产箱环境对母貂母性行为和仔貂生长发育的影响

试验探讨了产箱环境对母貂母性行为和仔貂存活、生长、发育的影响。4种新型产箱类型有A、AB、AC、AD,B型为传统产箱。通过母貂的做窝行为和对5日龄仔貂的取回试验判断产箱环境对母貂母性行为的影响,通过出生重、出生个数、仔貂死亡率、平均体重、体表温度来判断产箱环境对仔貂存活、生长的影响。结果表明,仔貂的出生重和出生个数不受产箱环境的影响;AC型产箱能够增强母貂的母性,提高1~14日龄仔貂的存活率和平均体重。新型产箱在保温性能和产仔保活方面都优于传统产箱。     

仔貂适时分窝好处多

母貂产仔后适时进行仔貂分窝,既有利于仔貂正常生长发育,又可确保母貂身体健康。 1 分窝前的准备 首先要准备好分窝用的笼箱,将所要使用的笼箱进行认真检查,经修补破损之处后,进行彻底消毒备用。然后将所需食盘、水盒清洗消毒后留作仔貂分窝使用。 2 第一次分窝 对仔貂应进行2次分窝:第一次将40～45日龄、体重达到250克以上的仔貂2～3只装在一个笼箱里分出饲养。这样做有2条好处:一是可通过仔貂的体温来提高貂舍的温度,防止仔貂受凉;二是可使过惯了群体生活的仔貂逐步适应独立生活,为第2次分窝打下基础。 千万要注意体重达不到250克的弱小仔貂,暂不要急于分出去,可让母貂再代养一段时间。这样做     

仔貂分窝方法及分窝后的饲养管理

1　分窝前的准备工作仔貂分窝前,首先要将所要使用的笼箱进行1次检查,破损的进行修补,然后全部消毒备用。再将所需食盘、水盒清洗后消毒,待貂分窝后使用。2　第1次分窝仔貂分窝应进行2次,第1次将日龄达到40～45日龄,体重达到250ｇ以上的(注意体重达不到250ｇ弱小仔貂暂不要急于分出去,让母貂再代养一段时间。这样做既能使弱小貂迅速赶上分出去的健壮仔貂,又不因仔貂全部分出去而使母貂受惊)的仔貂,要2～3只装在1个笼箱里饲养。这样做有2条好处:一是通过仔貂之间相互的体温来提高小室的温度,防止仔貂受凉。二是要让过惯了群体生活的仔貂逐步…     

母猪产前及分娩过程的管理

1产前管理根据推算的母猪预产期,应在母猪分娩前5~10天准备好分娩舍（产房）。分娩舍要保温,温度最好控制在15~18℃。寒冷季节舍内温度较低时,应有采暖设备（暖气、火炉等）,同时应配备仔猪的保温装置（护仔箱等）。     

貂产仔注意事项

<正>1.保持产箱底部温度。产箱底部外面用草垫上,产箱室内垫足消毒好的软草,产箱要有走廊、隔板,防止风直接进入。2.检查仔貂。当产后发现窝内有仔貂叫声,2￣3小时后可对仔貂进行第一次检查,把母貂引出窝箱外,立即插上出入口的挡板,打开窝箱盖用窝内的垫草搓手(以防止把异味带到仔貂身上),然     

窝箱不同加热方式与仔貂成活关系的研究

试验研究窝箱不同加热方式对1~7 d仔貂生长性能的影响,选择了150只已成功交配的一岁母貂(标准黑貂),平均体重为( 1084.2±169.6) g,随机分成5组,每组30只,分别是对照组(无加热无笼网结构)、试验Ⅰ组(底部电热板19 ℃)、试验Ⅱ组(底部电热板15 ℃)、试验Ⅲ组(笼网结构加热10 ℃)、试验Ⅳ组(笼网结构不加热,＜10 ℃)。结果表明,各组间产仔个数、出生活仔数、出生成活率、7 d活仔数无显著差异(P>0.1),但7 d成活率各组间差异极显著(P<0.01),Ⅰ组7 d后的仔兽成活率显著高于Ⅲ组,而与其他各组间虽差异不显著,但均高于其他各组,Ⅲ组妊娠天数要明显高于其他组(P<0.01),而其他各组间差异不显著;Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的仔貂聚集度要明显低于其他各组,Ⅰ组混合度最高(20.8%),Ⅱ组的仔貂分散度最高(26.34%),Ⅳ组的仔貂分散度最低(4.55％);对照组的营救时间最短(5.24 s),明显低于其他各组。综合以上各项指标得出对于1~7日龄仔貂,窝箱底部电热板加热方式要优于笼网结构加热,当底部加热至19 ℃时,对仔貂成活最有利。     

