Spatial distribution and ecological risk of heavy metals and their source apportionment in soils from a typical mining area,Inner Mongolia,China

Determining the distributions and sources of heavy metals in soils and assessing ecological risks are fundamental tasks in the control and management of pollution in mining areas. In this study, we selected 244 sampling sites around a typical lead(Pb) and zinc(Zn) mining area in eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China and measured the content of six heavy metals, including cuprum(Cu), Zn, Pb, arsenic(As), cadmium(Cd), and chromium(Cr). The ecological risk of heavy metals was comprehens...     

Heavy metal contamination of urban topsoil in a petrochemical industrial city in Xinjiang,China

Heavy metal pollution is a widespread phenomenon in many countries of the world.In this study,we conducted a field investigation to assess the status of heavy metal pollution in urban soils of Dushanzi,a district of Karamay city in Xinjiang,China.A total of 56 soil samples in the topsoil layer of 0–15 cm were collected within the urban area and seven elements(Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,Cr,As and Ni) were analyzed.The mean concentrations of these metals were all higher than their corresponding background values of soils in Xinjiang.We used the pollution index and ecological risk index to assess the degree of heavy metal pollution and the potential ecological risk of urban soils.The pollution index values of Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,Cr,As and Ni were 1.81,1.35,4.64,1.27,1.80,1.39 and 1.22,respectively;and the potential ecological risk index values for them were 12.03,1.79,185.05,8.39,4.78,18.44 and 1.79,respectively.These results indicated that urban soils in Dushanzi were polluted by heavy metals to some extent and demonstrated a high ecological risk,as influenced by industrial activities.Cd was the key element for the metal pollution of urban soils in the study area.Correlation analyses,principal component analysis coupled with the spatial distribution maps of element concentrations further revealed that heavy metal pollution of urban soils can be mainly attributed to petrochemical industry,coal chemical industry,traffic and commercial activities.     

山西省中南部小麦上孢囊线虫的发生、分布及种群特征

本研究于2011-2017年对山西省主要市(县)小麦上孢囊线虫的发生与分布进行了较系统的调查研究,从运城、晋城、临汾、长治、晋中、太原等市小麦产区百余个乡镇采集和分离小麦根及根围土壤样品1 131份,其中336份检出有孢囊线虫,检出率为29.7%;运城市和临汾市小麦根及根围土壤样品孢囊检出率高,分别达到42.3%和32.5%,晋中市、长治市、太原市以及晋城市等地区也发现有不同程度的分布。因地区、栽培制度和土壤质地等的不同,土壤中线虫的群体密度也存在较大的差异,白雌虫密度最高的群体分布在运城市的一些地区(每100mL土壤中白雌虫数平均达到101个)。通过形态学鉴定明确山西省小麦上孢囊线虫群体种类较为单一,均为禾谷孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae,未发现我国小麦上另一重要的孢囊线虫种类——菲利普孢囊线虫H.filipjevi。小麦孢囊线虫在山西不同地区的发生和分布情况为山西省针对性地开展小麦上孢囊线虫的综合治理提供了有价值的信息。     

渭北煤中砷的含量分布及赋存规律

研究了陕西省渭北主要煤田主采煤层中 As的含量、分布规律及其赋存特征。太原组和山西组由于成煤环境不同 ,煤质和原煤中 As的含量、赋存特征存在一定的差异。太原组煤的灰份和硫份均较山西组高 ,As的含量明显高于山西组。赋存特征分析表明 ,铜川、蒲白矿区煤中 As与有机硫及粘土矿物有关 ,韩城、澄合矿区煤中 As可能主要赋存于黄铁矿中     

小麦矮缩病毒NASH快速检测方法的建立及应用

以非放射性物质地高辛为标记物,采用PCR法制备了特异性强、灵敏度高的DNA探针。通过优化反应体系,建立了小麦矮缩病毒(Wheat dwarf virus,WDV)的核酸斑点杂交(nucleic acid spot hybridization,NASH)快速检测技术体系。该方法诊断准确率高,操作简单,周期短,整个检测过程仅需5h左右。利用建立的NASH技术开展WDV流行学调查,发现近年来WDV在我国陕西韩城、山西太原和河北石家庄等地区点片发生,没有大面积暴发成灾。     

麦长管蚜OBP7基因的RNA干扰

OBP是蚜虫嗅觉功能中的一类重要分泌蛋白,能选择性地结合气味分子并进行信号转导。本试验使用显微注射法将麦长管蚜OBP7的小干扰RNA(siRNA)导入麦长管蚜体内,通过qRT-PCR检测OBP7mRNA相对表达量的变化情况。结果发现在siRNA浓度0.32μg/μL,注射量23nL,注射后24h,麦长管蚜成蚜的mRNA相对表达量降低到37.1%,证明了显微注射方式进行RNA干扰的可行性。在注射23nL的siRNA-467,经过36h后,麦长管蚜出现了对EβF趋性行为的改变(P0.05),表明OBP7蛋白在麦蚜对EβF的识别过程中具有重要作用。     

山西省城市规模分布研究

选取1996年,2000—2003年山西省11个地级市建成区用地规模的资料,把运用在城市人口规模上的位序—规模法则,首位比,不平衡指数法移植到城市用地上,分析了山西省地级市建成区土地利用规模的变化规律,然后运用分形理论,阐释了位序—规模曲线。得出结论:(1)山西省地级市用地规模分布的均衡程度不断增强;(2)山西省地级市用地规模的总量不断增加;(3)对城市用地规模进行分类,发现小城市的数量在逐渐减少,中等城市的数量在逐渐增加;(4)首位城市太原市的用地规模已基本稳定,中等城市和小城市的用地规模将会扩大,其速度是前者大于后者。     

番茄叶霉病菌对多菌灵、乙霉威及代森锰锌抗性检测

报道了番茄叶霉病菌Fulvia fulva对多菌灵、乙霉威及代森锰锌的敏感性基线,以及抗性频率和抗性水平。离体条件下,多菌灵、乙霉威及代森锰锌对番茄叶霉病菌敏感菌株的平均EC50值分别为0.101、2.475、9.067 μg/mL;最低抑制浓度(MIC)值分别为0.5、5、50 μg/mL 。山西晋南地区番茄叶霉病菌对3种杀菌剂的抗性频率最高,分别达到97.4%、70.5%、98.7%;山西吕梁地区与太原地区相对较低,但该病菌对3种杀菌剂的抗性频率也都超过了30%。辽宁沈阳、山东寿光、河北保定番茄叶霉病菌对多菌灵的抗性频率均为100%;对乙霉威的抗性频率前两地为100%,保定为10%;对代森锰锌的抗性频率都超过90%。所有抗性菌株对多菌灵均属于高抗类型,抗性指数超过5000,测不出MIC值;对乙霉威有50%的高抗菌株,抗性指数在100以上;对代森锰锌各地均未发现高抗菌株,低抗和中抗菌株所占比例较大,其抗性指数集中在50左右。对多菌灵与乙霉威具有双重抗性的菌株占测试菌株总数的49.9%,并且首次在田间发现了对3种杀菌剂都具有抗性的番茄叶霉病菌多抗菌株。