空心莲子草对水稻生长的影响及其经济阈值

采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法研究不同空心莲子草密度下水稻生长性状的变化规律。结果表明,水稻在空心莲子草的竞争干扰下,穗长、有效穗数、千粒重及产量均随其密度的增加而逐渐降低。指数模型拟合空心莲子草与水稻穗长(y=18.145e^-0.003x,P<0.001)的关系较好,二次曲线拟合其与水稻有效穗数(y=0.001x²-0.105x+11.683,P<0.001)的关系较好,而拟合其与水稻千粒重(y=-0.154lnx+20.261,P<0.001)、产量(y=-582.764lnx+6282.120, P<0.001)及产量损失(y=9.435lnx-1.689, P<0.001)间的关系均以对数模型为佳。稻田使用20%氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油进行化学除草时,空心莲子草的经济危害允许水平为1.40%,经济阈值为1.39株/m²。     

旱莲草对水稻产量性状的影响及其防治经济阈值

为明确大田条件下旱莲草对水稻生长和产量的影响和为其防治提供有效经济参数,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法研究不同旱莲草密度下水稻田间透光率、水稻株高和产量性状的变化。当旱莲草密度≥2株/m2时,田间透光率显著降低,且随着旱莲草密度增加,水稻有效穗数、穗长、穗粒数等显著降低,空粒率显著增加,导致产量显著下降。二次曲线模型y=-0.0189x2+2.3546x+2.0819能很好地拟合旱莲草密度与水稻产量损失间的关系。人工拔除方法和10%苄嘧磺隆WP防除旱莲草,其经济危害允许水平分别为22.22%和4.67%,经济阈值分别为9.3株/m2和1.1株/m2。     

直播稻田杂草消长及其对产量损失研究

水稻播种后3～7天,直播稻田杂草开始陆续发生,播后10～20天为第一次发生高峰期,播后35天左右又出现第二次杂草发生高峰。免耕(一年)稻田杂草发生量高于耕翻田块,一免耕直播稻田杂草比耕翻田多2倍左右,造成水稻分蘖减少,成穗率降低,产量损失严重。尤其是稗草影响更大,经水稻抽穗期测定,水稻产量损失与稗草密度、分蘖数密切相关。直播齐穗期的严重损失预测式为:Y=470.0716-13.1377X_1-2.1092X_2,该方程式经田间小区验证,误差率为10％左右(Y<500千克0≤X≤50)。     

菵草与油菜的竞争及防除阈值

采用添加系列试验研究了菵草与移栽油菜间的竞争关系.结果表明,菵草与油菜竞争光能,田间光照强度随菵草密度的增加而降低.移栽油菜在菵草的竞争干扰下,单株分枝数、角果数、千粒重及产量均随菵草密度增加而逐渐降低,油菜减产主要与菵草密度增大引起单株角果数减少有关.油菜产量损失与菵草密度之间的关系可用y = -0.0003x2 0.2269x 4.7638的数学模型来模拟,油菜田菵草的经济危害允许水平为3.24%,其防除阈值为8株/m2.     

稻秆蝇为害损失及经济阈值初探

水稻苗期受稻秆蝇为害,后期有一定的补偿,主茎、分蘖受害,分蘖可以增加0.3—1.1,但这种补偿对产量贡献小。受害株数增加,产量损失加重,其回归预测式早稻为y=-0.06+0.1866x;晚稻为y=-0.6262+0.463x。据此推算,用农药味喃丹防治,危害允许水平为3.4％,早稻苗期防治指标20.6％,晚稻防治指标9.7％。     

抛秧稻田稗草对水稻生长及产量的影响

抛秧稻田稗草对水稻生长及产量的影响杨余清,李万梅,唐为爱娄远来,邓渊钰（阜宁县农科所２２４４００）（江苏省农科院植保所）为了解稗草在抛秧稻田的危害,以便更经济有效地控制稗草,１９９７年我们进行了抛秧稻田稗草对水稻生长及产量影响的研究。１材料与方法１．...     

