幼苗期叶片损伤对棉花生长及产量的影响

为探索棉花幼苗期受灾导致的叶片破损对棉花生长的影响，2019年在新疆阿拉尔市第一师农科所试验地开展田间试验。试验设计棉花2片真叶时对所有展平子叶和真叶剪叶处理，使叶片受损率达50%左右，正常生长且不剪叶的处理作为对照，采用定点定时调查方法研究剪叶处理后棉花农艺性状、产量和品质的变化情况。结果表明，剪叶处理的棉株高度比对照矮，剪叶越多，影响越大，随着生育进程推进株高差距变小，至打顶后基本一致；剪叶处理的单株成铃比对照少1个，铃重比对照高0.16 g，产量比对照减少6%，但差异不显著。剪叶处理的纤维断裂比强度显著高于对照、马克隆值显著低于对照，其它品质指标差异不显著。     

打顶时间对一膜三行等行距密植机采棉的影响

为探索1膜3行等行距机采棉模式下不同打顶时间对棉花生长发育、产量及品质的影响，在新疆生产建设兵团第一师十二团试验站开展不同打顶时间试验，6月20日－7月10日每隔5 d为一个打顶时间处理，采用定点定时调查方法研究不同打顶时间处理后棉花农艺性状、产量和品质的变化情况。结果表明，打顶早的处理棉花营养生长向生殖生长转化快，富余养分流向叶枝，叶枝成铃多。6月30日打顶的产量最高，显著高于其它4个处理。6月20日和25日打顶的处理虽然铃重大，但单株果枝数少，单株结铃少，产量低于7月5日和7月10日打顶处理。打顶早的棉花纤维上半部平均长度和马克隆值优于打顶晚的处理。     

新疆棉区棉花化学打顶剂的筛选研究

为了进一步明确品种和打顶剂种类对化学打顶效果的影响,并筛选出新疆棉区适宜的化学打顶剂,于2017年在胡杨河试验站采用裂区设计系统研究了品种和打顶处理（5种化学打顶剂、不打顶和人工打顶）对棉花株型、产量性状、早熟性和纤维品质的影响。结果表明,品种间株型、产量、早熟性和纤维品质差异显著;不同化学打顶剂和不打顶处理棉花株高、果枝数较人工打顶增加,但籽棉产量、早熟性和纤维品质处理间差异不显著;打顶处理以及品种和打顶处理的互作效应显著影响籽棉产量。在两个品种中,“金棉”和氟节胺处理籽棉产量均与人工相当或高于人工打顶,而其他化学打顶剂及不打顶处理的籽棉产量品种间趋势差异较大。“金棉”和氟节胺对品种要求较低,可在新疆棉区推广应用。     

内蒙古膜下滴灌棉花叶面肥施用效果

以中棉所50和天元1号为材料,以喷施清水为对照,通过田间试验研究了从蕾期到铃期6次叶面喷施1%(质量分数,下同)尿素、0.5%磷酸二氢钾、1%尿素+0.5%磷酸二氢钾3种叶面肥对内蒙古膜下滴灌棉花产量与品质的影响。结果表明,喷施叶面肥处理均比对照增产,皮棉增产幅度为6.0%~10.6%,喷施1%尿素+0.5%磷酸二氢钾处理增产效果最佳。叶面肥处理对棉花纤维品质无显著影响,施用1%尿素+0.5%磷酸二氢钾叶面肥处理棉花纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度优于对照。     

新疆南疆陆地棉化学封顶剂示范效果

选用新陆中48号,使用无人机喷施化学封顶剂“摇钱素”（质量分数20%的矮壮·甲哌钅翁 水剂）,以人工打顶为对照,探索化学封顶剂对新疆南疆棉花产量和纤维品质的影响。结果表明：与人工打顶相比,喷施“摇钱素”封顶的棉花株高增加17.1 cm,单株结铃数增加1.1,衣分高1.2百分点,籽指高0.22 g,衣指高0.62 g。喷施“摇钱素”封顶的棉花666.7 m²籽棉产量、皮棉产量和纺纱均匀性指数、纤维上半部平均长度、长度整齐度指数、断裂比强度均高于人工打顶。可见,无人机喷施“摇钱素”封顶可有效抑制棉花顶端优势,降低人工成本和生产成本,不会降低产量和纤维品质,可替代传统人工打顶。     