仔貂的分窝

及时进行仔貂分窝，既有利于仔貂生长，又确保母貂身体健康。１分窝前的准备工作仔貂分窝前，首先要将所在地使用的笼箱进行１次检查，破损的修补，然后全部消毒备用。再将所需食盘、水盒清洗后消毒，待子貂分窝后使用。２第１次分窝仔貂分窝应进行２次，第１次将日龄达到４０～４５日龄，体重达到２５０克以上（注意体重达不到２５０克弱小仔貂暂不要急于分出去，让母貂再带养一段时间。这样做既能使弱小貂迅速赶上分出去健壮仔貂，又不因仔貂全部分出去而使母受惊）的仔貂，要２～８只装在１个笼箱里饲养。这样做有两个好处：一是通过仔貂…     

仔貂要及时分窝

及时进行仔貂分窝,既有利于仔貂生长,又确保母貂身体健康。 (一)分窝前的准备工作 仔貂分窝前,首先要将所在地使用的笼箱进行1次检查,破损的修补,然后全部消毒备用。再将所需食盘、水盒清洗后消毒,等仔貂分窝后使用。 (二)第1次分窝 仔貂分窝应进行2次,第1次将日龄达     

春季仔兔饲养管理十要点

1精心护理初生仔兔体温调节能力差,早春季节要注意防寒保暖。仔兔出生后常因温度过低易冻僵或冻死,此时可采用产箱或保温窝多垫棉絮、兔毛来保温,室内温度应控制在18~20℃以上。2吃足初乳     

母猪分娩前的准备以及分娩过程

1分娩前的准备1．1分娩舍根据推算的母猪预产期,在母猪分娩前5～10天准备好分娩舍（产房）。分娩舍要保温,舍内温度最好控制在15～18℃。寒冷季节舍内温度较低时,应有采暖设备（暖气、火炉等）,同时应配备仔猪的保温装置（护仔箱等）。应提前将垫草放入舍内,使其温度与舍温相同,要求垫草干燥、柔软、清洁,长短适中（10～15厘米）。炎热季节应防暑降温和通风,若温度过高,通风不好,对母猪、仔猪均不利。     

围产期小尾寒羊生理指标的监测

用常规方法监测了11只围产期小尾寒羊的体温、脉搏、呼吸、红细胞、血红蛋白、白细胞和白细胞分类各项数值。结果表明,分娩前后体温和中性分叶细胞呈“M”形变化,分娩时增高,产后第5 d时降低,产后第12 d又升高。血红蛋白和红细胞数则从产前到产后5 d期间都处于低水平,产后12 d恢复至正常水平。呼吸数、脉搏数及白细胞数在分娩时均升高。     

