock. Similarly, sodium bicarbonate extractable P (NaHCO₃-P) in the two types of sludges was found to be about 6 times higher than in the soil. The relatively higher labile P (H₂O-P and NaHCO₃-P) in sludge compared to soil indicates that the sludge can be utilised as a P fertilizer on grazing pasture. In contrast, lower H₂O-P compared to that of raw manure indicates that the use of sludge and crust instead of raw manure can reduce the possibility of P loss by surface runoff and leaching. Hence, it is preferable to use pond sludge and crust as fertiliser instead of raw manure.     

Effect of the earthworm, eisenia foetida (oligochaeta), on fluxes of volatile carbon and sulfur compounds from sewage sludge

Rates of decomposition, measured by flux rates of CO₂, O₂ CH₄, H₂S, CH₃SH and (CH₃)₂S, and populations of anaerobic bacteria were determined in an activated sludge before and after ingestion by Eisenia foetida. Feces always exhibited higher (P < 0.05) fluxes of CO₂ and O₂ and generally lower (P < 0.05) fluxes of CH₄, H₂S, CH₃SH and (CH₃)₂S than sludge, indicating that E. foetida feeding stimulated aerobic decomposition. For both sludge and feces, decreasing moisture contents resulted in lowered CO₂ and O₂ flux rates. Volatile sulfur compounds produced over 24 days accounted for only 0.02–0.08% of the total S present.Populations of total anaerobes, nitrate reducers, sulfate reducers and methanogens were not significantly affected by either earthworm feeding or moisture content.     

Approximate method for estimating soil charcoal contents

Abstract

Dark‐colored soil organic matter could be oxidized with 6% H₂O₂ to make graphitized charcoal more visible. A pretreatment with 4 N HC1 removed the more soluble compounds that might react with H₂O₂ and a post treatment with 48% HF volatilized Si to concentrate the charcoal in the remaining residue. The pre‐weighed H₂O‐washed residue was ignited in a muffle and the charcoal estimated from the weight loss.     

Comparison of Various Phosphate Stabilisation Agents for the Immobilisation of Ni and Zn in Sewage Sludge

The comparison of immobilisation efficiency of various phosphate stabilisation agents for heavy metals in sewage sludge collected from an urban wastewater treatment plant Domale-Kamnik (Slovenia) is reported. The sewage sludge, containing high total concentrations of Zn (2698 ± 8.1 mg kg^-1), Ni (1513 ± 5.7 mg kg^-1), Cr (1118 ± 3.0 mg kg^-1) and Cu (712 ± 2.2 mg kg^-1), was mixed with various types of phosphates: highly soluble Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, synthetic hydroxyapatite, with a solubility between Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ and rock apatite, and bone-meal as an alternative low-cost source of poorly crystalline phosphate, in order to reduce metal mobility. The amounts of stabilising agents added to 1 g of the sludge ranged from 0.05 to 1 g. Water and acetic acid extractions were used for the determinationof water-soluble and potentially bioavailable metal fractions in the sewage sludge and its mixtures with various stabilisation agents.     

A comparison between the H2SO4‐H2O2‐Li2SO4‐Se oxidation method and alternative digestion procedures for plant nutrient analysis.

Abstract

Ca, Mg, Na, K and P contents of 3 plant tissues obtained by H₂SO₄‐H₂O₂‐Li₂SO₄‐Se peroxidation digestion were compared with those determined by mixed acid (HNO₃‐H₂S0₄‐HC10₄) and dry ashing procedures. Differences between methods were not consistent between elements or tissue types but the mixed acid digestion generally yielded higher Ca, Mg and P values than did dry ashing and peroxidation. Tissue K contents estimated by both wet digestion techniques were not significantly (P ≤0.05) different. Differences in Na values between digestion methods were highly inconsistent between tissue types and the precision of the Ma data was poor. N contents determined by peroxidation digestion and a conventional Kjeldahl method agreed closely.     

