红松果林培育及采穗圃营建技术探讨

对带岭林业实验局的红松果林培育进行规划,分为常规红松果林和无性系红松果林两类;探讨不同类型红松果林培育及红松果林采穗辅营建的技术和管理措施,分析经济效益。     

不同接穗产地、坡向和整地方式对红松异砧果林嫁接效果影响研究

利用赤峰市丰富的樟子松幼龄林资源,分别于2015年、2017年、2018年5月份引进牡丹江、伊春、龙江红松接穗,在樟子松幼树上嫁接,研究了不同接穗产地、不同坡向、不同整地方式对红松异砧果林嫁接效果的影响。结果表明:不同产地接穗主要是影响异砧红松嫁接成活率;半干旱浅山丘陵区半阳坡和半阴坡均可营造红松异砧果林;不同整地方式对营造红松异砧果林后生长有一定影响;水平沟整地有利于山地发展红松异砧果林。     

红松果林经营密度的研究

通过对林龄15a、25a、35a疏伐后的红松果林,三种不同保留密度、三次重复的试验样地、连续5a的结实量等情况进行调查,采用方差分析的方法得出了不同年龄阶段、不同径阶的红松果林经营密度。     

立足本地实际 培养所需人才 加快农村致富步伐——山西省浑源县创办“果林技术学校”的做法值得借鉴

立足本地实际培养所需人才加快农村致富步伐──山西省浑源县创办“果林技术学校”的做法值得借鉴中国林业出版社刘先银，罗林浑源县位于山西省东北部，发展果林很有潜力。过去，由于技术人员缺乏，浑源县果林生产所需苗木全靠外调，果树修剪、嫁接、病虫害防治等技术问题...     

东莞林科园人工果林土壤物理性质研究

文章分3个不同坡位和3个土层深度对东莞林科园园内人工果林土壤容重、孔隙度、通气度、水分含量等物理性质进行了研究。结果表明:园内人工果林上层土壤容重最小,土壤孔隙在不同的土壤层次之间和同一土壤层次不同坡位之间的大小变化规律不一致,土壤通气度随着土壤层次的加深逐渐降低,土壤水分在不同土壤层次之间和同一层次不同坡位之间的差异均不大。总体而言,土壤容重、土壤孔隙及土壤水分的差异主要体现在上土层;不同的坡位对人工果林的土壤物理性质影响较显著。     

对伊梨野果林资源保护与发展的再认识

伊犁州保存有大面积原始野果林，这些野果林构成了伊犁森林的独特林分，是伊犁州森林资源的重要组成部分，对伊犁州经济发展和生态环境保护具有重要作用。这些野果林是发掘种质资源和科学研究的基因宝库，也是选育果木优良品种和矮化砧木的天然园地。因此，保护、发展野果林又具有重大现实意义和深远历史意义。本文试就野果林资源的现状和今后的保护、发展提出如下再认识，供参考。我们认为伊犁地区的野果林资源已到了非常时期──保护发展和衰退消失的关键时期。是挽救的特殊期。伊犁州境内野果林树种繁多，分布广泛。珍贵稀有且相对成片分…     

延边林区红松果林产业存在的问题及发展建议

红松果林产业是延边林业的主导产业之一。本文介绍了延边林区红松果林产业的现状,分析了制约红松果林产业发展的主要问题,提出了发展红松果林产业的建议。     

红松无性系果林优化经营技术研究的必要性及可行性

为了促进红松无性系果林的健康发展,在现有的红松无性系果林的基础上,分析了开展果林优化经营技术研究的必要性,并提出了红松无性系果林优化经营技术研究的方法。     

大果榛子种苗繁育技术

指出了大果榛子营养丰富，既可食用亦可入药，经济效益可观，发展前景广阔。采用大果榛子种苗繁育技术大大降低了大果榛子果林营建的成本，提高了农民营建大果榛子果林的积极性。     

