甘蔗健康苗圃宿根矮化病检测及结果分析

甘蔗宿根矮化病（Ratoon Stunting Disease,RSD）是中国蔗区的一种主要甘蔗病害,影响甘蔗产量、蔗糖分及宿根蔗年限,也是导致甘蔗品种种性退化的重要原因之一,具有较严重的经济危害性。笔者应用实验室建立的甘蔗宿根矮化病菌PCR检测技术对一级或二级健康种苗圃种苗进行甘蔗宿根矮化病监测,以明确各级种苗圃宿根矮化病发生情况,为指导生产提供科学数据。检测结果为‘粤糖00-236’和‘ROC22’新植一级和二级健康种苗圃均未检测出RSD,宿根一级健康种苗圃RSD检测率分别为20%和5%,各级健康种苗圃RSD总检出率分别为6.7%和2%,分别较其普通种茎苗RSD检出率降低86.6个百分点和68个百分点。结果表明,建立的甘蔗健康种苗圃已有效地去除了甘蔗RSD病菌。     

甘蔗健康种苗宿根矮化病的荧光定量PCR检测

通过对甘蔗健康种苗宿根矮化病的荧光定量PCR检测技术的研究,建立和完善检测甘蔗健康种苗体内甘蔗宿根矮化病病菌的实时PCR技术体系。选择经蔗汁检测宿根矮化病呈阳性的6株‘新台糖22号’甘蔗,经甘蔗健康种苗生产程序,获得健康种苗组培苗,利用实时荧光PCR技术检测甘蔗宿根矮化病病原菌基因在组培苗样本中的表达水平。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果为：10个不同处理的组培苗样本的PCR产物电泳检测未出现目的条带,10个样本的平均Ct值在37~39之间,甘蔗宿根矮化病病原菌基因在10个样本中不表达。10个健康种苗样本中不携带甘蔗宿根矮化病原菌,利用甘蔗健康种苗生产技术能够比较彻底地去除甘蔗宿根矮化病病原菌。     

果蔗拔地拉(Badila)健康种苗在黄山款县的引种试验初报

为了研究从广西农业科学院甘蔗研究所引进的黑皮果蔗拔地拉(Badila)健康种苗的种性表现,采用品种比较试验,于2012年在安徽黄山款县富渴镇进行相关试验。结果表明:(1)在产量性状方面,健康果蔗株高167.9cm、茎长142.8cm、单茎重1.51kg、有效茎数4103条/666.7m2,分别比对照高28.2cm、长20.8cm、重0.22kg、多71条,商品蔗理论产量6195.5kg/hm²,比对照增产19.11%;(2)在品质方面,健康果蔗节间较长,比对照增长1.12cm,花皮蔗率比CK低7.71个百分点,田间锤度高1.86个百分点,口感脆甜;腊粉厚,蔗茎色泽好;此外,健康果蔗叶片茸毛较少,手感较光滑,叶片易脱落。初步认为拔地拉健康种苗适合在歙县当地的环境条件种植,商品性状优于当地栽培品种,深受蔗农欢迎,具有很好的发展前景。     

甘蔗脱毒健康种苗生产及繁殖技术

甘蔗是利用茎芽进行无性繁殖的作物．多年种植后易受病源物的反复侵染而感染花叶病、宿根矮化病等顽固病害,造成蔗茎节间短小,单产低．并逐年每况愈下,经济效益也比种植健康种苗低许多。经过广西甘蔗研究所多年的试验研究．种植脱毒健康种苗一般比感病种苗增产幅度达20％～40％．商品蔗茎的市场单价相对高15％以上．种植健康种苗将成为未来甘蔗生产的发展趋势。     