Heavy metals and their leachability in incinerator ash

Samples of ash from municipal refuse incinerators in six Connecticut towns as well as samples of incinerated sewage sludge were collected during 1988 and 1989. The samples were analyzed for pH, metal content by HNO₃ + H₂O₂ digestion, extractable metals by solvents including NaOAc, DTPA, H₂CO₃ and H₂O. Two samples were examined for metals that could be leached by H₂O from laboratory columns. Most ash samples were highly alkaline and their pH changed slowly, decreasing by about two pH units over a 6-week period. The variability in metal content of ash from different incinerators was similar to that observed in samples obtained from the same facility at different times. Only a portion of the metals were extracted by the solvents in the order NaOAc > DTPA > H₂CO₃ > H₂O. The relative amounts of the total metals in the ash that could be extracted with specific solvents varied widely, suggesting different chemical forms in different ashes. After the initial removal of large concentrations of metals in the leachates from laboratory columns over 2 to 3 days, leaching of metals continued at extremely low concentrations that were generally below drinking water standards.     

牛粪沼渣中多重耐药细菌的环境风险

为研究牛粪厌氧发酵沼渣中多重耐药细菌的环境污染风险，选用畜禽养殖中常用的5种抗生素(红霉素、氨苄青霉素、金霉素、链霉素、环丙沙星)对牛粪沼渣中可培养抗生素抗性细菌进行筛选。结果表明：多重耐药细菌的比例高达76.5%,其中，抗5种和4种抗生素的细菌分别有11,21株。所有多重耐药细菌均对氨苄青霉素具有抗性，抗红霉素、金霉素和链霉素的细菌分别占总多重耐药细菌数的92.0%,89.3%,61.3%。通过细菌16S rRNA测序鉴定，32株具有4种以上抗性的细菌分别属于福氏志贺氏菌、摩根氏菌和假中间苍白杆菌，均为重要的临床致病菌。使用全基因组测序对7株典型多重耐药细菌携带的抗性基因进行分析，共检测出28种抗生素抗性基因，对应9种抗生素抗性类型。通过分析抗性基因及插入序列所在位点信息发现，多重耐药细菌普遍携带含有抗性基因和插入序列共存的质粒，表明抗性基因具有高度的可移动性和较强的传播风险。综上所述，牛粪沼渣中含有大量的多重耐药细菌，可视作抗生素抗性基因的储存库，应重视沼渣农业资源化利用过程中的环境风险监测与评估。     

Analysis of ammonia losses after field application of biogas slurries by an empirical model

Due to energy crises and stricter environmental regulations, renewable energy sources like bio‐methane produced by anaerobic digestion (biogas) become increasingly important. However, the application of slurries produced by biogas fermentation to agricultural land and subsequent ammonia emission may also create environmental risks to the atmosphere and to N‐limited ecosystems. Evaluating ammonia loss from agricultural land by model simulation is an important tool of agricultural‐systems analysis. The objective of this study was the systematical comparison of ammonia volatilization after application of two types of biogas slurries containing high amounts of energy crops in comparison with conventional animal slurries and to investigate the relative importance of factors affecting the emission process through an empirical model. A high number of ammonia‐loss field measurements were carried out in the years 2007/08 in biogas cropping systems in N Germany. The study consisted of simultaneous measurement of NH₃ losses from animal and biogas slurries in multiple‐plot field experiments with different N‐fertilization levels. The derived empirical model for the calculation of NH₃ losses based on explanatory variables gave good predictions of ammonia emission for both biogas and pig slurries. The root mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias error (MBE) of the empirical model for validation data were 2.19 kg N ha^–1 (rRMSE 29%) and –1.19 kg N ha^–1, respectively. Biogas slurries produced highest NH₃ emissions compared to the two animal slurries. In view of the explanatory variables included in the model, total NH$ _4^+ $ application rate, slurry type, temperature, precipitation, crop type, and leaf‐area index were important for ammonia‐volatilization losses.