Relationship of ruminal temperature with parturition and estrus of beef cows

Spring-calving Angus cows (n = 30) were used to evaluate changes in ruminal temperature (RuT) related to parturition and estrus. Cows were synchronized and artificially inseminated with semen from a single sire. Temperature boluses were placed in the rumen at 7.0 ± 0.2 mo of gestation. Boluses were programmed to transmit RuT every 15 min. Cows (BW = 623 ± 44 kg, BCS = 4.9 ± 0.4) calved during 3 wk, and estrus was synchronized at 77 ± 7 d after calving with PGF(2α). Cows were observed every 12 h to detect estrus. Daily average ambient temperatures ranged from 2 to 22 °C during parturition (February to March) and 17 to 25 °C during estrus (May to June). Ruminal temperature from 7 d before to 3 d after parturition and 2 d before to 2 d after visual detection of estrus was analyzed using the MIXED procedure. Ruminal temperatures <37.72 °C were attributed to water consumption and excluded from analyses. Day did not influence (P = 0.36) RuT from d -2 to -7 before parturition (38.94 ± 0.05 °C). Ruminal temperature decreased (P < 0.001) from d -2 to d -1 before parturition (38.88 ± 0.05 to 38.55 ± 0.05 °C, respectively). Ruminal temperature was not influenced (P = 0.23) by day from 1 d before to 3 d after parturition (38.49 ± 0.05 °C). Ruminal temperature at 0 to 8 h after detection of estrus (38.98 ± 0.09 °C) was greater (P < 0.001) compared with RuT at the same daily hour of the day before (38.37 ± 0.11 °C) or the day after estrus (38.30 ± 0.09 °C). Ambient temperature did not influence (P > 0.30) RuT at parturition or estrus. Ruminal temperature decreased the day before parturition and increased at estrus in spring-calving beef cows and has potential use as a predictor of parturition and estrus.     

Influence of feeding regime on timing of parturition in beef cattle and the relationship of vaginal temperature to parturition

The timing of parturition was recorded for a total of 56 beef cattle (Japanese Black × Holstein Friesian) on different dietary treatments. The rate of calving during daylight hours in cows night‐fed (18.00 hours) with a roughage diet was significantly higher than that in cows night‐fed with a high concentrate diet (79.2% vs 38.5%, P < 0.05). Subsequently, the vaginal temperature (VT) of these cows was analyzed using a cosinor method. When the feeding schedule was changed from twice daily (08.30 and 15.30 hours) to night feeding, the periodicity, the acrophase and the bathyphase, which were the parameters of the cosine curve, were unstable from the first day of night feeding until after day 6 (P < 0.05). Prior to parturition, the midline‐estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR) and the amplitude for the cows that were fed a high‐roughage diet at night and that calved at night‐time were lower and larger, respectively, than that for the other treatments (P < 0.01). Based on these results, the time of parturition in most of the beef cows was influenced by feeding time and diet composition. Those cows that calved at night‐time in spite of night feeding had lower vaginal temperatures.     

猪围产期外周血ANAE+T细胞动态观察

有用酸性α－醋酸萘酯酶（ANAE）染色方法测定了11头猪围产期外周血不同时期总ANAE^ T与大颗粒型ANAE^ T细胞（tANAE^ T细胞与lgANAE^ T细胞）百分率，结果表明，猪分娩前21d至分娩前6d，外周血tANAE^ T细胞与lgANAE^ T细胞百分率均低于分娩后第25d的相应指标，说明猪妊娠后期细胞免疫功能低下；分娩前10d，猪外周血tANAE^ T细胞与lgANAE^ T细胞百分率均较分娩前第21d的相应指标显著升高（P＜0．05），提示分娩的启动可能与母体细胞免疫功能增强，导致免疫排斥的发生有一定关系，分娩后tANAE^ T细胞与lgANAE^ T细胞百分率降低后逐渐升高，tANAE^ T细胞分娩后第10d,lgANAE^ T细胞于分娩后第5d已分别明显高于猪分娩前第21d的相应指标（P＜0．05），猪分娩后第25d的tANAE^ T细胞与lgANAE^ T细胞和正常未妊娠母猪的相应指标接近，表明猪分娩后5－25d细胞免疫功能已渐恢复正常。     

