热处理改性木材的性能分析Ⅲ——热处理材的防霉性能

检测了4种热处理材的防霉性能,以及桦木和樟子松热处理材中还原糖的含量。结果表明,热处理材的含糖量升高,且表面部分比中间部分高。故热处理材比其素材更易长霉,尤其是木材表面部分。清漆处理可避免木材霉变。     

木材高温热处理技术研究进展

高温热处理技术是木材功能性技术中市场转化率最高和未来前景广阔的主要技术之一,生产过程中不添加化学试剂,在改善尺寸稳定性、生物耐久性、木材材色及声学特性等性能同时不损失产品的环保性能。但高温处理存在木材的力学性能和表面润湿性降低、生产能耗高及废气排放量大等问题,因此了解高温热处理技术对木材材性及性能的影响及作用机理,对进一步提升高温热处理材品质、改进生产工艺和开发新设备具有指导意义。该文综述了高温热处理木材的力学性能、尺寸稳定性、材色、生物耐久性及声学特性等研究现状和作用机理,针对当前生产和研究现状,展望未来高温热处理技术的发展方向和前景。     

浸渍药剂加速热处理对木材质量损失和耐腐性能的影响

采用主要成分为氯化锌、磷酸二氢铵及复合铜盐(硝酸铜+醋酸铜)的三种药剂对马尾松和桉树木材做浸渍处理后再进行短周期加热处理的方法,研究了处理工艺对热处理木材失重率和耐腐性能的影响。结果表明:处理木材的失重率和耐腐性能均随着处理温度升高和处理时间的延长而增大,氯化锌药剂热处理木材在较高温度下对木材的失重率影响最大,具有明显加速热处理反应的作用;但是在同样的热处理温度条件下,浸渍氯化锌和复合铜盐的热处理木材耐腐性明显优于未加药剂的热处理木材。三种药剂中,由复合铜盐浸渍处理的木材经190℃热处理后能达到强耐腐等级。     

高温热处理对尾巨桉木材机械加工性能的影响

为给尾巨桉（Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis）木材的增值利用提供参考,以8年生尾巨桉木材为研究对象,探究高温热处理（处理温度为185℃）对尾巨桉木材机械加工性能的影响。结果表明,热处理材的刨削、铣削和钻削性能提升,砂削性能的提升不明显;高温热处理可提升尾巨桉木材的机械加工性能,促进其实木利用。     

国外木材热处理工艺进展及制品应用

就目前国外常用的几种热处理工艺,分别对其工艺路线、工艺参数和其产品的性能及应用进行阐述.对比化学方法处理的浸渍材而言,热处理后的木材产品更加符合环保要求.采用热处理工艺来处理我国人工林木材,不但可以有效提高其尺寸稳定性、耐候性和防虫性等,而且还能拓宽人工林木材的使用领域.木材热处理将是我国木材工业未来发展的重要方向.     

介质对木材热处理的影响

文中总结了不同介质热处理的技术特点,介质对热处理材性能的影响,以及预处理和复合介质热处理的研究进展,认为采用油、预处理或复合介质等热处理可以进一步提高热处理材的尺寸稳定性,减小木材强度降幅,还能显著增强防腐性能等其他单纯蒸汽热处理无法实现的功能,建议今后进一步拓展热处理介质的范围,深化预处理和复合介质热处理研究,赋予热处理材更多、更好的性能,研发出更具有竞争力的热处理技术。     

2014年 我国木材及制品进出口形势向好

过去的一年,由于许多国家的经济形势趋好,尤其是木材制品出口大国需求量全面增加,亚洲、美洲、欧洲、非洲和大洋洲多数国家对木质家具等产品需求量增加,使我国木质家具、人造板和木质地板等产品出口量大幅度增长,从而带动了木材和各种人造板产品进口量的增长,但是,由于房地产的影响,针叶材和高档红木价格下降,进口受到一些冲击,有些木材进口商日子难过,有些针叶材进口国的进口数量下降。     

热处理木材材色变化机理研究现状北大核心

热处理是一种应用广泛的木材改性方法,不仅能改善木材材色,还能提高木材的尺寸稳定性和生物耐久性。总结了热处理工艺对木材性能的影响,详述了热处理过程中木材化学组分变化。从处理过程和老化过程讨论了环境对处理材性能的影响,并概括了热处理木材材色变化机理。未来应深入解析热处理化学反应路径及其内在机理,建立木材材色与其他材性的关系,并通过联合改性处理提升热处理木材的耐久性。     

欧洲木材热处理产业和标准化

欧洲木材热处理产业发达,已建立起较为健全的产业体系.学术界、产业界和政府在技术研发、产品生产、标准化工作和质量认证体系等方面,有效地发挥了各自的作用.芬兰的热处理技术是科技成果产业化的成功典范.建议我国热处理木材产业借鉴欧洲的成功经验,加强产学研合作,促进生产规范化和质量标准化,引入统一的认证机制,促进产业良性发展.     

