新病害—山核桃果实黑斑病病原菌的鉴定

2007年以来,浙江临安、淳安、桐庐和安徽部分地区山核桃主产区出现了一种果实新病害——山核桃果实黑斑病,该病严重影响山核桃果实的产量和品质。本研究从采集的病果中分离得到了一种真菌,离体幼果接种的症状与田间相似。病原菌在PDA培养基上形成白色轮纹状菌落,分生孢子长梭形,直或弯曲,(22.6～29.9)μm×(6.1～9.0)μm,5个细胞,中间3个有色孢(上部2个为黑褐色、下部1个为淡橄榄色),孢子顶生2～3根附属丝、多为3根。根据该病原菌的培养和形态特征及其ITS序列,将其鉴定为小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis microspora)。     

粉锈宁防治甘薯黑斑病初步研究

粉锈宁以高于277ppm(25％粉锈宁900倍液)浓度,对甘薯黑斑病有良好的防效。在接菌3小时后,用此浓度药液浸薯片或薯块10分钟,药效达99％。277ppm药液浸薯片10分钟,5天后接菌,薯片表面不长菌落,1毫米深处尚有一定药效,3毫米深处无效。800ppm药液浸整薯15分钟,4天后接菌,药效作用平均深度1毫米。在无病大田试验,277ppm药液浸带菌薯苗5分钟,防效为84.6％。试验表明,粉锈宁只能通过伤口渗入薯块;浸药后用水冲洗,基本上不影响药效;提高药液温度,可增加药效。部分试验还加入了多菌灵和甲基托布津进行了药效比较。     

苹果黑点病菌寄主范围与生物学特性

引起苹果黑点病的主要致病菌仁果柱盘孢Cylindrosporium pomi Brooks的寄主范围较窄,仅对苹果、海棠和花红有致病性。苹果的不同品种对该病的抗病性有一定差异,青香蕉、富士和金冠最为感病,接种病果率分别为90.1％、63.3％和52.0％;国光较为抗病,病果率为17.8％。仁果柱盘孢菌丝生长适宜条件为20～25℃,pH5～7;在玉米粉和燕麦培养基上产孢量大。分生孢子萌发适温为15～25℃,湿度达98％以上萌发较好,在蒸溜水中萌发率可达70％,葡萄糖和果糖液可提高萌发率。     

冬枣黑斑病的识别和防治研究

冬枣是我国枣中的优质品种。近年鄂北山区冬枣栽培面积不断扩大,黑斑病发生呈加重趋势。本文就我国冬枣黑斑病的发病症状、病原菌鉴定、流行规律和防治研究做一综述,以期为鄂北山区冬枣黑斑病防治工作提供参考。     

月季黑斑病的流行与防治

本试验采用对样枝分级,且不断更替的取样方法,进行了14个月的月季黑斑病流行的系统调查。月季黑斑病在广州地区周年发生,有2个主要的流行时期,分别在4月下旬至7月上旬及9月下旬至10月下旬。其流行与温度、湿度、降雨量及降雨次数密切相关,在适宜的温度(20—27℃)下,降雨或相对湿度高峰10—20天内出现病叶率高峰。田间10种药剂防病试验,敌力脱效果最高,达91.2％;施保克次之,为86.7％。百菌清也具有良好的防效,3年均在70％以上;如果与营养液1号混合喷雾,不仅防效提高,还可以促进月季生长、增加花枝数量和提高切花质量。     

河北鸭梨黑斑病病原菌的鉴定

鸭梨黑斑病菌株 ,在PCA平板上 ,菌落直径 69 2～ 73 5mm ,有明显浅灰与灰褐色交替的同心轮纹。分生孢子梗单生 ,浅褐色 ,有隔 2～ 7个 ,长 2 0 5～ 59 0 μm ,合轴延生或不延生。以孔生方式产生分生孢子 ,孢子串生 ,孢子链多次分枝 ,孢子链 5～ 1 1个孢子。孢子倒棍棒形 ,长卵形 ,黄褐色至黑褐色 ,有横隔 3～ 6个 ,纵隔 0～ 3个 ,孢子尺度 1 2 5～ 42 0 μm× 5 5～ 1 3 0 (- 1 4 5) μm ,喙长 0～ 8 0 μm。根据病菌形态特征 ,黑斑病菌鉴定为链格孢Alternariaalternata(Fr .)Keissl.     

防治红枣黑斑病的杀菌剂筛选和复配研究

采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发抑制法, 测定了14种杀菌剂单剂及基于单剂筛选结果的二元复配剂对红枣黑斑病菌Alternaria tenuissima菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制作用, 以此评价防治红枣黑斑病的杀菌剂和复配药剂的效果。结果表明, 咯菌腈和嘧菌环胺对靶标病菌菌丝生长的抑制效果最佳, 其EC50分别为0.091 3和0.099 8 μg/mL; 吡唑醚菌酯和啶酰菌胺对病菌孢子萌发抑制效果最佳, 其EC50分别为0.015 3和0.293 4 μg/mL。吡唑醚菌酯与戊唑醇按照8∶2和3∶7(w/w)的比例进行复配, 对病菌菌丝生长的抑制表现出相加作用, 其SR值分别为1.124 5和0.916 9; 两者以5∶5和3∶7(w/w)的比例进行复配, 对孢子萌发的抑制表现出相加作用, 其SR值分别为1.164 6和0.901 0。吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、咯菌腈、嘧菌环胺和异菌脲等对病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发均有抑制效果; 吡唑醚菌酯与戊唑醇3∶7(w/w)复配对病菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发的抑制效果均表现出相加作用。上述结果为红枣黑斑病防治药剂的开发和后续田间应用提供了理论支持。     