胎衣不下奶牛围产期血液流变学指标变化

测定胎衣不下(RFM)奶牛围产期的血液流变学指标变化,为采取有效的预防和治疗措施提供依据。对25头胎衣不下奶牛和30头正常奶牛,使用锥／板法测定不同切变率的全血粘度,使用全自动激光衍射法测定红细胞变形能力。对照组全血粘度随妊娠时间推移,在妊娠后期显著或极显著降低。RFM组在切变率为150／s时未见显著降低变化,切变率为38／s、10／s、5／s有降低表现,但显著高于对照组(妊娠275d),分娩后10 d显著高于产后第1天。PCV随妊娠时间推移呈降低变化,妊娠275 d对照组显著降低(P<0.05),产后第1天两组均呈升高变化,对照组显著升高(P<0.05),随后两组各时间点均显著或极显著降低。红细胞变形指数产后呈降低变化,其中RFM组产后第1天显著低于产前,第30天显著低于产后第1天。积分面积在妊娠第275天对照组极显著增加,两组产后第1天均显著低于产前,RFM组产后第10天极显著低于第1天(P<0.01)。以上结果提示产前和产后血液粘度处于较高水平和产后红细胞变形能力的持续低下是RFM奶牛血液流变学的异常变化。降低分娩前后的血液粘度和提高产后红细胞变形能力可能有效减少RFM和其他围产期疾病的发病率。     

Plasma steroid hormone concentrations and their relationships in Suffolk ewes during gestation and parturition

In this study, we measured plasma concentrations of progesterone, pregnenolone, estradiol, estrone, estrone sulfate, and cortisol and analyzed the correlations between these hormones during gestation in 13 Suffolk ewes, the main breed in Japan. Progesterone increased during gestation and decreased a few days before parturition; however, this pattern was different in samples with high progesterone concentrations (P4 spike samples). This P4 spike was associated with a high pregnenolone concentration. Apart from the P4 spike, the progesterone change was similar to that in other sheep breeds. Pregnenolone increased during gestation and decreased after parturition. A significant correlation between progesterone and pregnenolone was observed a few days before parturition. Estrone sulfate and estradiol concentrations increased during gestation, but estrone did not. They increased shortly before parturition, and then decreased immediately after parturition. At parturition, the correlation between estrone and estrone sulfate was significantly stronger. Moreover, a strong correlation between estrone sulfate and estradiol was observed after parturition. Cortisol did not change during gestation and increased shortly before parturition. The results showed steroid hormone dynamics in normal pregnant Suffolk ewes, which were mostly in line with those of other sheep breeds. It should be noted that high progesterone concentrations altered the typical patterns.     

15-ketodihydro-PGF2 alpha, progesterone and cortisol profiles in heifers after induction of parturition by injection of dexamethasone.

In order to study rapid changes in 15-ketodihydro-PGF2 alpha, cortisol and progesterone in the period preceding parturition in cattle, pre-term parturition was induced in 4 late pregnant heifers. Parturitions were induced by 2 intramuscular injections of 20 mg dexamethasone with a 24-h interval. The first injection was made on days 254, 258, 264 and 265 in gestation, respectively. Twenty-four h before the first injection an intravenous polyurethane cannula was inserted. Blood samples were collected at least every hour until 12 h after parturition and during the second stage of labour at least 6 times per hour. Plasma was analysed for 15-ketodihydro-PGF2 alpha and progesterone by radioimmunoassays, and for cortisol by an ELISA. The average time from injection to parturition was 7.7 (6.6-8.9) days (mean (range)). Two of the heifers had retained foetal membranes (RFM). At the start of the experiment the levels of PGF2 alpha metabolite were low (< 300 pmol/L) and increased slowly to levels between 1000 and 2000 pmol/L at one day before parturition. During the last day, however, the levels increased rapidly and the highest levels (> 10,000 pmol/L) were reached at the time of delivery. No pulsatile release was seen. Immediately after foetal expulsion the PG-metabolite levels decreased rapidly in all animals. In the 2 animals with RFM, however, this decline ceased within a few h. The PG-metabolite levels in these animals then started to increase and reached levels as high as during parturition. Luteolysis occurred between 1.6 and 0.4 days before parturition in all animals. The cortisol profile showed a distinct peak at the time of parturition in the RFM heifers. This peak was absent in the non-RFM heifers. This study shows that the PGF2 alpha release at prepartal luteolysis and parturition is not pulsatile in cattle and that cortisol profiles in heifers with retained foetal membranes might differ from the profiles in non-RFM heifers at the time of parturition.     