甘蔗脱毒种苗组织培养技术研究

甘蔗是无性繁殖作物，生产上主要用蔗茎作种，由于多年种植后受到各种病源物的侵染，造成原有优良品种的产量和品质下降。在生产上，危害甘蔗的主要病害有凤梨病、眼点病、黑穗病、花叶病、宿根矮化病等。其中花叶病和宿根矮化病用一般的化学药剂难以防治，花叶病一般使甘蔗减产１０％～４０％，宿根矮化病可使甘蔗减产１０％～３０％，干旱时感病率可达１００％。因此，采用甘蔗脱毒培养技术，生产健康种苗，是恢复甘蔗优良品种种性、提高甘蔗生产的有效手段。关于甘蔗种苗的脱毒培养，巴西、古巴等国早在２０世纪７０年代末便进行了研究，…     

果蔗新品系粤东8号脱毒组培繁育技术

果蔗脱毒健康种苗可有效去除宿根矮化病、花叶病等种苗病害病原菌,在生长速度、株高、节问长度、蔗茎产量等方面均比常规种苗有显著提高.本研究以优良果蔗新品系粤东8号为试验材料,从外植体选择、减毒处理、无菌苗获得、病原体检测、继代增殖、生根炼苗、假植移栽等方面介绍了粤东8号果蔗脱毒组培苗的繁育技术,为其大量生产提供技术依据.     

脱毒果蔗旱地栽培试验效果研究

为了评价在旱地上栽培脱毒果蔗相比于未脱毒果蔗的优势所在,选用黑皮果蔗拔地拉茎尖脱毒苗第三代种茎和未脱毒种茎,在有微喷灌条件的旱地进行栽培比较试验,在果蔗工艺成熟期进行产量性状、蔗茎外观性状、品质、根系、绿叶等调查测定。结果表明,脱毒果蔗与未脱毒果蔗相比,株高增加25.3 cm,节间长度增长1.24 cm,茎粗增加0.12 cm,单茎重提高0.6 kg,蔗茎产量增产23.45%;蔗茎花皮蔗率低9.45个百分点;田间锤度、可溶性糖分别降低0.28、0.17个百分点;纤维素含量低0.34个百分点;商品蔗率提高10.3个百分点,每公斤销价高0.1元,单位面积产值提高48.44%;旱地劳动力成本比水田地降低46.03%。由此得出,旱地栽培脱毒果蔗,根系发达,功能叶片数增加,不仅提高产量,且可提高经济收入,是发展果蔗栽培的一种新方法。     

廿蔗脱毒健康种苗生产及繁殖技术

甘蔗是利用茎芽进行无性繁殖的作物,多年种植后易受病源物的反复侵染而感染花叶病、宿根矮化病等顽固病害.造成蔗茎节间短小,单产低,并逐年每况愈下.经济效益也比种植健康种苗低许多.     

云南甘蔗宿根矮化病发生危害调查与病原检测

为了明确云南蔗区甘蔗宿根矮化病(Ratoon stunting disease, RSD)的发生危害情况,为推广应用甘蔗温水脱毒健康种苗和有效防控甘蔗宿根矮化病提供科学依据。于2012—2014年,对云南省18个蔗区的甘蔗宿根矮化病发生危害情况进行了全面系统调查,并采用PCR技术对田间采集的1091 个蔗茎样品进行RSD检测。结果表明,825 个样品为阳性,阳性检出率75.6%;18 个蔗区都检测出RSD,阳性检出率56.4%~88%;28 个主栽品种均感染RSD,阳性检出率51.2%~100%,其中‘粤糖82-882’、‘粤糖93-159’、‘粤糖00-236’、‘粤糖60’、‘桂糖11’、‘桂糖17’、‘桂糖94-119’、‘赣蔗18’、‘云引58’、‘德蔗93-94’等10 个品种感病严重,RSD检出率在90%以上;不论是新植、宿根,还是水田、旱地甘蔗均感染RSD;可见RSD已在云南各蔗区普遍发生且危害严重,是导致甘蔗减产、宿根年限缩短及严重威胁云南蔗糖产业稳定可持续发展的一种重要病害。     