稗草影响后季稻产量预测式的研究

在肥水等相同的条件下,影响后季稻产量损失的主要因子是夹稗穴率(x_1)和稗草分蘖株数(x_2)。夹稗率高,稗草分蘖株数多,则后季稻产量损失就随之增加。后季稻分蘖末期产量损失率预测式为y=0.7648+0.1591x_1+0.0728x_2,后季稻抽穗期产量损失率预测式为y=1.0025+0.2014x_1+0.0704x_2。经历次资料检验,2个预测式的平均误差率分别为12.2％和13.5％。1984—1985年大田应用结果表明预测式的准确率达83.3％。     

水稻稻曲病不同病情指标间关系研究

以120个湖南省水稻区域试验新组合（品系）为材料,调查、统计稻曲病发生危害水平,分析不同病情指标之间的关系。直线相关分析发现,稻曲病病蔸率、病穗率、平均每穗病粒数及病情指数两两之间均呈极显著正相关关系。病穗率与病情指数之间的相关系数为0.986,田间调查以病穗率为评价指标,既简便准确,还能通过回归方程进行数据转换。病穗率(x)与病情指数(y)间回归方程为y=0.343x-0.441(1.290),病穗率(x)与平均每穗病粒数(y)间回归方程为y=0.029x-0.078(2.67相似文献   

褐飞虱产卵于水稻穗颈对产量的影响

褐飞虱以产卵器划破穗颈节,在水稻穗颈节附近部位产卵:导致水分养分运输受阻,造成水稻结实率与千粒重降低。田间调查结果,水稻穗颈受害率2.19-11.11％;经测定,穗颈受褐飞虱产卵器危害的稻穗平均结实率下降7.23％,千粒重降低1.89克,穗重损失16.39％。据此给出不同密度下褐飞虱以产卵器划破穗颈造成的产量损失回归估计式:y=0.604+2.7754^-5x。     

猪殃殃对小麦产量影响和防治

稗草(Echinochloa crusgaalli(L)Beauv)是对水稻危害最大的杂草之一,为了明确稗草发生对水稻产量的影响,进行了稗草危害损失率测定。     

Application of bispyribac‐sodium provides effective weed control in direct‐planted rice on a sandy loam soil

An increasing water crisis, as well as the unavailability and high cost of labor, in Pakistan has forced rice‐growers to plant rice directly into the field. However, severe weed infestation causes disastrous effects on the productivity of this rice system. In this study, three herbicides (pendimethalin, penoxsulam and bispyribac‐sodium) were evaluated for weed control in direct‐planted rice on a sandy loam soil. Weedy check and weed‐free plots were established for comparison. Weed infestation decreased the rice yield by 75.2%. However, the application of herbicides suppressed the weed infestation, with a simultaneous increase in the rice yield. The postemergence application of bispyribac‐sodium was the most effective herbicide in reducing the total weed density and dry weight over the weedy check, followed by penoxsulam and pendimethalin, respectively. Bispyribac‐sodium increased the number of productive tillers, 1000‐grain weight, number of grains per panicle and grain yield over the control, as well as improved the water productivity and economic returns of direct‐planted rice. The weeds' proliferation increased the number of unproductive tillers and decreased the plant height. In conclusion, the postemergence application of bispyribac‐sodium can be used effectively to control weeds, increase water productivity and improve the economic returns and yield of direct‐planted rice on a sandy loam soil in Pakistan.     

Herbicidal and biological characteristics of a new benzenesulfonylurea compound K-11451 under submerged paddy conditions

The new benzenesulfonylurea K-11451, an α-hydroxy-β-fluoropropyl- compound, applied at 3–9 g ha ⁻¹, controlled annual and perennial weeds grown in submerged paddy soil under greenhouse conditions. It effectively controlled barnyardgrass at growth stages varying from pre-emergence to the five-leaf stage. The compound inhibited acetolactate synthase, I₅₀ values for the enzyme isolated from barnyardgrass and rice being 56 and 67 nM , respectively. K-11451 inhibited the growth of rice when it was transplanted at a shallow depth (0–1 cm) and water leaching from the paddy soil was high (3–5 cm per day). With a water depth of 3 cm, the compound appeared to move readily down into the paddy soil and had the relatively short half-life of 15.2 days under submerged paddy conditions. A mixture of K-11451 + mefenecet + daimuron (9 + 250 + 250 g ha⁻¹) controlled almost all weeds in the paddy field without injury to rice, so that the combination could be used as a ‘one-shot’ herbicide in rice culture.     

Estimation of rice yield losses due to the African rice gall midge,Orseolia oryzivora Harris and Gagne

Abstract

The African rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzivora Harris and Gagne (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an important pest of rice, Oryza sativa, in Burkina Faso as well as other countries in West and East Africa. In spite of its importance, little is known regarding the relationship between gall midge populations and grain yield losses. To determine yield losses the gall midge was reared in cages and adult midges were placed on caged plants of the rice variety ITA 123 at different population levels. The seven treatments consisted of different numbers of insects infested on the plants; 0 insect pairs (non‐infested check), and 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 midge pairs/cage. The loss in yield in relation to the non‐infested control was highly positively correlated (R² = 0.81) with the percentage of gall midge damaged tillers. The infestation by the insect on the plants resulted in the compensatory production of tillers which developed in response to the gall midge damage but the compensation was not sufficient to make up for the loss of yield due to the damaged tillers. Yield loss ranged from 0% in the control to 65.3% in the treatment with 25 pairs of adults. One per cent of tillers damaged resulted in 2% grain yield loss.     