Phagocytic activity in blood and proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes during the perinatal period in primiparous sows

The objective of this study was to determine whether phagocytic activity in blood and proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes are impaired during perinatal period. The study comprised 18 primiparous sows (Landras × Large White) free from clinical signs of diseases. During the experiment blood samples were collected three times from each sow. Sampling was performed on three different dates, always from all sows at once. At the first date of sampling sows were 21 ± 3 days before parturition, at the second date ± 1 day around parturition time and at the third date 21 ± 3 days after parturition. Phagocytic activity of monocytes and granulocytes was assessed in heparinized whole blood with addition of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled opsonized bacteria Escherichia coli and the percentage of phagocytes which have ingested bacteria was measured as fluorescence activity by flow cytometry. The percentage of phagocyting monocytes and granulocytes was lowest at parturition (72.6 ± 16.37, 52.4 ± 20.59) and significantly increased within the next 21 ± 3 days (86.5 ± 6.16, 69.89 ± 5.80). Similarly, the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (10 μg/ml) stimulated in vitro lymphocyte response was suppressed by parturition in primiparous sows (p < 0.001).     

Energy Metabolism During Late Gestation and Lactation in Muciparous Sows in Relation to Backfat Thickness and the Interval from Weaning to First Oestrus

Ten crossbred, fourth or fifth parity sows were divided into 2 groups - high (H) and low (L) - according to their backfat thickness 9 days before parturition. Body weight, backfat thickness and litter weight were recorded repeatedly during a 5 week lactation period. The length of the interval from weaning to first oestrus was also noted. All sows were fed a commercial diet (11.9 MJ/kg, 14.5% crude protein). During gestation, daily food intake was 2.2 kg/sow, while during lactation it was 3.0 kg/sow plus 0.4 kg/piglet.Blood samples were drawn on day 9 before parturition and on days 2,7,14 and 21 of lactation. The samples were analysed to determine concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, triglycerides, free fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid. In both groups, concentrations of free fatty acids and urea nitrogen were low on day 9 before parturition while those of triglycerides were high, indicating anabolism regardless of backfat thickness.During the first week of lactation, concentrations of free fatty acids increased in the H-group but not in the L-group, and concentrations of urea nitrogen were higher in the H-group. These differences, together with the greater loss of weight observed in the H-group, indicate that catabolism of maternal fat and protein depots was more pronounced in the Η-group than in the L-group during this time. On day 14 of lactation, both groups showed equally low concentrations of free fatty acids, decreasing creatinine concentrations and stable triglyceride and urea nitrogen concentrations. Furthermore, weight loss during the second and third weeks of lactation was low in both groups. These facts, taken together, indicate that the catabolic rate was decreasing in both groups during this period. No differences in return to oestrus interval were noted between the groups. The present study indicates that under a restricted feeding regime the catabolic rate during the first week of lactation is higher in sows with higher backfat thickness in late gestation.As lactation progresses, a more balanced metabolism is achieved regardless of backfat thickness, which may tend to reduce differences in return to oestrous interval.     

Levels of oestrone sulphate during pregnancy in different breeds of cows and its possible association with retained foetal membranes.

The levels of oestrone sulphate in plasma of pregnant cows was followed from 30 days of pregnancy until parturition. The Swedish Jersey Breed (SJB) showed significantly lower levels of oestrone sulphate between 101 and 200 days of pregnancy than either the Swedish Red and White (SRB) or the Swedish Lowland Breed (SLB). No significant difference was noted between SRB and SLB. On days 141-160 of gestation the oestrone sulphate values were still below the 10 nmol/l level for the SJB while they were above this level for the SRB and the SLB, and the difference was significant. In the SJB, levels above 10 nmol/l were reached on days 161-180 of gestation. In the second part of this study the levels of oestrone sulphate were measured around parturition in SRB cows. At parturition, the levels of oestrone sulphate rose to peak values of 79.9 +/- 5.2 nmol/l and then decreased to 6.6 +/- 0.5 nmol/l on the day after calving. In one cow peak values of 66.0 nmol/l were reached 2 days prior to parturition, and subsequently dropped to 7.0 nmol/l at parturition. This cow had retained foetal membranes. A possible relationship between low oestrone sulphate levels prior to parturition and retained foetal membranes is discussed.