广州海珠湿地垛基果林植被优化与养护管理探讨

面积广阔的海珠湿地垛基果林是广州市内重要的半自然果林,但因受人为干扰和果树自然退化而出现植被衰败、生境破坏等生态问题。从尊重海珠湿地以垛基果林为景观基底的角度出发,基于场地果林树木的健康状况评价,将海珠湿地垛基果林植被分为 3 个功能区,探讨相应区域植物优化的构思,并提出海珠湿地垛基果林植被分区养护管理的原则与目标。     

Agroecological variation in the fruits and nuts of shea butter tree (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitellaria paradoxa</Emphasis> C. F. Gaertn.) in Nigeria

A basic understanding of the relationships between key phenotypic characters of the shea butter tree is considered a crucial step to its genetic improvement. As such fruit samples of the shea butter tree, Vitellaria paradoxa, were collected from nine locations in July, 2006, to determine the fruit and nut characteristics of the species. The choice of the locations was informed by the need to have as broad a picture of the trait diversity as possible. The nine locations covered were Akwanga, Ilorin, Lokoja, Makurdi, Minna (in the Southern Guinea Savanna), Jalingo, Kachia (in the Northern Guinea Savanna), Kano and Yola (in the Sudan Savanna), recognized as the main shea butter tree belt in Nigeria. Analysis of variance indicated significant (P < 0.05) variations in fruit and nut traits across agro-ecologies and specific locations (representing individual accessions). The Northern Guinea Savanna accessions had higher values for nut weight, nut length kernel weight and fruit weight. The Southern Guinea Savanna fruits were, however, superior in percent pulp weight. Nuts sourced from Akwanga were comparatively heavier and longer, had wider diameters, heavier kernels and higher percent testa weights which did not differ from those of Minna. Also fruits from Akwanga had significantly (P < 0.05) higher values for fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight and pulp weight. The Lokoja accession was superior to the rest in percent pulp weight, but it recorded least nut weight and nut length values. Nut shape index varied from 2.3 (Makurdi) to 1.5 (Jalingo). Nuts from Akwanga, Jalingo and Kachia had wide variation in nut weight in contrast to those from Lokoja, Makurdi and Yola (that were relatively similar). Fruit length had significantly (P < 0.05) positive relationship with pulp weight, fruit weight and fruit diameter. Nut diameter, however, had a negative relationship with percent pulp weight. A strong influence of some environmental variables on certain phenotypic traits was detected. Principal components analysis indicated nut weight, nut shape index, percent pulp weight and fruit shape index as the key discriminant variables for grouping shea butter fruit and nut in Nigeria. Results of this study indicated considerable diversity in fruit and nut traits of the shea butter tree in Nigeria, suggesting the possibility of selection for desirable traits.     

Quantitative descriptors of variation in the fruits and seeds of Irvingia gabonensis

Methods were developed to quantify variation in the fruit, nut and kernel traits using the fruits from four trees of Irvingia gabonensis, an indigenous fruit tree of west and central Africa. The measurement of 18 characteristics of 16–32 fruits per tree identified significant variation in fruit, nut and kernel size and weight, and flesh depth. Differences were also identified in shell weight and brittleness, fruit taste, fibrosity and flesh colour. Relationships between fruit size and weight with nut and kernel size and weight were found to be very weak, indicating that it is not possible to accurately predict the traits of the commercially-important kernel from fruit traits. Seven key qualitative traits are recommended for future assessments of the levels of genetic variation in fruits and kernels. These traits describe ideotypes for fresh fruit and kernel production.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Domestication potential of Marula (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sclerocarya birrea</Emphasis> subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">caffra</Emphasis>) in South Africa and Namibia: 3. Multiple trait selection