热处理木材性质变化规律及变化机理研究

以蒸汽为加热介质,介绍了国外常用的几种木材热处理工艺及产品性能变化,重点阐述热处理木材各项性能变化规律,并深入分析了其性质变化的内在机理.热处理可以提高木材使用性能,拓宽木材使用领域,木材热处理是木材工业未来的发展方向.     

国外木材防腐技术和研究现状

从木材防腐剂、防腐处理工艺、改性处理及环境特性等几个方面对国外的木材防腐技术及研究现状进行较为系统、全面的介绍,并在此基础上指出木材防腐研究的几个主要方向.木材防腐剂的发展趋势是近期以水载防腐剂为主导,以开发综合性能优良的不含金属的有机防腐剂作为未来的发展方向;木材防腐处理工艺的重点在于增强防腐剂在木材中的渗透性,加速防腐剂与木材之间的固着反应以及开发新型的防腐处理工艺以适应新的防腐剂的需要.改性处理方面主要介绍木材的热处理和化学改性处理在防腐方面的应用现状.木材防腐处理的环境特性则着重介绍LCA技术(生命循环分析技术)以及防腐处理材的废弃处理问题.另外,还简要介绍木材防腐研究机构和协会、木材防腐标准等方面的情况.本文旨在使国内的木材研究者对当前木材防腐技术和研究有一个总体的认识,并在此基础上结合国内的实际情况,发展适于处理中国国内树种及适合市场需求的木材防腐技术,为更科学、更高效地利用国内木材资源提供新途径.     

Strength properties of thermally modified softwoods and its relation to polymeric structural wood constituents

Thermal modification at relatively high temperatures (ranging from 150 to 260 °C) is an effective method to improve the dimensional stability and resistance against fungal attack. This study was performed to investigate the impact of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of wood. An industrially-used two-stage heat treatment method under relative mild conditions (< 200 °C) was used to treat the boards. Heat treatment revealed a clear effect on the mechanical properties of softwood species. The tensile strength parallel to the grain showed a rather large decrease, whereas the compressive strength parallel to the fibre increased after heat treatment. The bending strength, which is a combination of the tensile stress, compressive stress and shear stress, was lower after heat treatment. This decrease was less than the decrease of only the tensile strength. The impact strength showed a rather large decrease after heat treatment. An increase of the modulus of elasticity during the bending test has been noticed after heat treatment. Changes and/or modifications of the main wood components appear to be involved in the effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties. The possible effect of degradation and modification of hemicelluloses, degradation and/or crystallization of amorphous cellulose, and polycondensation reactions of lignin on the mechanical properties of heat treated wood have been discussed. The effect of natural defects, such as knots, resin pockets, abnormal slope of grain and reaction wood, on the strength properties of wood appeared to be affected by heat treatment. Nevertheless, heat treated timber shows potential for use in constructions, but it is important to carefully consider the stresses that occur in a construction and some practical consequences when heat treated timber is used.     

The potential of high-yield plantation forestry for meeting timber needs

This study examines the performance and potential of intensively managed plantation forests as a source of industrial wood, and their environmental implications. The perspective of the study is global. Although it includes the United States and parts of Europe, much of the focus is on what are called the emerging plantation regions -- countries largely in the semitropical areas of the southern hemisphere -- which have not historically been important wood producers, but are growing in importance as a result of the productivity of their planted forests. The first section of this paper documents the growing importance of plantations as a source of industrial wood since the late 1970s. The study finds that plantations from nontraditional (new) regions have been growing rapidly in size and economic importance, and, thus, have been playing an increasing role as a source of the world industrial wood. Furthermore, experience seems to suggest that plantations are playing an environmentally beneficial role in (1) reducing pressure on greater areas of natural forests and (2) generating positive environmental effects as they replace degraded marginal agricultural lands. The second section of the paper examines the likely role of plantation forests in the future, and includes an assessment of financial, political and environmental considerations. This section pays particular attention to the concerns frequently expressed by environmentalists regarding plantations. Many of the objections directed at forest plantations on environmental grounds appear to ignore the substantial beneficial role of plantations on the environment. Plantations, which are financially very attractive in many locations, offer the potential of meeting large portions of the world industrial wood needs even while reducing substantially the disturbances on large areas of natural forests. This is possible because the very high productivity of plantation forests requires less area to produce industrial wood.     

欧洲木质颗粒燃料产业发展现状与启示

欧洲是全球木质颗粒燃料产业发达地区.文中介绍欧洲木质颗粒燃料市场总体情况、生产特征、消费特征和价格体系, 分析其为规范和引导发展木质颗粒燃料产业而在原料收集、燃料燃烧、能源服务等3个环节采取的政策措施, 从统筹环境保护与经济发展角度提出对我国发展木质颗粒燃料产业的启示.     

