木质包装集装箱溴甲烷检疫熏蒸技术研究

对集装箱装运的出口货物木质包装进行了溴甲烷熏蒸试验 ,结果说明 ,当环境温度为 2～ 1 6℃时 ,采用溴甲烷投药剂量 80 g/m3 ,熏蒸 2 4h能够全部杀死黄斑星天牛幼虫 ,其CT值为 1 1 2 5 8～ 3345 3g h/m3 ;环境温度为 5～ 2 0℃时 ,采用 6 4g/m3 投药剂量 ,同样熏蒸 2 4h ,CT值为 1 2 1 0 8～ 1 51 0 8g h/m3 ,黄斑星天牛幼虫同样全部死亡。溴甲烷汽化后直接从集装箱门上部投药能够使药剂分布均匀。熏蒸结束后通风散气 2 4h ,集装箱到达美国后其内部溴甲烷残留气体浓度低于 5× 1 0 -6。     

内装纸箱集装箱中溴甲烷气体分布及残留检测研究

采用 4 0英尺集装箱熏蒸处理纸箱 ,实验对箱中溴甲烷气体分布及散气后溴甲烷残留进行了检测研究。结果表明 ,温度高低、集装箱中纸箱堆放和电扇鼓风等情况对溴甲烷分布与扩散影响明显。集装箱装满纸箱情况下 ,当温度≥ 2 1℃ ,投药 2h后上、下检测点平均溴甲烷浓度达到最低浓度要求 ;当温度 <2 1℃时 ,投药 2 4h后上检测点平均溴甲烷浓度仍达不到最低浓度要求。当集装箱中间留有通道或使用电扇鼓风情况下 ,投药 2h后各检测点溴甲烷浓度分布达到最低浓度要求。集装箱装满纸箱情况下 ,溴甲烷向大气扩散较慢 ,即使电扇鼓风散气2h ,2 4h后溴甲烷残留量仍达不到安全指标要求。集装箱中间留有通道情况下 ,箱中溴甲烷残留量下降很快 ,并可达到安全指标要求。     

集装箱溴甲烷熏蒸气体分布测定研究

使用溴甲烷对集装箱实箱和空箱进行熏蒸已相当普遍。但是溴甲烷气体在箱内的浓度分布在短期内是不均匀的。本文对集装箱溴甲烷熏蒸的不同温度的、不同时间、不同投药方法、空箱和实箱的气体在箱内的分布进行了研究，提出了熏蒸时必须采取的技术措施     

茂名口岸入境集装箱溴甲烷残留量检测分析及查验对策

本文通过对茂名口岸进口的来自世界23个国家和地区的173个集装箱内的溴甲烷残留浓度进行检测,发现意大利、巴西、南非、葡萄牙、土耳其、越南等国来的集装箱溴甲烷残留浓度超标的集装箱数目较多;通过散气试验,得出了科学的散气时间,并针对检测结果,提出了相应的检疫查验对策。     

熏蒸检测技术在熏蒸处理监管中的应用探索

结合实际熏蒸,对部分进出口货物进行施药后不同时间溴甲烷浓度检测。结果表明,在气温１５℃～２７℃条件下,集装箱货物投药后２４ｈ检测,大部分箱内溴甲烷浓度约为原投药量的１／３～１／２,此时进行熏蒸处理害虫的有效浓度的检测较为适宜;露天货垛的检测结果显示,施药７ｈ后,货物对熏蒸剂的吸附率接近饱和,７～１２ｈ内检测的数据基本可以反映货垛内溴甲烷的真实浓度。     

木质包装松材线虫溴甲烷熏蒸处理

为寻求一定温度下溴甲烷熏蒸处理杀灭木质包装中松材线虫的有效浓度和时间,给国际贸易中木质包装松材线虫的熏蒸处理提供科学依据,进行了木质包装松材线虫溴甲烷熏蒸处理研究.研究分实验室基础试验和集装箱应用试验两部分,先在实验室中筛选出熏蒸有效浓度和时间,再于集装箱中进行应用试验.结果表明:11～15、16～20、≥21℃时,溴甲烷剂量分别为64、56、48g/m3,熏蒸24h,24h时浓度分别不低于32、28、24g/m3,即CT值分别为1152、1008、864 gh/m3,能够100%杀灭木质包装中松材线虫的成虫、幼虫及卵.此外,证实了国际植物检疫措施标准ISPM NO.15<国际贸易中木质包装材料控制准则>中熏蒸处理的要求偏低,不能完全杀灭木质包装中松材线虫.     