An understanding of the inter-relationships between the traits characterising tree-to-tree variation in fruits and kernels is fundamental to the development of selected cultivars based on multiple trait selection. Using data from previously characterised marula (Sclerocarya birrea) trees in Bushbuckridge, South Africa and North Central Region of Namibia, this study examines the relationships between the different traits (fruit pulp, flesh/juice mass, and nut shell and kernel mass) as a means to determine the opportunities to develop cultivars. Strong and highly significant relationships were found between fruit mass and pulp mass in trees from South Africa and Namibia, indicating that size is a good predictor of fruit pulp production. However, fruit size is not a good predictor of nut or kernel production, as there were weak relationships between fruit and nut and/or kernel mass, which varied between sites and landuses. Generally, the relationships between fruit mass and kernel mass were weaker than between fruit mass and nut mass. Relationships between kernel mass and shell mass were generally weak. The lack of strong relationships between fruit and kernel mass does, however, imply that there are opportunities to identify trees with either big fruits/small nuts for pulp production, or trees with large kernels in relatively small fruits for kernel oil production. However, within fruits from the same tree, nuts could contain 0–4 kernels, indicating that even in trees with an inherent propensity for large kernels, improved pollination may be required to maximise kernel mass through an increase in kernel number. Finally, the relationships between percentage kernel oil content and the measured morphological traits were also very weak. The conclusions of these results are that there is merit in identifying different combinations of traits for the selection of trees producing either pulp or kernels. Consequently, fruit and kernel ‘ideotypes’ are presented as guides to the selection of elite trees for cultivar development. These results have important implications for the domestication of the species as a producer of fruits or kernels for food/beverages or cosmetic oils.     

银杏产量与气象因子相关性研究

以湖南省１３年的气象资料，按银杏果生长发育周期，分５个阶段统计了水、光、热诸方面的８个气象因子，采用多元逐步回归方法，筛选出传粉受精期平均最大风速、种实第二增长高峰期的最低气温和５月１日～６月３０日的总雨量３个对产量有重要影响的气象因子。相应时期较大的风速，较低的气温、充沛的雨量，可提高银杏产量。     

Domestication potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 2. Phenotypic variation in nut and kernel traits

As part of a wider study characterizing tree-to-tree variation in fruit traits as a pre-requisite for cultivar development, fruits were collected from each of 63 marula (Sclerocarya birrea) trees in Bushbuckridge, South Africa and from 55 trees from the North Central Region of Namibia. The nuts were removed from the fruit flesh, and the kernels extracted, counted and weighed individually to determine the patterns of dry matter partitioning among the nut components (shell and kernel) of different trees. Mean nut, shell and kernel mass were not significantly different between the two countries. Between sites in South Africa there were highly significant differences in mean nut mass, shell mass, kernel mass and kernel number. In Namibia, there were highly significant differences between geographic areas in mean shell mass, kernel mass and kernel number, but not in nut mass. These differences had considerable impacts on shell:kernel ratios (8.0 - 15.4). In South Africa, mean kernel mass was significantly greater in fruits from farmers fields (0.42 g) than from communal land (0.30 g) or natural woodland (0.32 g). Within all sites, in both South Africa and Namibia, there was highly significant and continuous variation between individual trees in nut mass (South Africa = 2.3 - 7.1 g; Namibia = 2.7 - 6.4 g) and kernel mass (South Africa = 0.09 - 0.55 g; Namibia = 0.01 - 0.92 g). The small and valuable kernels constitute a small part of the nut (Namibia = 6.1- 11.1%; South Africa = 7.6 - 10.7%). There can be 4 kernels per nut, but even within the fruits of the same tree, kernel number can vary between 0-4, suggesting variation in pollination success, in addition to genetic variation. The nuts and kernels of the Namibian trees were compared with the fruits from one superior tree (Namibian Wonder: nuts = 10.9 g; kernels = 1.1 g). Oil content (%) and oil yield (g/fruit) also differed significantly between trees (44.7 - 72.3% and 8.0 - 53.0 g/fruit). The percentage frequency distribution of kernel mass was skewed from trees in farmers fields in South Africa and in some sites in Namibia, suggesting a level of anthropogenic selection. It is concluded that there is great potential for the development of cultivars for kernel traits, but there is also a need to determine how to increase the proportion of nuts with four kernels, perhaps through improved pollination success.     