整枝方式对不同株型棉花品种产量及纤维品质的影响

采用两个株型存在明显差异的棉花品种鲁棉研37号和德棉16号,设置三种不同整枝方式(不整枝、简化整枝、精细整枝),研究了不同整枝方式对不同株型棉花品种产量及纤维品质的影响。结果表明:在种植密度为5.25万株/hm^2条件下,鲁棉研37号株高显著高于德棉16号,整枝方式对株高和果枝数影响不显著;鲁棉研37号简化整枝处理籽棉产量和皮棉产量均最高,且籽棉产量显著高于精细整枝处理,德棉16号在不整枝处理下籽棉产量和皮棉产量最高,与精细整枝处理无显著差异,但显著高于简化整枝处理;不同整枝方式对两个品种纤维上半部平均长度和整齐度指数存在一定影响,但纤维指标均能达标。由此可见,在该密度条件下,株型紧凑型品种鲁棉研37号更适合简化整枝处理,松散型品种德棉16号更适合不整枝处理。     

陆地棉简化整枝效应

陆地棉简化整枝效应冯恒文，赵国忠，赵丽芬河北石家庄市农科院０５００４１１９９４～１９９５年在辛集农场以中棉所１２、石远３２１、冀棉１７，设常规整枝与简化整枝两个处理。简化整枝处理苗期不去叶枝，即第一果枝以下留２～３个叶枝，叶枝打顶比主茎打顶提前５天，...     

简化整枝对棉花生育及产量构成因素的影响

利用多个品种在适当稀植情况下采用简化整枝技术,以常规整枝栽培为对照,研究简化整枝对棉花生育及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明:简化整枝保留叶枝后对主茎高度、果枝、果节、蕾、花、铃数量等均有一定的抑制作用,蕾铃脱落率也相应增加,但不同器官在不同阶段受抑制的效果不同,品种间也有差异;由于叶枝的补偿效应,单株铃数最终显著多于常规整枝的,铃重低于常规整枝的,单位面积总铃数及产量与常规整枝持平,各品种处理间增减产幅度都达不到显著水平。     

不同化学打顶剂在长绒棉上应用效果

2021年在新疆库尔勒以长绒棉新海57号和新海62号为研究对象,设置人工打顶对照,比较5种化学打顶剂对其主要农艺性状、产量性状及纤维品质指标的影响,以筛选适合应用于长绒棉的化学打顶剂。结果表明,不同化学打顶剂对长绒棉农艺、产量和纤维品质性状均有不同程度的影响。不同化学打顶剂对长绒棉株高和单株果枝数均有调控效果;对产量有显著影响,且与打顶剂种类和品种特性有关,棉顶封(250 g·L^-1甲哌钅翁)、抑顶[40%(质量分数,下同)氟节胺]、丝路棉都(20%矮壮·甲哌钅翁)和自封鼎(98%甲哌钅翁)综合效果较好;对纤维品质的影响有差异但不显著,其中丝路棉都、自封鼎和棉顶封对纤维品质影响较小。综合化学打顶对农艺、产量和纤维品质性状的影响,认为棉顶封在长绒棉上的应用效果最好,丝路棉都次之。     

南疆棉区打顶时间对棉花产量和纤维长度的影响

通过对聊棉六号在密度为22.4株/m2条件下不同的打顶时间处理,研究打顶时间对棉花产量及品质的影响,探讨棉花优质高效生产与打顶时间的最佳组合,为棉花管理和生产实践提供理论依据。结果表明:打顶时间对棉花产量和纤维长度影响显著,7月3日打顶的棉花产量高、纤维长。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。