高科技对种业的影响

1高科技对育种的影响 1.1转基因技术 20世纪90年代,生物技术领域取得了巨大成就,尤其是转基因技术,将毫无疑问地成为未来植物育种手段.常规育种在大多数主要作物上已完成历史使命,新的突破将很难出现.有了转基因技术,我们将能获得常规育种不可能实现的成果.自1983年首例转基因作物(GMC)问世以来,转基因作物的种植面积迅速增加,1996～1999年全球种植面积由170万hm2增加到3 990万hm2.转基因技术在育种上的应用深刻地影响到农业生产方式和效益,在解决人类所面临的环境恶化、资源匮乏、效益衰减等问题方面显示了巨大作用.中国国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)早已把转基因技术列在其八大领域之生物技术领域,并已取得很大成绩,如Bt抗虫基因获得国家专利,3个抗虫棉新品种通过审定,抗蚜虫和抗病转基因棉花研究取得突破等.     

RNAi技术在作物中的应用及安全评价研究

RNA干扰（RNAi）技术在基因功能研究方面应用广泛。近年来,RNAi被认为是具有应用潜力的育种新方法。具有良好抗虫性状的RNAi转基因作物已研究成功,预示其商业化应用成为可能。RNAi转基因作物如何监管成为人们关注的新问题。本文介绍了RNAi转基因作物的发展现状,分析了RNAi技术与传统育种技术及传统转基因技术之间的不同点,总结了RNAi转基因作物的潜在风险,并以美国和欧盟为代表总结了RNAi转基因作物的监管态度,最后分析了RNAi转基因作物存在的监管问题并提出了相关建议,为我国对RNAi转基因作物的监管提供参考。     

冀丰103综合性状及高产栽培技术

冀丰103是由全国著名棉花育种专家、河北省农林科学院粮油作物研究所棉花育种室主任、河北冀丰棉花科技有限公司总经理李妙和王国印两位研究员主持培育转基因抗虫棉花新品种。该品种于2009年获得国家植物新品种保护授权,2013年3月通过天津市审定,审定编号为津审棉2012002。     

环境压力对作物育种的新要求

气候变化严重影响植物生长,给维持稳定的农业生态系统带来了巨大的挑战。选育不仅具有高产、高稳定性,还具有高投入产出比、潜在环境友好型等综合优良性状的新品种,需要制定复杂完整的农业育种计划。本研究综述了面对日益加剧的环境压力,作物育种工作要关注如何提高作物新品种的投入产出比、增强其对生物与非生物胁迫的耐受性,并着重介绍了基因工程在环境压迫下的新型作物育种中的研究进展。通过植物生理学、数量遗传学、正反遗传学等跨学科协作,基因工程与传统作物育种相结合,有利于加快培育具有较强适应性的作物品种的进程。     

山东农科院小麦转基因育种技术迈入国际先进行列

正小麦育种正面临前所未有的挑战,是因为可以利用的小麦资源越来越少,而传统杂交育种技术无法实现物种间的基因交流。近日,由山东省农业科学院作物所主持完成的"高效小麦转基因技术的引进与创新"项目通过第三方评价,达到了国际同类研究的先进水平,为我国小麦转基因育种技术开辟了新路径。     

国内外太空育种研究现状

太空育种，又称航天育种、空间诱变育种，是利用太空技术，通过高空气球、返回式卫星、飞船等航天器将作物的种子、组织、器官或生命个体等诱变材料搭载到200～400km高的宇宙空间，利用强辐射、微重力、高真空、弱磁场等宇宙空间特殊环境诱变因子的作用，使生物基因发生变异，再返回地面进行选育，培育新品种、新材料的作物育种新技术。其核心内容是利用太空环境的综合物理因素对植物或生物遗传性的强烈动摇和诱变，在较短的时间内创造出目前地面诱变育种方法难以获得的罕见突变种质材料和基因资源，选育突破性新品种，由此开辟一条植物育种的新途径。     

韩国转基因作物安全管理现状

近年来，生物技术的快速发展大大加快了农作物新品种的培育。20世纪90年代以来，在一些国际组织(如APEC、OECD、WTO、FAO、CODEX等)召开的会议上对转基因作物的安全性及相关问题给予了更多的关注。有关机构已建立了旨在评价转基因作物安全性的框架体系。一些发达国家如美国、欧盟和日本已经做了大量的生物技术研究，并为建立转基因作物安全评价体系做了充分的准备。     

大豆原生质体融合与植株再生的方法研究

大豆是重要的粮食作物和油料作物,常规的育种方法越来越受到基因狭窄的限制,使得单产水平提高缓慢.而转基因育种虽然可以打破物种的界限,有目的导入某个基因育成新品种,但对多基因控制的性状的改进难度很大,而且转基因安全性方面受到人们的关注.我们利用植物间的原生质体融合克服远缘杂交,为大豆育种另辟途径,既打破了物种界限又确保安全性.通过原生质体的不对称融合,可保持大豆的有利基因,又可引入其他作物和植物的部分有利性状,为大幅度提高大豆单产提供新的育种途径和方法,从而育成突出优良的大豆新品种.     