白菜黑斑病病斑产孢量影响因素初步研究

采用常规流行学方法研究了白菜黑斑病病斑的产孢量。结果显示,影响白菜黑斑病病斑产孢有许多因素:病斑日龄、保湿时间、光照、温度。病斑在6~9日龄时产孢能力较强。其中,8日龄病斑的产孢能力最强,而1~3日龄病斑产孢能力较弱;保湿时间对于产孢有较大影响。6~8 h时病斑几乎不产孢,14 h后病斑开始大量产孢;在直射光下病斑产孢最多,病斑在黑暗条件下比散射光条件下产孢能力强;白菜黑斑病菌在8~25℃的温度范围内均可产孢,25℃最适合产孢,达到28℃时孢子基本不再产生。     

扑海因防治白菜黑斑病作用机理

 1988年,白菜黑斑病(Alternaria brassicae和A.brassicicola)曾在我国华北、东北和西北地区突然暴发流行成灾,造成很大损失(李明远,1991)。     

Further observations on the use of fungicides to control Peronosclerospora sacchari (T. Miyake) Shirai and K. Hara in sugarcane in Papua New Guinea

Abstract

Many biologists perceive organisms as constantly evolving and therefore consider the host plant ranges of biological control agents as labile. Host plant ranges are thus likely to undergo adaptive change should environmental conditions change, for example following successful biological control. As a consequence, the introduction of biological control agents against weeds is considered by many to be an inherently unsafe practice with non‐target plants at risk of attack. However, despite the introduction of over 600 insect species from one geographic region to another for biological weed control during this century, there are relatively few documented cases of changes in host plant range. Purported instances are discussed in relation to behavioural and genetic concepts. It is concluded that apparent additions to the host range can, in all of the cases examined, be explained in terms of established behavioural concepts of pre‐adaptation, threshold change resulting from host deprivation, and effects of experience (learning). The inappropriateness of the often‐used term host shift’ to describe these cases is demonstrated, and it is concluded that evidence from biological weed control contradicts some aspects of ecological and evolutionary theory.     

Characterization and host range evaluation of Pseudomonas viridiflava from melon, blite, tomato, chrysanthemum and eggplant

The fluorescent bacterium Pseudomonas viridiflava (Burkholder) Dowson was identified as the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of melon, tomato, blite, eggplant and of pith necrosis of chrysanthemum plants. Koch's postulates were fulfilled on greenhouse-grown or on potted plants under controlled environmental conditions. Twenty seven cultivated and one weed species, when artificially inoculated, were found to be susceptible to a strain of the bacterium isolated from cucumber. In cross-inoculation tests on potted plants, each strain induced the disease symptoms, independently of the host of origin. To our knowledge, melon and blite have not been previously reported as natural hosts of P. viridiflava. Also this is the first record of the bacterium as a foliar pathogen of melon, tomato, eggplant and blite and as a stem pathogen of chrysanthemum in Greece.     

甘草叶斑病的发生与病原菌鉴定

近年来,在甘肃省兰州市及渭源地区甘草产区发现一种甘草新病害—甘草叶斑病。2006－2008年对其发病情况进行了调查,甘草叶斑病在6月下旬开始发病,9月中旬为发病高峰期,发病率达80%。高燥地发病率低于低洼地,采用轮作可减轻甘草叶斑病的发生。经过对甘草叶斑病病原菌形态、培养性状和致病性等方面的测定表明,病原菌为豆链格孢（Alternaria azukiae）。通过寄主范围测定表明,该病原菌亦可侵染独活、羌活等药用植物。对大黄、苍耳等不具侵染性。     

嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病菌(Alternaria alternata)的毒力及其药效评价

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病病原菌链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)的毒力,并进行其对梨黑斑病的田间药效试验。结果表明：嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病菌菌丝生长抑制的EC50为0.126 8 μg/mL ;40%嘧霉胺可湿性粉剂250～500 mg/L对梨黑斑病的防效为66%～82%,且该药剂在本试验剂量范围内对梨树安全。     

人参黑斑病生防菌的分离鉴定及防效

本研究以人参链格孢为靶标菌,采用平板对峙法从人参根际土壤筛选出一株拮抗细菌YJ 3-7,结合细胞形态判断、16S rDNA和gyrA基因序列比对分析,鉴定菌株YJ 3-7为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis。该菌株的发酵液、菌悬液和无菌发酵液对人参链格孢的生长均具有抑制作用,抑制率分别为98.76%、98.27%和70.62%。离体叶片和盆栽试验表明YJ 3-7发酵液可以较好地防治人参黑斑病,防效分别为63.24%和67.92%,盆栽防效略低于多菌灵(72.81%)。除此之外,菌株YJ 3-7还能有效抑制其他8种病原真菌的生长。研究表明贝莱斯芽胞杆菌YJ 3-7抑菌谱广,对人参黑斑病具有显著的防治效果,在植物病害防治中具有一定的应用潜力,可为人参黑斑病生物防治药剂的开发奠定基础。