Reproduction allocation and potential mechanism of individual allelopathic rice plants in the presence of competing barnyardgrass

BACKGROUND: In spite of increasing knowledge of allelopathic rice as an efficient component involved in paddy weed management, relatively little is known about its reproduction in response to competing weeds. Reproduction allocation of individual allelopathic rice plants in relation to monoculture and mixed culture with competing barnyardgrass in a paddy field was studied, along with analyses of soil nutrients and microbial communities to understand the potential mechanism. RESULTS: At a 1:1 barnyardgrass and rice mixture proportion identified from a replacement series study, biomass, grain yield and major parameters of individual allelopathic rice plants at the mature stage were increased by competing barnyardgrass. There was no difference in allelopathic rice root‐zone soil ammonium N and Olsen P between monoculture and mixed culture. However, mixed culture altered soil microbial biomass C and communities. When mixed with barnyardgrass, allelopathic rice root zone had an 87% increase in soil microbial biomass C. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling indicated that the signature lipid biomarkers of bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi were affected by mixed culture. Principal component analysis clearly identified differences in the composition of PLFA in different soil samples. CONCLUSION: Allelopathic rice specific changes in soil microbial communities may generate a positive feedback on its own growth and reproduction in the presence of competing barnyardgrass in a given paddy system. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

水稻粒黑粉病空间分布及抽样技术研究

 据6块田抽样调查,经频次概率拟合及聚集强度测定,水稻粒黑粉病田间分布以聚集型为主。其中有5块田既符合Neyman分布,也符合负二项式分布,仅有1块符合poisson分布。又经m^*-x回归检验和Taylor指数的"b"值计算,前者得出m^*=-0.445+1.02^*-x,r=0.977。后者为logδ²=log0.3769+1.2245log^*=-0.445+1.02^*-x。表明随病害密度升高,分布趋向均匀。以5种抽样方法与对照比较,差异均不显著,但以平行线抽样最接近对照且方便易行,可采用。抽样量为:#br#n=t²/D²(((α+1)/^*-x)+β-1)=53.302/^*-x+1.921依此可进行序贯抽样检索。田间垂直分布表现为穗基部发病重于中、上部,分蘖穗发病重于主穗。     

水稻与稗草在大田条件下的竞争关系研究

不同类型不同密度的水稻与一定密度的稗草混合种植 ,结果表明 :在低密度条件下稗草的生长速率显著高于水稻 ,而在高密度条件下水稻的生长速率显著高于稗草 ;随着种植密度的增加 ,水稻的生长速率逐渐增大而稗草的生长速率逐渐减小。所有条件下稗草的相对生长速率都显著高于水稻的相对生长速率。水稻单位面积产量在试验条件下随水稻密度的增加而增加 ,且差异显著。相对来说 ,稗草对穗重型品种的影响比对穗数型品种的影响更大一些 ,但差异不显著     

杂草稻对水稻生长及产量的影响

通过室内试验和田间试验明确了杂草稻对水稻生长、产量构成因子和产量的影响。水稻营养生长期,不同杂草稻密度对水稻基本苗、株高、单株鲜重、分蘖、倒二叶长与宽均没有影响。而水稻株高、有效穗数、穗长、一次枝梗数、穗粒数、千粒重、结实率、实际产量等均随杂草稻密度的增加而呈现下降趋势。杂草稻密度为1株/m2可导致水稻产量损失9.15%,当杂草稻密度达7株/m2时可导致水稻产量损失50%以上,杂草稻密度达到12株/m2时水稻产量损失可高达72.29%。     

中粳稻褐稻虱EIL及ET初步研究

在水稻穗期分阶段设点,进行小区接虫和田间查虫分级,至收获前测定产量损失。结果表明,各生育期褐稻虱每穴虫量与产量损失率,均呈极显著的指数函数关系。在同一生育阶段,虫量越大损失也越大;在相同虫量条件下,产量损失随齐穗后天数的增加而下降。据此,求得各生育期褐稻虱虫量与损失率的综合关系式: ■=e~(4.0893-0.1793K 0.0121K~2-0.00022K~3-(6.7914e~(0.0624K))/x并提出在当地生产水平下的经济损害允许水平EIL=e~(1.12 0.06K)。进而提出中粳稻褐稻虱的防治阈限。早发年ET与EIL相交,迟发年ET恒小于EIL。