磷化铝大船熏蒸

磷化铝大船熏蒸严振汾，陆凤良（上海动植物检疫局２０００３２）１大船熏蒸的几种类型１．１１９５５年，我国开始在货船上用溴甲烷对发现疫情的进口棉花和其他杂货等实施熏蒸。以后又开始对出口粮食的大船熏蒸。溴甲烷熏蒸所需密闭时间较短，因此投药、密闭、测试、散气...     

溴甲烷熏蒸对桃蛀果蛾的毒力作用

对溴甲烷熏蒸处理桃蛀果蛾结果进行机率值法分析,推算出在25℃温度条件下溴甲烷熏蒸处理1.5h和2h,达到桃蛀果蛾Carposina sasakii Matsumura幼虫死亡率99%的浓度时间乘积(CT值)分别为43.79g·h/m3和46.77 g·h/m3;15℃和10℃温度条件下熏蒸处理3h,达到桃蛀果蛾幼虫死亡率99%的溴甲烷浓度分别为50.84 g·h/m3和118.55 g·h/m3.研究表明,溴甲烷熏蒸对桃蛀果蛾幼虫的毒性作用随着溴甲烷熏蒸浓度的增加而增加,相同熏蒸剂浓度条件下,随着温度升高,溴甲烷熏蒸效果明显增加.     

熏蒸处理假高粱籽实初步试验

目前对进口粮中夹带的假高粱主要对下脚料采取粉碎处理。为寻求更方便有效的处理方法,我们进行了熏蒸处理假高粱籽实技术的试验研究。主要选用常用的熏蒸剂环氧乙烷、溴甲烷、硫酰氟。试验在2万毫升细颈玻璃瓶中于室内进行,环氧乙烷用液态比重量法,溴甲烷和硫酰氟采用气体体积计量法计算药量,熏蒸散气前用瓦斯鉴定器和气相色谱     

集装箱溴甲烷熏蒸投药方法的改进

货物装进集装箱后用溴甲烷进行熏蒸,不失为一种方便、高效、安全的处理方法,在我们的日常工作中常被采用。常见的投药方法是：用连接在橡胶软管上的铜管插进集装箱门中缝的上端或下端直接投药。这种方法操作方便快捷,但存在着一定的弊端：有少量的集装箱因箱门关闭太紧...     

Studies on the sorption of organochlorine insecticides by flour stored on or near treated laminated timber or plywood as used in freight containers

Wood preservatives containing a number of organochlorine insecticides, including aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane and lindane, have been approved in Australia for treating timber used as structural components in cargo containers. Studies on the migration of these insecticides from treated laminated timber and plywood, using commercial containers and in the laboratory, are reported here. The highest insecticide residue levels were found in flour samples stored on newly treated laminated sawn timber. Physical pick-up of insecticide from the surface of the floor was considered to be the major source of contamination. Sorption of insecticides from the atmosphere of the container was the most likely source of contamination in samples stored on or near treated plywood.     

Influence of transport on gas loss from freight containers under fumigation. Part I: Experimental investigation

The rate of gas interchange between the atmosphere within a freight container and the external air has an important influence on the effectiveness of in-container fumigation. When a container is exposed to the wind or is in motion, the rate of gas interchange may be much greater than that under static conditions. The effect of motion or wind on gas interchange was studied by observing gas loss from freight containers, both empty and loaded with rice, while stationary and while being transported by rail. The gas interchange rate was determined by measuring the rate of loss from the containers of either a combination of a fumigant, methyl bromide, and a relatively inert tracer gas, carbon monoxide, or of carbon monoxide alone. In loaded containers the difference between the loss rate constants of methyl bromide and carbon monoxide (0.29.0.03d^?1) was within the range expected for the reaction of methyl bromide with rice. After allowing for gas loss caused by changes in temperature and pressure, the component of the interchange rate constant attributable to air motion was found to be proportional to gas-tightness as measured by a steady-state pressure test, and also to the relative air speed over the container. Under conditions of varying wind and train speed, the fraction of the initial concentration of gas remaining was found to be an exponential function of wind run past the container. When wind effects were not important, it was found to be an exponential function of distance travelled.     

