阿维拉霉素提取工艺的研究

本试验旨在优选阿维拉霉素提取工艺条件,为阿维拉霉素的提取提供依据。本研究用4-甲基-2-戊酮做溶剂,将阿维拉霉素菌丝体中的有效成分提取出来,经过浓缩、除油和结晶提取出阿维拉霉素产品。研究浸提温度、浸提时间、浸提料液比、浓缩液体积和正己烷用量对提取工艺的影响,优选出阿维拉霉素最佳提取工艺条件并进行工艺验证。结果:阿维拉霉素最佳提取工艺条件为:浸提温度80℃,浸提时间1h,一次浸提料液比为1:7,浓缩液体积为浸提液体积的1/3,正己烷体积为浓缩液体积的2倍。结论:确定了阿维拉霉素提取的最佳工艺条件,该工艺具有耗时短、提取率高、能量消耗少且工艺稳定等优点,可为阿维拉霉素的工业化生产提供指导。     

盐地碱蓬中叶绿素的提取研究

笔者以盐地碱蓬为研究对象,采用提取溶剂、浸提时间、液料比、温度的单因素试验和3因素3水平正交试验优化了盐地碱蓬中叶绿素的提取工艺条件。结果表明,影响叶绿素提取的主次因素为温度液料比浸提时间,并且浸提温度的影响达到了极显著水平(P0.01)。叶绿素的最佳提取工艺条件为:以80%丙酮溶液作提取溶剂,浸提时间为5.0 h,液料比为30∶1,温度为45℃,叶绿素提取量为1.031 mg/g。     

超声波提取山楂色素工艺条件优化的研究

为了研究山楂色素的浸提工艺,试验采用正交法对山楂色素的提取工艺进行优化,在单因素试验的基础上,以浸提时间、料液比、温度为自变量,在超声频率为80 Hz超声波辅助条件下,通过正交试验得到微波辅助浸提山楂色素的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:体积比1∶1的乙醇和乙酸混合溶液为最适宜提取液,最适宜提取时间为30 min,温度为60℃,料液比为1∶8。说明正交法优化超声波辅助山楂色素工艺的提取效果较好,工艺简单,具有一定研究价值。     

正交试验法优选防风多糖的提取工艺

为了提高防风多糖得率,试验采用热水浸提法、微波提取法、超声辅助提取法进行防风总多糖提取,通过比较得出最佳生产工艺条件。结果表明:最佳工艺条件为超声时间35 min、浸提次数3次、液料比30∶1、浸提温度70℃、超声频率70 Hz,此工艺条件下防风多糖提取率为2.47%。说明从多糖提取率、浸提时间、能源消耗和质量控制等方面综合考虑,超声辅助提取法的优势明显。     

中药复方粗多糖提取参数研究

本试验采用四因素三水平正交设计研究了提取温度（A）、料液比（B）、提取时间（C）及提取次数（D）对中药复方粗多糖得率的影响。采用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量。结果最佳提取条件参数为A3B1C3D3,即浸提温度80℃,料液比1∶10,浸提时间3 h,提取次数3次。中药复方多糖提取物GCPS中多糖含量为43.45%。苯酚-硫酸法是目前测定多糖含量较可靠的传统方法之一,本法简单快速,结果稳定可靠,灵敏度高,重现性好。     

产自海南辣木叶总黄酮提取条件优化及抗氧化活性研究

试验旨在利用单因素和正交试验设计对辣木叶总黄酮的提取工艺参数进行优化。试验以海南产辣木叶为原料,乙醇为提取剂,分别从浸提温度、料液比、浸提时间3个因素对辣木叶总黄酮提取条件进行优化,在单因素试验的基础上,进一步通过正交设计,获得最佳提取工艺参数。结果表明,在提取温度70℃、料液比1∶30、浸提时间1 h的条件下效果最佳,所得总黄酮含量为(3.139±0.025)%。DPPH自由基清除试验结果表明所提取的辣木叶总黄酮具有较好的抗氧化活性。     

单因素试验法优选红芪多糖提取工艺的研究

为了确定红芪中红芪多糖提取工艺的最佳条件,采用单因素法考察了浸提次数、料水比、浸提时间、浸提温度对红芪多糖提取的影响。试验采用常规法提取红芪多糖,苯酚—硫酸比色法测定多糖含量。结果表明,浸提温度80℃,浸提次数3次,浸提时间1.0 h,料液比1∶12时,红芪多糖的提取率较高。     

恩拉霉素微生物检定法的研究

以枯草芽孢杆菌为检定菌,检定培养基Ⅰ号为试验用培养基,采用双碟法进行恩拉霉素样品测定。通过浸提溶液组成、浸提时间、检定菌浓度考察,优化了检定条件。在此基础上,确立了恩拉霉素浓度的对数值与抑菌圈直径的线性范围,并对所建立的微生物检定法进行准确度、最小检出限等考察。结果表明,采用丙酮浸提液B、浸提恩拉霉素样品80 min,恩拉霉素浸提较完全。在检定菌浓度10⁶ 个/mL的条件下,恩拉霉素浓度在0.56~35.79 U/mL之间,其浓度的对数值与相应的抑菌圈直径呈直线相关,相关系数r为0.9960。将建立的恩拉霉素微生物检定法用于恩拉霉素样品测定,回收率为95.90%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.95%。本方法可用于含恩拉霉素的样品测定。     

金银花中微波辅助提取绿原酸工艺条件研究

以金银花为原料,采用微波法辅助提取金银花中的绿原酸,研究浸提时间、乙醇浓度、料液比、提取温度、pH值对金银花中绿原酸提取率的影响。采用正交试验优化提取工艺,结果表明:浸提时间30min、乙醇浓度75%、料液比1∶30、提取温度65℃、pH值为7时金银花中绿原酸的提取率达5.068mg/g。     

三种药用植物多糖的提取工艺研究

为了比较不同提取方法对白芷、白及和桔梗多糖提取率的影响,试验采用热水浸提法和微波提取法提取三种植物多糖,并以多糖提取率为测量指标进行比较。结果表明:白芷水提最佳提取工艺为浸提时间2 h,料水比1∶12,浸提温度40℃;白芷微波最佳提取工艺为功率400 W,料水比1∶15,时间8 min。白及水提最佳提取工艺为浸提时间2 h,浸提温度30℃,料水比1∶40;白及微波最佳提取工艺为时间8 min,料水比1∶30,功率640 W。桔梗水提最佳工艺为浸提时间4 h,料水比1∶20,浸提温度40℃;桔梗微波提取最佳工艺为时间4 min,料水比1∶40,功率240 W。此外,微波提取法提取的多糖提取率高于热水浸提法,同时三种药用植物中微波法提取的白及多糖提取率最高,为38.67%。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.