果蔗脱毒健康种苗试验初报

比较了果蔗组培脱毒健康种苗与大田常规留种苗在大田生产中的各种农艺性状及产量品质。结果表明：经组培脱毒的健康种苗在分蘖率、生长速度、株高、有效茎数、单茎重、茎径等方面均优于常规留种的果蔗，收获时的甘蔗产量比常规留种的提高42．3％，甘蔗蔗糖分提高0．11％(绝对值)。     

复合侵染甘蔗的病原病毒RT-PCR检测

根据甘蔗花叶病毒（sugarcane mosaic virus,SCMV）、高粱花叶病毒（sorghum mosaic virus,SrMV）和甘蔗黄叶病毒（sugarcane yellow leaf virus,SCYLV）外壳蛋白（CP）基因序列分别设计合成3对特异引物SCMV–F/R、SrMV-F/R和SCYLV-F/R,以表现花叶和黄叶复合症状的甘蔗叶片总RNA为模板,分别进行3种病毒单一RT-PCR检测,在SrMV和SCYLV特异引物RT-PCR反应体系中分别扩增到约850 bp和630 bp特异性片段。序列测定及同源性比对结果显示,850 bp片段测序所得序列与浙江象山、临平和余杭SrMV分离物（GenBank登录号分别为AJ310194、AJ310195和AJ310198）对应序列同源性95%,630 bp片段测序所得序列与广东、广西、福建SCYLV分离物（GenBank登录号分别为GU190165、GU190162、GU190159）对应序列同源性99%,表明该样品同时感染SrMV和SCYLV。在此基础上建立同时检测SrMV和SCYLV的一步双重RT-PCR体系,可检测10-6 g病叶组织中的病毒,田间样品检测效果良好。     

Effect of Formative Phase Drought on Different Classes of Shoots, Shoot Mortality, Cane Attributes, Yield and Quality of Four Sugarcane Cultivars

Field experiments were conducted at Coimbatore, India to study the effect of three levels of drought (severe, moderate and no drought) during the formative phase (60–150 days after planting; DAP) of sugarcane on the tillering, the conversion of shoots to millable canes, cane attributes and the quality of different classes of shoots in four sugarcane cultivars (Co 8021, Co 419, Co 8208 and Co 6304)_the different classes of shoots studied were: mother shoots (which emerged 0–30 DAP), early tillers (30–60 DAP), mid‐season tillers (60–150 DAP) and late tillers (150 DAP). The results indicated that drought during the formative phase reduced the total number of shoots and their conversion to millable canes at harvest. Drought also reduced the cane length, number of inter‐nodes and single cane weight of different classes of shootsand the subsequent total cane yield. Irrespective of drought treatments, Co 8021, a high‐tillering, thick‐stalked cultivar, gave the highest cane yield despiteits higher shoot mortality, while Co 8208, a low‐tillering, thin‐stalked cultivar, gave the lowest cane yield despite its lower shoot mortality. Thus a moderate level of shoot mortality is clearly necessary to obtain higher millable canes and subsequently higher cane yield. Mother shoots and early tillers together contributed most of the total number of millable canes (84.5 %) and of the total cane yield at harvest (86.2 %). The contribution of late tillers to the number of millable canes and cane yield was, however, negligible, especially in cultivars Co 6304 and Co 8208. There was a gradual reduction in stalk attributes such as cane length, number of internodes, single cane weight and commercial cane sugar percentage as the physiological age of shoots decreased. This study emphasizes the need for a cultivar with the optimal characteristics of early tillering (like Co 8021 and Co 6304) and maximum conversion to millable canes (like Co 8208) and provides information relevant to breeders making decisions on crossing programmes to produce improved cultivars for drought conditions.     