Fruit and nut weight in pecan tree canopies in relation to the severity of pecan scab at different heights

Fusicladium effusum is the cause of pecan scab, the most destructive disease of pecan in the south‐eastern USA. The aim of the study was to determine how scab severity at different sample heights in tall trees (14–16 m) affected fruit and nut weight at those same heights. Three experiments were performed in 2010‐2011 on trees of scab‐susceptible cultivars (cvs. Desirable and Wichita) and either received fungicide using an air‐blast sprayer or were non‐treated controls. Samples for measures of fruit and nut weight were taken at 0–5.0, 5.0⁺–7.5, 7.5⁺–10.0, 10.0⁺–12.5 and 12.5⁺–15.0 m (and were assessed for scab severity). A general linear mixed model analysis showed main effects of sample height, fungicide treatment and sample height × fungicide treatment interactions in all experiments on fruit and nut weight and on disease severity. Control trees had significantly more severe disease on fruit lower in the canopy, while fungicide‐treated trees either had similar disease severity at all heights or slightly more severe disease in the upper canopy. On control trees, where there was a linear relationships between fruit or nut weight and sample height, it was invariably positive (R²= .85–.94). On fungicide‐treated trees, fruit or nut weight most often had a negative linear relationship with sample height (R²=.69–.89). When significant, in control and treated trees, there was invariably a negative linear relationship between fruit or nut weight and scab severity (R²=.66–.94). Gradients in fungicide coverage and scab severity impact fruit and nut weights that can have ramifications on yield for a tree as a whole. Understanding the distribution of scab in pecan and other tall tree canopies provides a basis for developing management strategies and fungicide application methods to uniformly minimize disease.     

薄壳山核桃果实发育及脂肪酸累积变化规律

为了研究薄壳山核桃果实生长发育规律及果实品质特征,对‘Mahan’与‘Jinhua’这2个薄壳山核桃优良品种果实的横纵径、单果质量、脂肪含量及其各组分脂肪酸含量等生长性状指标进行了测定与分析。结果表明:1在果实发育过程中,2个品种果实的横纵径和单果质量的生长变化规律基本一致,均呈慢—快—慢的增长趋势,其发育过程均可划分为4个时期,其中‘Mahan’比‘Jinhua’早熟;2其粗脂肪含量均呈不断上升的增长趋势,7月下旬至10月中旬乃其油脂积累的重要时期,成熟果的果仁中主要含有油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸等11种脂肪酸组分,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量约占90%,油酸含量最高为78.81%;3随着果实的成熟,其饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐减少,而不饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐增加,‘Mahan’的不饱和脂肪酸含量高于‘Jinhua’,在果实成熟期间2个品种的油酸和硬脂酸含量均持续增加,而其亚油酸和棕榈酸含量均先增后降。     

云南麻核桃授粉特性研究

云南麻核桃产量的高低与授粉特性关系密切。据对70株云南麻核桃授粉特性的研究结果表明,云南麻核桃可行自花授粉、异花授粉和不交自育;花粉传播的水平距离可达350m;以小油笼核桃作父本草果核桃作母本所获得的座果率较高。     

化香作砧木嫁接山核桃育苗及造林效果

以化香、湖南山核桃、枫杨为砧木及湖南山核桃、浙江山核桃、美国山核桃为接穗,进行嫁接育苗和造林试验,结果表明：化香砧木嫁接育苗成活率最高,达90％以上,且生长快、成本低;化香砧木嫁接的山核桃苗造林后,其抗淹、耐寒及抗虫性较好,且生长快、挂果早,坚果经济性状较稳定。其中以化香砧木嫁接的浙江山核桃果重、出果率、坚果大小,仁色、味道等方面达到或超过了产区标准,出仁率、壳厚接近产区标准。     

板栗新品种云良的选育研究

云良是经过优株选择、无性系评比试验、物候观测、授粉试验、区域化栽培试验、产量和品质测定等历时20多年选育出的板栗新品种,该品种果实成熟期在8月下旬,坚果大,边果平均重12.6 g,平均出籽率41.08%;坚果含水率50.91%、粗蛋白7.23%、总糖21.87%、淀粉48.41%、粗脂肪4.81%,淀粉糊化温度52℃,含糖量高,糯性好;树体具有良好的连续结果能力,适宜云南海拔1 300～2 100 m的广大山区、半山区以及我国南方与其气候相似的省区种植。