生草苹果园抽条原因探讨及防控技术研究

调查了清耕园和生草园苹果幼树越冬抽条情况,根据土温动态监测结果,初步认为生草苹果园抽条严重的原因是杂草反光隔热,春季树盘根区升温慢,水分冻结,根系吸收水分少,而地上部枝条蒸腾强烈,树体严重失水所致。在生草苹果园中进行了树盘覆草、树盘覆草+覆黑膜、树盘清耕、树盘清耕+覆黑膜等试验,表明生草苹果园采用树盘清耕+覆盖黑膜是降低幼树抽条的有效方法。     

树盘覆黑膜对梨树生长及矿质营养含量的影响

对梨树树盘覆黑膜后树体营养生长和果实生长指标、叶片及果实矿质营养含量的测定。结果表明,树盘覆黑膜梨树叶片相对含水量、叶绿素相对含量和果实可溶性固形物含量显著提高;影响叶片和果实中矿质营养含量。为梨树树盘覆黑膜能促进生长和提高果实品质提供理论依据。     

峄县石榴树盘覆草技术研究总结

峰县石榴在枣庄栽培已有三百余年的历史,立地条件多为土层薄、有机质含量低、无水浇条件的山坡地,加之管理粗放,病虫严重,产量日趋下降。为改变石榴低产现状,于1982—1984年进行树盘覆草和施厩肥试验,并采取了适时追肥、合理修剪,防治病虫等管理措施,收到了明显效果。 试验安排 试验园设在棠阴乡小庄子村.园地为山地梯田,梯用面宽7—25米不等,树株位于梯田边沿。树龄为四十年至百年老树,共106株.试验处理为:( 1)树盘覆草加追肥:每年3—4月份进行树盘下覆草,第一年每株用铡碎麦攘35—50公斤不等,覆草厚15厘米左右,以后各年视腐烂程度补充覆草…     

山地不同抗旱措施对新红星苹果幼树生育的影响

1988—1991年在山地对新红星苹果幼树进行树盘覆草、树盘穴贮肥水、树盘覆膜和树盘清耕(对照)等抗旱措施的比较试验。4a(年)试验结果表明,抗旱措施效果以树盘覆草为最好,其次为树盘穴贮肥水,树盘覆膜也较好,树盘清耕较差。树盘覆草可以改良土壤,保持土壤水分,缓解旱情,稳定土壤温度,促进树体健壮生长,提高早期产量与果实质量。     

无公害果品丰产优质栽培技术

无公害果品虽然价格高,但仍受消费者青睐,供不应求。大力发展无公害果品,达到丰产优质已势在必行。1土肥水管理1.1深翻改土山地丘陵果园土地较瘠薄,通过扩穴、客土及冬翻夏耕改善果树生长条件。同时可减少病虫基数。1.2果园覆草、树盘覆膜、铺设返光膜通过果园覆草、树盘覆膜可调节地温,提高土壤保水、保肥和抗旱能力;     

鸡嘴荔树盘铺肥与覆盖试验研究

研究了不同树盘覆盖模式对果园土壤和鸡嘴荔生长的影响。试验结果表明:树盘铺肥+盖草和树盘铺肥+盖膜均能提高早春树盘土壤温度;树盘铺肥+盖草在夏季高温季节能有效降低树盘土壤温度,而树盘铺肥+盖膜夏季降温不明显。树盘铺肥+盖草能有效增加土壤有机质含量。树盘铺肥+盖膜有效提高了土壤有效氮、有效磷和有效钾的含量。树盘铺肥+盖草和树盘铺肥+盖膜均对鸡嘴荔树体营养生长和产量起促进作用。     