侵染甘蔗的高粱花叶病毒遗传多样性分析

为探明甘蔗花叶病的病原病毒之一高粱花叶病毒(sorghum mosaic virus, SrMV)在我国华南地区的发生情况,从广东省广州、翁源、博罗及广西南宁等地甘蔗产区采集表现花叶症状的甘蔗叶片样品,采用1对病毒CP基因引物(P1:5′-ACAGCAGAWGCAACRGCACAAGC-3′、P2:5′-CTCWCCGACATTCCCATCCAAGCC-3′,Y=C/T,W=T/A,K=G/T,R=A/G),进行一步法RT-PCR检测,结果表明48%的样品受到SrMV侵染。根据寄主类型和地理来源,选取10份代表性样品,对经P1、P2扩增获得的病毒CP基因片段进行直接测序,所得序列经Blast比对确认均为SrMV CP序列。为揭示SrMV种内的遗传多样性,采用Clustal W方法对本文鉴定的10个SrMV分离物与GenBank中已报道的全部18个SrMV株系或分离物的CP基因序列进行多序列联配,并计算核苷酸同一性,结果显示各个SrMV分离物之间的CP基因核苷酸同一性为76%~100%。基于病毒CP基因核苷酸同一性的遗传多样性分析,SrMV种内分化成2个遗传变异类群,即杂种甘蔗组(HS group)和高贵甘蔗组(NS group),它们的分离物大多分别来自杂种甘蔗(hybrid sugarcane)寄主和高贵甘蔗(noble sugarcane)寄主。分离物之间的平均CP基因核苷酸同一性,在两组组内分别为87%和90%,两组间为80%。说明两组SrMV之间存在较大的遗传差异,寄主隔离是导致该病毒种内分化的主要因素。因此,在甘蔗花叶病的防治和抗病毒育种工作中,除需注意病原的种类和寄主类型外,还应充分考虑病原种内的遗传多样性。     

闽糖92-505的品种特性及遗传组成研究

摘 要：为了更好地了解闽糖92-505的特性,为闽糖92-505大面积示范推广提供技术指导,对闽糖92-505从品种比较试验、福建省预备区域试验到国家区域试验的结果进行分析研究。结果表明：闽糖92-505萌芽率为74.66%,比对照种闽糖70-611高2.07%。分蘖率为109.06%,比闽糖70-611高33.51%。株高为296cm,比闽糖70-611低12cm。茎粗2.560cm,比闽糖70-611低0.013cm。有效茎数为84055条/ hm2,比闽糖70-611多18339条/ hm2,平均蔗茎产量118.424t/ hm2,11-2月份平均蔗糖份15.05%,平均含糖量17.887t/ hm2,比闽糖70-611增产24.30%、蔗糖份提高0.87个百分点,增糖32.20%。闽糖92-505早熟,高产稳产,适应性较广,中抗花叶病、抗黑穗病,抗旱能力中等。遗传组成分析结果表明,闽糖92-505共含有13个不同基础种质,遗传组成丰富。     

贵州主要蔗区高粱花叶病毒(SrMV)的PCR检测

为了弄清贵州主要蔗区甘蔗花叶病害发生情况,本研究通过PCR检测方法,对采自贵州主要蔗区的52份疑似花叶病样品进行检测,结果表明:39份样品呈阳性(检出率为75%)。对阳性样品的PCR扩增产物测序比对,PCR扩增产物的基因序列与Gen Bank中SrMV分离物的基因序列同源性在96%~99%,由此证实贵州主要蔗区甘蔗普遍感染SrMV。     

福建省甘蔗新品种（2005--2006）区域试验研究

甘蔗新品种区域试验是对甘蔗品种丰产性、稳产性和适应性的一种测试，有利于全面了解甘蔗品种的各方面表现，为甘蔗新品种的示范推广和鉴定（认定）提供科学依据。通过2年（二新一宿）5个地点的区域试验，对5个甘蔗新品种种性进行研究。结果表明：参试的甘蔗新品种中闽糖96-1409，LCP85-384。闽糖93-730，福农93-1103等品种表现出高产、稳产、蔗糖分较高、适应性较广的特点，蔗茎产量均比ROC16增产，与ROC10增产或基本平产，适宜于福建蔗区示范推广。LCP88-1762蔗茎产量比ROC16。ROC10均有一定程度减产，适应性一般，宿根性较差，不适宜在福建蔗区示范推广。     

