响应面法优化纤维素酶辅助提取淫羊藿多糖工艺

利用纤维素酶辅助热水浸提法从淫羊藿中提取淫羊藿多糖,在单因素试验结果的基础上,选择酶浓度、酶提温度、酶提时间为自变量,采用三因素三水平的Box-Behnken响应面设计,优化淫羊藿多糖的提取工艺。试验结果表明,淫羊藿多糖酶辅助提取的最佳工艺参数：酶浓度110U/uL,酶提温度60℃,酶提时间100min,且酶提温度对多糖提取率的影响最大。在最佳优化条件下淫羊藿多糖提取率为10.06%,接近模型的最大预测值（10.199%）。试验为淫羊藿多糖的临床开发应用提供了依据。     

淫羊藿多糖提取工艺的优化及对小鼠细胞免疫功能的影响

淫羊藿为小檗科淫羊属植物,是传统的补肾助阳中药.现代药理试验结果表明,淫羊藿能增加心脑血管流量,促进造血功能、免疫功能及骨代谢,具有抗衰老、抗肿瘤的功效.多糖是淫羊藿发挥免疫调节作用的有效成分之一,试验在传统水提醇沉法的基础上运用超声波法提取淫羊藿多糖,通过正交设计优化并建立淫羊藿多糖的最佳提取工艺,并进行小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬试验和淋巴细胞转化试验,以探讨淫羊藿多糖对小鼠细胞免疫功能的影响.     

响应曲面法优化淫羊藿黄酮提取工艺

在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面法的(Box-Benhnken)组合设计原理,对淫羊藿总黄酮的提取工艺参数进行优化。淫羊藿总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为:提取时间1.73 h、水料比31∶1(mL/g),温度67.5℃、乙醇浓度79%,淫藿黄酮类化合物的平均提取率为2.054%,比理论预测值高0.08%。     

响应面法对磷酸化淫羊藿多糖制备工艺的研究

采用混合磷酸盐法制备磷酸化淫羊藿多糖,再以磷酸化淫羊藿多糖磷酸根含量为考察指标,通过响应面法对工艺的提取参数进行优化,研究了修饰条件中反应温度(A)、反应时间(B)和反应p H值(C)3个因素对磷酸化多糖磷酸根含量的影响,建立了回归模型,验证了其有效性,并分析了主效应和因素交互作用。结果表明:反应温度、反应时间和反应p H值对磷酸化淫羊藿多糖磷酸根含量的影响显著,并且两两因素间存在一定的交互作用;影响磷酸化淫羊藿多糖的工艺因素按主次顺序排列为:反应温度反应时间反应p H值;磷酸化淫羊藿多糖的最佳工艺为:三聚磷酸钠与三偏磷酸钠比例为5∶2,反应温度97℃,反应时间2.8 h,反应p H 8.7,在此条件下,磷酸化淫羊藿多糖磷酸根含量为(6.012±0.021)%。     

白头翁水溶性多糖提取工艺的研究

为了探究白头翁水溶性多糖的提取工艺,本研究采用单因素试验和L9（34）正交试验,考察料液比、提取时间、提取次数和提取温度对水溶性多糖提取率的影响,优选白头翁水溶性多糖的最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,白头翁水溶性多糖最佳提取工艺条件为：料液比为1：17,100℃提取6 h,提取6次,白头翁水溶性多糖含量为5.07%。为白头翁水溶性多糖的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

淫羊藿多糖醇沉工艺优化及其对巨噬细胞释放NO的影响

旨在优化淫羊藿多糖醇沉条件并研究不同浓度乙醇醇沉的淫羊藿多糖对巨噬细胞释放NO的影响。采用乙醇沉淀法从淫羊藿多糖提取物中获得淫羊藿多糖,在单因素试验基础上,选择浓缩比、乙醇浓度、乙醇体积倍数、醇沉时间为自变量,采用L9(34)的正交试验设计,优化淫羊藿多糖最佳醇沉条件。用浓度为400、500、600、700、800mL/L乙醇醇沉的淫羊藿多糖,采用体外培养法,测定淫羊藿多糖对巨噬细胞释放NO的影响。结果表明,淫羊藿多糖最佳醇沉条件为浓缩比为1∶2,乙醇浓度为800mL/L,乙醇体积倍数为4倍,醇沉时间为12h;每个乙醇浓度醇沉的淫羊藿多糖均具有良好的活性,500mL/L乙醇醇沉的多糖活性最好。结果显示,淫羊藿多糖对巨噬细胞具有良好的刺激作用。     

正交设计法优选七味地藿颗粒多糖的提取工艺研究

试验采用水浴提取法提取七味地藿颗粒中的多糖,通过苯酚-硫酸显色体系运用紫外分光光度法对该方剂中多糖的含量进行测定,分析提取时间、提取次数、提取温度和料液比等因素的影响,并在此基础上进行正交试验,优化提取工艺参数。结果表明:当料液比为1∶25,提取时间为2 h,提取温度为90℃,提取次数为3次时,七味地藿颗粒多糖提取效果最好,提取率为28.01%。该优化工艺条件稳定、可靠,可作为工业化生产七味地藿颗粒的试验依据。     

中药复方“促孕散”中黄酮类化合物的提取及含量测定方法研究

为优选中药复方"促孕散"中黄酮类化合物的提取工艺及含量测定方法,以淫羊藿苷为对照品,采用超声辅助提取技术,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定"促孕散"中黄酮类化合物的最佳提取工艺,得出以60%乙醇为溶剂,料液比1∶12,超声提取2次,每次25min为最佳提取工艺。该法具有提取效率高,操作简便,可常温提取等优点。     

蒙古口蘑菌丝体多糖的测定

该文对蒙古口蘑中可溶性多糖的提取工艺进行了研究,通过单因素试验,研究了料液比、温度、时间、重复提取次数对多糖提取率的影响.结果显示,温度和料液比是影响多糖提取率的主要因素,最佳料液比为1:50.提取温度为85℃,提取时间为2h,重复提取次数为2次.在最佳提取工艺时,蒙古口蘑Tr-海和Tr-12的多糖含量分别为6.63%和6.40%.     

藿乌粉的提取工艺研究

为了优化藿乌粉的提取工艺,研究以乙醇浓度、固液比、提取时间、提取次数为影响因素,以2, 3, 5, 4′-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、淫羊藿苷、朝藿定A、朝藿定B含量以及干膏得率为评价指标,采用层次分析法(AHP)、基于指标相关性的权重确定方法(CRITIC)、AHP-CRITIC混合加权法确定各评价指标的权重系数,根据单因素和正交试验结果优化提取工艺参数。结果表明AHP-CRITIC混合加权法确定出的权重系数更为科学、合理,优选出的最佳提取工艺为12倍量60%乙醇提取2次,每次1.5 h。3次验证试验综合评分均值为89.69,RSD值为0.63%。优选出的藿乌粉提取工艺经验证稳定可行,重复性好,可用于藿乌粉的制备。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.