树盘覆草对砂地梨园幼树根际土壤含水量的影响

以"红早酥梨"当年栽植幼树为试材,设土壤质地(A)、覆草种类(B)、覆草量3因素3水平正交实验,在砂地新建梨园进行了幼树树盘覆草保水试验,以期为干旱区砂地果园建植节水培肥措施的应用提供参考。结果表明:树盘覆草对保持幼树距树干50cm范围0~60cm土层土壤水分有积极保水作用;树盘覆盖苦豆子、紫花苜蓿、混合杂草,单株覆盖2.5、5.0、7.5kg鲜草,根际土壤含水量相近,处理间无显著差异;在2012年8月11日灌水后的第16天,受树盘覆草作用的影响,根际土壤0~60cm含水量为6.23%,幼树生长正常,可继续延长灌水间隔期;在灌水后的第70天,树盘覆草处理3个土层土壤含水量20~40cm40~60cm0~20cm,幼树根际土壤水分的这种分布格局有利于幼树根系对水分的需求;生产中,砂地梨园幼树树盘覆盖5.0kg左右苦豆子或混合杂草,具有保持幼树根际土壤水分的效果。     

平原粘土果园覆草后易使叶片黄化

果园覆草有增肥、保水、稳温、免耕、灭草、省工和防止土壤板结等多种作用,是果树栽培管理技术的一项重要改革。但不同立地条件果树覆革后反应各异,我站于1989～1991年在牛头镇、马店乡韩家等村粘土地苹果园进行覆草,结果缺铁、黄叶病发生严重,削弱树势,影响成花与座果,从而降低果品产量和品质。现将几个处理与结果分析如下。 该园为砂姜黑土,活土层厚33cm,40cm以下有粘重坚硬的黑土层,土壤孔隙度为10.C%,有机质含量 1.08%, pH值 7.3～ 7.6。覆草方法为每株追施尿素0.1～0.5kg或碳铵0.2～0.8kg,浇水后,进行树盘覆草,厚度为20～25cm。 1.早…     

高温干旱年份冬枣管理八措施

一、树盘浇水或注穴灌水 为了节约用水,可在树冠外缘偏内侧,内浅外深,整出树盘,然后进行树盘灌水,浇透为止,灌水之后注意及时覆土并整平地面。或在树冠外缘内侧,采用对角线的形式,分别挖4个直径30～40cm、深40cm同等大小的穴,然后将水灌入穴中,待水渗下后用土将穴填平。 二、地膜覆盖或树盘覆草 浇水之后,为保持土壤湿度,可用农用塑料薄膜覆盖树盘,四周用土压实封严;也可树盘覆草,即用麦秸、玉米秸等作物秸秆、杂草等覆盖在根际周围的树盘上,覆草面积不得小于树冠直径,覆草厚度要比正     

除草措施对人工栽培藏药唐古特红景天产量、品质及除草效果的影响

以唐古特红景天为试材,采用田间试验法,对人工栽培样地不同除草措施下杂草群落的物种组成、数量、高度以及生物量进行调查,研究了人工及覆黑膜除草方式对唐古特红景天样地药材品质、生物量和产量的影响。结果表明:CK处理下杂草种类最多有19种;人工除草处理下杂草种类次之,有15种;覆黑膜处理杂草种类最少,有10种。从杂草的数量、高度以及地上生物量来看,杂草的总密度、平均高度以及地上总生物大小依次均为CK处理人工除草处理覆黑膜处理,处理间差异极显著(P0.01);药材产量和品质均为覆黑膜处理人工除草处理CK处理。综上,覆黑膜处理除草效果最佳,人工除草次之。     

Comparison of available soil water capacity estimated from topography and soil series information

We present a simple and generalized method to predict Available Soil Water Capacity (ASWC-TOP) for a given area using a topographic index, defined as ln(/tan), where is the upslope area draining past a certain point per unit width of slope, and is the local surface slope angle. The estimated results (ASWC-TOP) were then compared with the available soil water capacity calculated from soil series information provided by Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (ASWC-SCS). The model implementation was tested with three study cases: the Seeley-Swan valley, Montana, with pixel resolutions of 100 m and 1 km, respectively; and the state of Montana, U.S.A., with a pixel resolution of 1 km. A linear relationship exists between ASWC-SCS and ln(/tan). Standard errors between ASWC-TOP and ASWC-SCS were about 4.4 cm in the Seeley-Swan valley and 5.5 cm in the state. The number of pixels with absolute residuals 4 cm between ASWC-TOP and ASWC-SCS accounted for 68.2, 64.4, and 51.9% for the valley 100 m, valley 1 km, and the state respectively. Some of the mismatches between ASWC-TOP and ASWC-SCS may indicate an improvement using this method compared to existing data because the topographic method reflects the higher spatial variation of the inputs. The increasing availability of digital elevation data, at various resolutions, may provide an alternative to soil series for estimating ASWC. The accuracy of ASWC-TOP depends on estimation of mean and maximum ASWC for a study area.     