Inter-relationships among cane yield and commercial cane sugar and their component traits in autumn plant crop of sugarcane

Seventeen diverse clones of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) (7 early, 6 mid season and 4 late) were planted in October 1991 and 1992 in flooded (FE) and non flooded (NFE) environments for evaluation of cane yield, commercial cane sugar (CCS), internode length, internode number, stalk length, stalk thickness (circumference), stalk number, sugar recovery, and stalk weight. Cane yield showed significant positive phenotypic correlation coefficient (PCC) with stalk number in FE (P ≤ 0.05) and NFE (P ≤ 0.01). Stalk length had a significant positive PCC with stalk weight in both environments, and with internode length in FE (P ≤ 0.05). Commercial cane sugar also expressed significant positive PCC with cane yield in both environments (P ≤ 0.01), but with stalk number only in NFE (P ≤ 0.05). Genotypic correlation coefficients were generally in the same direction as PCC but higher in magnitude. In both environments, stalk number and stalk weight had relatively high positive direct effects on cane yield. However, flooding tended to enhance the direct effect of stalk weight and diminish the direct effect of stalk number on cane yield. Only cane yield and sugar recovery had high direct effects on CCS. Selection for improvement of cane yield can be based on stalk number and stalk weight in both environments. High yielding clones can be further screened for more sugar recovery to improve CCS. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Performance of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Under Surface Drip, Sub Surface Drip (Biwall) and Furrow Methods of Irrigation

Field experiments were conducted at the Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India during 1989–93 to study the productivity and water use efficiency of sugarcane under different methods of irrigation. The results showed that there could be a 44 % saving in water with higher water use efficiency in drip irrigation compared to conventional furrow irrigation. Among drip irrigation systems in the plant crop, sub surface drip (Biwall) at 40/140 cm spacing recorded a significantly higher number of millable canes, cane length and single cane weight compared to either conventional furrow irrigation or furrow irrigation based on IW/CPE (Irrigation Water Cumulative Pan Evaporation) ratio. In ratoon crop, Biwall irrigation at 60/120 cm gave significantly higher cane length and single cane weight compared to any other methods of irrigation. However, cane and sugar yields in Biwall irrigations were on par with conventional furrow irrigation but superior to either surface drip or furrow irrigation based in IW/CPE ratio.     

甘蔗ScCRT1基因克隆及其应答SCMV侵染分子机制的研究

钙网蛋白(calreticulin,CRT)在真核生物中广泛表达,是重要的分子伴侣和钙离子结合蛋白,参与调控Ca2+稳态、钙依赖信号、内质网质量控制、植物生长发育、免疫反应和逆境应答等多种生物学过程。甘蔗(Saccharum spp.hybrid)中CRT应答甘蔗花叶病毒(Sugarcane mosaic virus,SCMV)侵染尚未见报道。本研究从热带种Badila(S.officinarum)中克隆了1个CRT1/CRT2亚型的CRT编码基因,命名为ScCRT1。该基因开放读码框(open reading frame,ORF)长度为1281bp,编码长度为426aa的蛋白。生物信息学分析表明,ScCRT1具有典型的CRT蛋白结构域,为稳定的亲水性蛋白,其N端有一个信号肽,具有典型的跨膜结构域,C端有典型的内质网定位信号;二级结构多为无规则卷曲;系统进化树分析表明,该蛋白是典型的CRT蛋白,在单子叶和双子叶植物中具有明显的分化。亚细胞定位表明ScCRT1定位于内质网。实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,ScCRT1基因在甘蔗各组织中都有表达,在第8节间中的表达量最低,在心叶中的表达量较高;该基因在SCMV侵染早期表达量上调,后期下调表达。酵母双杂交(yeast two hybrid,Y2H)和双分子荧光互补(bimolecular fluorescence complementation,BiFC)试验表明,ScCRT1与SCMV-6K2蛋白互作。推测SCMV-6K2通过与ScCRT1互作调控钙离子稳态进而便于SCMV侵染。