转基因玉米培育及其检测技术应用研究

玉米是全球和我国第一大粮食作物，对稳定我国粮食安全具有显著的贡献。随着农杆菌介导法等转基因技术在玉米转基因育种中的应用，能够有效培育抗虫转基因玉米、耐除草剂转基因玉米、耐干旱和品质改良转基因玉米。同时，通过将多基因聚合转化和常规玉米育种技术相结合，研究建立快速有效的玉米转基因检测技术，有助于不断培育优良性状的玉米新品种，促进我国玉米种业发展和乡村振兴。     

回交在转基因作物育种中的应用

阐述了回交在转基因作物育种中应用的必要性、基本原理与方法程序,介绍了对回交后代材料进行鉴定、筛选的技术,分析了转基因作物回交育种中存在的“产量阻碍”和“产量滞后”问题,并对转基因作物品种的基因累积技术进行了探讨。本文可为基因工程技术与常规育种技术的进一步有机结合提供理论参考,对转基因作物育种具有一定的指导意义。     

Cisgenesis: an important sub-invention for traditional plant breeding companies

Modern plant breeding is highly dependent on new technologies to master future problems. More traits have to be combined, frequently originating from wild species. Traditional breeding is connected with linkage drag problems. The crop plant itself and its crossable species represent the traditional breeders gene pool. GM-breeding is a new way of improving existing varieties. Transgenes originate from non-crossable species and are representing a new gene pool. For release of GM-plants into the environment and onto the market in Europe Directive 2001/18/EC has been developed, primarily based on GM-technology and not on gene source. In society, opposition against GM crops is complicating the implementation of GM crops. In this paper, it is shown that not only transgenes, representing a new gene pool but also cisgenes and intragenes are available, representing the breeders gene pool. Cisgenes are natural genes and intragenes are composed of functional parts of natural genes from the crop plant itself or from crossable species. Cisgenesis is the combined use of only cisgenes with marker-free transformation, mimicking linkage drag free introgression breeding in one step. Therefore, cisgenesis is a new sub-invention in the traditional breeding field and indicates the need for reconsideration of GM Directives. Inventions are frequently containing not only hardware elements, but also software and orgware elements. For cisgenesis it is foreseen that the technical (hardware) and bioinformatic (software) elements will develop smoothly, but that implementation in society is highly dependent on acceptance and regulations (orgware). It could be made in a step by step approach by specific crop-gene derogations from the Directive, followed by adding cisgenesis to annex 1b of Directive 2001/18/EC for exemption. At present GM crops can only be introduced by large companies. An open innovation approach for cisgenesis by public private partnership including traditional SMEs has been discussed. Cisgenesis has been exemplified for resistance breeding of potato to Phytophthtora infestans.     

Identifying indicator species for post-release monitoring of genetically modified,herbicide resistant crops

In Europe, regulations for release and placing-on-the-market of genetically modified (GM) crops require post-release monitoring of their impact on the environment. Monitoring potential adverse effects of GM crops includes direct effects as well as indirect effects, e.g. GM crop specific changes in land and pest management. Currently, there is a gap in the pre-release risk assessments conducted for regulatory approval of GM herbicide resistant (HR) crops. Since the relevant non-selective herbicides have been registered many years ago, in current dossiers requesting regulatory approval of GM HR crops, the environmental impacts of the corresponding non-selective herbicides are either entirely omitted or the applicant simply refers to the eco-toxicological safety assessments conducted for its original pesticide approval that do not address environmental issues arising in conjunction with the cultivation of GM HR crops. Since the ‘Farm-scale Evaluations’, it is clear that consequences for farmland biodiversity can be expected. The objective of this project was to identify relevant indicator species for the long-term impact of GM HR maize cultivation and the application of their corresponding non-selective herbicides, glyphosate and glufosinate. In this article, we describe the outcome of a modified Event Tree Analysis, essentially a funnel-like procedure allowing to reduce the large number of potentially affected non-target species to those with greatest ecological relevance and highest risk to be adversely affected based on a number of ecological criteria. This procedure allowed us to identify a total of 21 weed-Lepidoptera associations that we proposed for post release monitoring of GM HR maize in Germany.     

Herbicide-tolerant crops in agriculture: oilseed rape as a case study

Oilseed rape has been modified extensively by conventional breeding for the production of varieties useful for human consumption (blended vegetable oil and margarine) and industrial processes (rubber additives and high‐temperature lubricants). Because much is now known about its genetic and biochemical composition, it has been an obvious choice for genetic modification and is now at the forefront of the commercial development of genetically modified (GM) or transgenic crops. Around the world, the increase in commercial plantings of all transgenic crops has been rapid. In 1996, 1.7 million hectares were planted, but by 1998 this figure had jumped to 27.8 million ha. The area in the year 2001 is likely to be about 50 million ha. With the possible introduction of transgenic varieties into European agriculture, it is essential that the associated farming practices employed are appropriate for their growth, both from a commercial and an environmental viewpoint. Some of the first transgenic crops are those carrying agronomic traits, e.g. herbicide tolerance transgenes. However, before full commercialization occurs, important agronomic and environmental questions need to be answered. How are these new crops to be incorporated into existing cropping practices? How will this change the current herbicide use profile for a given crop? Do herbicide‐tolerant varieties enhance or impede integrated pest management schemes? What is the likely uptake of such crops in agriculture? What are the ecological implications of their introduction? Are there effective measures to control the spread of transgenes to wild relatives? This paper addresses these questions, with special emphasis on oilseed rape production in the UK, but includes examples from other crops and countries where appropriate.     