Growth response of Ficus benjamina to limited soil volume and soil dilution in a skeletal soil container study

The interactive effects of rooting volume and nutrient availability in a skeletal soil medium designed to meet street tree and pavement needs were observed in a containerized experiment. Benjamin fig (Ficus benjamina L.) was grown in a stone-soil blended skeletal soil material (CU-Soil™) and compared to a loam soil. The same topsoil used as the soil component in the skeletal soil material was used as the sole component in the comparison soil-only treatment.Plants grown in the skeletal soil material had reduced leaf tissue N content and depressed growth compared with plants grown in non-diluted soil. No other mineral deficiencies were found. Leaf number, chlorophyll concentration, shoot weight, and root characteristics were all affected.Reduced growth from soil dilution could be offset by the provision of an enlarged rooting volume for root development. Large containers of skeletal soil were observed to have smaller root systems compared to equivalent net volumes of loam soil at the first two harvest dates of the study. By the end of the study, the large containers of skeletal soil were observed to have developed larger root systems compared to equivalent net volumes of loam soil; resulting in comparable leaf N levels and total plant dry matter. Plants in skeletal soil had lower shoot: root ratios at the end of the study. Investing resources to further root growth in times of nutrient shortages is a probable plant reaction as evidenced by differences in specific root length between treatments. The study allowed a method for directly partitioning the containerization effect by having equivalent amounts of soil over two volumes.     

土壤调理剂对杏园土壤性状及根系分布的影响

对10a生龙王帽杏园地表喷施300倍液Agri-SC土壤调理剂,研究了土壤调理剂对杏园土壤主要理化性质、微生物数量及树体根系分布的影响。结果表明,土壤调理剂不同程度降低了各土层土壤容重,增加了各土层总空隙度、田间持水量,提高了各土层碱解氮、速效磷、有机质含量,改善了土壤理化性质。土壤调理剂显著增加了细菌、固氮菌等微生物数量,增强了过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶活性,抑制了脲酶活性。促进各土层细根生长,须根数量在0～30、30～60、60～90cm土层分别是对照的2.10、1.85、1.56倍。研究结果还表明,土壤调理剂在0～60cm土层作用效果显著。     

Productivity of greenhouse roses following changes in soil moisture and soil air regimes

Following 2 years of different soil moisture and air regimes for ‘Baccara’ roses, the optimal regimes were chosen and kept uniform for each growth medium. These regimes were implemented for an additional year (1971–1972).Soil moisture and soil air regimes employed in previous years (1969–1971) had significant after-effects on flower yields in 1971–1972, but no effect on flower quality or weight. The effect of previous suboptimal moisture and air regimes was apparently due to the number of main branches formed per plant in the initial two years, which was unaffected after implementation of optimal regimes.Approximately 4 weeks after cessation of cutting, the root system consituted 11–15% of the total weight of the plant. While 65% of the root system in non-separated beds was located in a soil layer between 30 and 60 cm, only 27% were located above this layer.     

葡萄园不同土壤管理模式对土壤理化性状及细菌群落的影响

在山东省蓬莱市瑞枫·奥塞斯葡萄基地检测了连续7年清耕、使用除草剂、自然生草、种植狗牙草和种植高羊茅对土壤理化性状和细菌群落的影响。结果表明:相比于清耕,其他4种土壤管理模式均降低了土壤容重,以种植高羊茅最为明显;除种植狗牙草显著提高土壤p H值外,其他3种土壤管理模式对土壤p H值无显著性影响;其他4种土壤管理模式均降低了土壤电导率,以自然生草最明显,降幅达48.1%;生草不同程度地提高了土壤氮磷钾和有机质含量,使用除草剂对氮磷钾含量无显著影响,而使有机质含量降低了39.6%。与清耕相比,生草和使用除草剂均增加了土壤微生物数量和群落多样性,以种植狗牙草的土壤细菌OTU数量和多样性最高;生草提高了土壤有益菌丰度,降低了有害菌丰度,总体上看以种植狗牙草效果最为突出;使用除草剂显著降低了大多数有益菌丰度。对土壤最主要的30个细菌菌落而言,不同土壤管理模式对其产生了不同影响,高羊茅和除草剂对微生物菌属的影响最接近,狗牙草对微生物菌属的影响与其他2种草差异较大。总之,生草模式优于清耕和使用除草剂,不同草种各具优势。     