溴甲烷对红火蚁的熏蒸效果研究

以广东口岸进口原木和废纸上携带的红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren为杀灭对象,测定了溴甲烷对其的熏蒸效果。在空箱内分别按6.01、12.01、22.52、25.53、28.53、31.53、34.53及37.54g/m3的浓度投药;在实箱内分别按25.53、28.53及31.53g/m3的浓度投药,每个处理分别熏蒸2,4,6和8h,试验结果表明:在空箱内投药浓度为34.53、28.53和22.52g/m3时分别熏蒸4、6及8h,货柜箱内的红火蚁全部被杀灭。在实箱内投药浓度为31.53、28.53、及25.53g/m3时分别熏蒸4、6及8h,均能完全杀灭货柜箱内红火蚁。其它投药浓度和熏蒸时间的组合均不能达到检疫除害的要求。     

Modern means and methods of plant product fumigation in the USSR1

Recent advances in fumigation technique in the USSR are reviewed. The problem of fumigation in containers is being approached by introduction of the gas through air-holes. Mixtures of methyl bromide with carbon dioxide are being used increasingly against storage pests, and allow lower dosage rates and safer application conditions. Recent experience on quarantine fumigation of potato tubers against Phthorimaea operculella is reviewed, and finally research is reported on neutralizers and absorbents of methyl bromide used to facilitate degassing.     

Non-destructive method for estimating methyl bromide residues in apples during aeration following fumigation

A method is presented for estimating the persistence and concentration of residual free methyl bromide (MB) present in apples during the aeration period following fumigation. The method is based on determining the rate of decline in concentration of methyl bromide in the exhaust air stream during aeration. The rate was shown to follow two consecutive pseudo-first-order decay curves. The first component of the curve resulted primarily from removal of MB from the free air space in the chamber, and the second component resulted from the desorption of MB from the apples. Estimates of the concentration of MB residue in apples were obtained from the regression parameters for the second decay curve. The technique gave good estimates of the residue concentration over a wide range of fumigation conditions and ventilation rates, and may be useful for determining the duration of aeration period required to achieve a proposed residue tolerance of 0.2 mg kg ^?1 methyl bromide.     

黄色花蝽对杂拟谷盗的模拟控制研究

在整粒小麦及半碎小麦中,黄色花蝽对杂拟谷盗的控制效果较好,但在小麦粉中无控制作用。在半碎小麦中,益害比1:20时,控制效果可达97.65％;在整粒小麦中,采用益害比1:1、1:2、1:4、1:8所得到的控制效果均无显著差异,但随着容器增大控制效果逐渐降低。     

Transfer of insecticide residues to food stored on or near plywood impregnated with organochlorine insecticides

Formulations of aldrin and dieldrin have been used for a number of years to treat exposed timber components used in the construction of freight containers. The extent to which these insecticides migrate to foodstuffs stored on or near treated plywood has been examined under laboratory conditions and is reported here. A limited survey of organochlorine insecticide residues in samples of foodstuffs, taken from commercial loads carried in freight containers, indicated that residue levels are unlikely to present a health hazard.     

溴甲烷在番茄土壤消毒中替代技术研究

采用保护地内划分小区实验方法，在番茄载培过程中，研究了代替溴甲烷的其它3种消毒技术，结果表明，生物熏蒸，人工基质和阿维菌素对防治根结线虫都有不同的效果，增产幅度分别为18．9％，14．05％，19．0％，同时嗅甲烷土壤消毒增产22．06％。从直接经济效益看，阿维菌素＞生物熏蒸＞溴甲烷＞人工基质。     

磷化氢和溴甲烷复合熏蒸红心火龙果携带番石榴实蝇技术研究

本文研究了磷化氢(PH₃)和溴甲烷(MB)复合熏蒸对番石榴实蝇的毒力以及对红心火龙果采后品质的影响。结果表明,复合熏蒸方式下,各个浓度的磷化氢和溴甲烷均存在增效,当溴甲烷浓度为4 g/m³时,复合熏蒸发挥最佳增效效果的磷化氢浓度为1.42 g/m³。复合熏蒸番石榴实蝇仅需13.19 g/m³的溴甲烷即可在95%置信区间下达到致死率99.996 8%。与对照相比,复合熏蒸对火龙果的外观和内部品质无显著影响,而与溴甲烷单独熏蒸相比,复合处理会显著降低呼吸强度并减少药害。因此,溴甲烷和磷化氢复合处理对番石榴实蝇具有协同效应,表明磷化氢和溴甲烷复合熏蒸有可能成为水果采后处理的一种新策略。