油棕育种的研究进展和展望

油棕是热带地区重要的木本油料作物之一。由于是多年生植物,传统的常规杂交育种方法周期长,随着组培技术和分子生物学技术在油棕育种中的应用,已成为油棕遗传改良研究的重要辅助手段。本文从油棕育种的研究现状及未来发展等进行综述。     

Traditional maintenance breeding of landraces: 1. Data by crop

Examples of the methods of traditional maintenance breeding of several crops, cited in literature, are presented. It is concluded that, although crops are grown all over the world, only few examples are sufficiently described. Only for maize some reliable data are available. Three explanations for this small number are 1. the farmers are not aware of their knowledge of growing crops (including traditional maintenance breeding), 2. the interviewers and other scientists are not acquainted with this farmer's knowledge, or 3. most farmers do not actually perform traditional maintenance breeding, as they and their ancestors probably have experienced that traditional maintenance breeding does not result in a better crop. They must have thought that seed replacement was a better method to maintain the yielding capacity of their crops. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Life Cycle Analysis of field production of fibre hemp, the effect of production practices on environmental impacts

Summary Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to assess the environmental impacts of field production of fibre hemp and seven other crops in France. The production of 1 ha of hemp yielded a eutrophication potential of 20.5 kg PO₄-equivalents, a global warming potential of 2330 kg CO₂-equivalents, an acidification potential of 9.8 kg SO₂-equivalents, a terrestrial ecotoxicity potential of 2.3 kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene-equivalents, an energy use of 11.4 GJ, and a land use of 1.02 ha.year. A comparison of hemp (low impacts), wheat (intermediate impacts) and sugar beet (high impacts) revealed that the crops were similar for the relative contributions of emitted substances and resources used to impacts, and for the relative contribution of processes to impacts. A reduction of the impacts of hemp production should focus on eutrophication, and consider the reduction of climate change, acidification and energy use as secondary objectives. Given this objective, the overall environmental effect of the substitution of mineral fertiliser by pig slurry is negative. The introduction of reduced tillage is of interest, as it decreases energy use, acidification and climate change. Measures leading to a reduction in NO₃ leaching are highly interesting, as they strongly decrease eutrophication. Implications for hemp breeding are discussed.     

QTL Mapping for Fiber Quality Traits Based on a Dense Genetic Linkage Map with SSR,TRAP,SRAP and AFLP Markers in Cultivated Tetraploid Cotton

Cotton is one of the most important economic crops in the world,and it provides natural fiber for the textile industry.With the advancement of the textile technology and increased consumption demands on cotton fiber,both cotton yield and quality should be enhanced.However,cotton yield and fiber quality are complex quantitative traits and are usually negatively associated that hampers the simultaneous improvement of lint yield and fiber quality by traditional breeding.     

Natural and induced variation in tissue culture

Summary This literature review suggests a novel approach to intra-clonal plant improvement which will utilize both the natural and induced variation associated with clonally propagated plants through various in vitro and in vivo procedures. Many plants obtained in this manner will be of single-cell origin and, hence, of pure mutant type avoiding the traditional chimerism phenomena of mutation breeding studies.While such a system of plant breeding is not intended to replace conventional breeding methods for most crops, it may have special use for the plant breeder who is working with crops which are unique, highly-adapted, or in which the sexual apparatus is disturbed.     

农业信息技术在小麦育种中的应用研究

小麦作为我国三大粮食作物之一,其市场需求量不断增加。随着气候等因素变化,小麦产量及品质将受到严峻考验,因此需要更为优良的新品种出现。现阶段我国小麦育种仍主要以传统育种技术为主,而凭借育种家经验,从海量育种群体中筛选获得高产、多抗、优质新品种的难度越来越大。因此,有效提升育种效率变得极为迫切。随着农业信息技术在育种中应用的迅猛发展,无损预测预报与进程信息化管理等高效育种成为可能。本文从育种进程管理、数据采集、综合评判决策、种质资源信息化管理方面介绍国内外信息技术在小麦育种中的研究进展,分析信息化育种的需求和存在的主要问题,并对其应用前景进行展望。     

作物育种的可持续发展

可持续发展已经渗透到社会、经济、环境及科教的方方面面，随着土地减少，人口增加，靠育种技术来提高农作物产量和品质是解决粮食危机的最佳手段，就提高产量的迫切性、育种在农业中的地位以及作物可持续育种方法作了简要阐述