内蒙古鄂尔多斯市公园绿地土壤肥力调查与评价

通过土壤样品采集和实验室分析,系统研究鄂尔多斯市公园绿地土壤的化学特性及养分丰缺状况,包括pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷以及有效氮、磷、钾,分析养分因子之间的相关性,评价公园绿地土壤的肥力状况,揭示出鄂尔多斯市公园绿地土壤存在的问题：土壤pH值偏高,其中85.7%的土壤呈强碱性,其余呈碱性;多数土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量处于缺乏及以下水平;土壤pH值与有机质、速效钾分别显著和极显著负相关;有机质与其他养分因子之间均极显著相关。     

砂、黏土对苹果幼树生长发育的影响

砂土、黏土两种土南对新红星苹果幼树生长发育情况影响的研究表明，砂土中新红星苹果幼树较黏土中的当年生根春季生长量显著大，根活力强，封顶枝所占比例高、叶面积大、干物质积累多、矿质营养（N、P、K）含量高，有利于花芽分化和提早结果。     

Agricultural soil redistribution and landscape complexity

A number of hypotheses and conceptual models, particularly those emphasizing nonlinear dynamics and self-organization, postulate increases or decreases in complexity in the evolution of drainage basins, topography, soils, ecosystems, and other earth surface systems. Accordingly, it is important to determine under what circumstances and at what scales either trend might occur. This paper is concerned with changes in soil landscape complexity due to redistribution of sediment by fluvial, aeolian, and tillage processes at historical time scales in an agricultural field system near Grifton, North Carolina. Soil mapping and soil stratigraphic investigations were used to identify and map soil changes associated with erosion and deposition by water, wind, and tillage; reconstruct the pre-agricultural soil pattern; and identify transformations between soil types. The Kolmogorov entropy of the pre- and post- agricultural landscapes was then compared. The soil transformations associated with erosion and deposition created four distinct new soils and made possible new transformations among soil series, increasing the number of soil types from seven to 11 and the number of possible transformations from 14 to 22. However, the entropy and complexity of the soil landscape decreased, with associated increases in information and redundancy. The mass redistributions created a lower-entropy landscape by concentrating particular soils and soil transformations in specific landscape settings. This result is contrary to studies showing a trend toward increasing pedological complexity at comparable spatial scales, but over much longer time scales. These results point to the importance of temporal scale, and to the fact that environmental complexity is influenced by factors other than the number of different landscape units present.     

The impact of soil compaction on soil aeration and fine root density of Quercus palustris

The soil around Quercus palustris trees, 30 cm (11.8 in) average diameter breast height (DBH) were treated by compaction (C) or C plus clay slurry (CS) treatments in November 1994 and repeated in May 1996. Soil oxygen diffusion rate (ODR), fine root density (FRD), DBH, twig growth, leaf area and dieback were monitored for 4 years beginning in 1996. Both compaction treatments significantly reduced ODR at 15 cm. Early each season, ODR was below the 0.20 g/cm²/min threshold level reported to inhibit root growth in several species [Stolzy, L.H., Letey, J., 1964. Correlation of plant response to soil oxygen diffusion rates. Hilgardia 35, 567–576] for all treatments and depths. In summer each year, ODR was adequate in the shallow soils of all treatments, though often still significantly lower in compacted soils. At 30 cm, there were no consistent differences in ODR between compacted and uncompacted soil. Significant differences in FRD due to compaction treatments were inconsistent and limited to the upper 9 cm of soil in years 2 and 3. Reduced FRD in compacted soils may be a response to the reduced ODR in spring. There were no differences in DBH, twig growth, leaf area or dieback rating. Given the minimal difference in root growth, the lack of differences in top growth are understandable. This controlled study, and others preceding it, have failed to clearly show the underlying causes of tree decline and death commonly associated with soil compaction and addition of fill soil in real landscapes.