Thermo-hydro and thermo-hydro-mechanical wood processing: An opportunity for future environmentally friendly wood products

Abstract

This state-of-the-art report presents the basic concepts of some of the thermo-hydro (TH) and thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) wood processes that are in use today, i.e. heat treatment, compression of wood in the longitudinal or transverse direction and wood welding. The reasons for the growing interest in TH and THM techniques are discussed, and the development of the different concepts, from first ideas to current status, is briefly presented. The physical and chemical changes that occur in wood during TH and THM processing according to the latest research are also presented. Finally, developments that are close to or already have an industrial application are presented, and the challenges for further development of the heat treatment, compression and wood welding processes are discussed. The TH processing of wood is based entirely on water and heat, and a THM process incorporates an additional mechanical force. The purpose of wood transformation by a TH or a THM process is to improve the intrinsic wood properties, to acquire a form and functionality desired by engineers without changing its eco-friendly characteristics or hindering its further use in the total material life cycle. Only a few of the recently developed techniques, e.g. heat treatment, wood welding and various densification applications, have been industrialized to some extent. There are many reasons for this relatively low transfer of the research results to a full up-scaled industrial production. Some of them are related to unsolved problems at the laboratory level on small-sized samples and others are related to the scaling-up processes in industry. Furthermore, the ageing of heated wood leads to deterioration with time, in some cases there is an unpleasant odour, the strength of the wood decreases substantially and the wood becomes more brittle. These are new challenges which need to be resolved by the collaboration of researchers from the different scientific domains of academia, research institutes and industry.     

Anatomical explanations for the changes in properties of western red cedar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Thuja plicata</Emphasis>) wood during heat treatment

Thermal treatment is an alternative to the chemical treatment in wood preservation, which has been used to some extent in improving timber quality. Despite the enormous works done so far on the effects of heat treatment on wood properties, very little is known about the anatomical changes in the various wood species during the process. Wood samples from western red cedar (Thuja plicata) were heat-treated at a temperature of 220°C for 1 and 2 h. The anatomical structures were examined before and after the heat treatment process by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and related to density, water uptake, thickness swelling and modulus of rupture of wood samples obtained from the same board. Heat treatment of red cedar wood resulted in the destruction of tracheid walls, ray tissues and pit deaspiration. The destroyed tracheid walls and ray tissues appeared to blow up, thus increasing the size of the specimen. The process of pit deaspiration also resulted in increasing size of the pits, thus creating more openings in the wood. These changes in wood anatomy indicate that the well-established chemical degradation is not the only reason for changes in wood properties during heat treatment. However, it is believed that the effects of the chemical changes still outweigh those of the anatomical changes based on the modification observed during the process of heat treatment.     

速生杨木改性研究进展

杨树是我国重要的速生林树种之一。为了充分利用杨树资源,提高速生杨木的品质,缓解我国目前木材的供需矛盾,迫切需要对杨木进行改性处理。论述速生杨木改性的研究进展,目前对速生杨木改性主要是从其材质松软、密度小、硬度低、易腐朽、尺寸稳定性差等天然缺陷出发,采取浸渍处理和非浸渍处理两大主要方式。浸渍改性包括采取有机物浸渍改性、无机物浸渍改性或二者联合浸渍改性。非浸渍改性包括与其它物质或材料复合改性,压密改性,热压改性,高温热处理改性、熏烟热处理改性、汽蒸改性,水热改性以及多种方法联合改性处理。研究表明,这些改性处理方式对杨木材性提高有显著作用,为杨木高附加值生产提供了重要依据。     

Efficiency in wood and fiber utilization in OECD countries

Utilization efficiency has been defined as the ratio of the amount of industrial roundwood (or wood pulp) consumed in a country and year to the amount that would have been consumed to produce the same output with a reference technology. The reference technology was described by the average input–output relationships in countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), from 1961 to 2005. The results showed that the efficiency of industrial roundwood utilization increased in most OECD countries from 1961 to 2005. There was also a strong decrease in the amount of wood pulp used for a given level of paper and paperboard production. Regression analysis with cross-sectional data suggested that the main determinant of the differences in efficiency of wood utilization between countries was the forest area per capita. The wood pulp price and population density were the main variables explaining the differences in wood pulp utilization between countries.     

国际制材行业环境噪声研究现状与展望

本文介绍了美国、瑞典、日本、英国等国家制材行业环境噪声的研究状况；重点介绍了东北林业大学课题组对黑龙江、吉林两省的１３个制材车间的环境噪声进行测试、分析与评价的结果，并提示了我国制材行业环境噪声的现状及其特点，提出了我国制材行业降低环境噪声的方法和途径。     

Analysis of the pore-size distribution and fiber saturation point of native and thermally modified wood using differential scanning calorimetry

The aim of this paper was to investigate pore-size distributions in the nano-diameter range of wood and their alteration due to thermal modification of wood using thermoporosimetry, and to find out what consequences can be derived regarding the biological durability. Thermoporosimetry is a technique that is based on the measurement using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The method is based on the fact that frozen water contained within small pores is at elevated pressure and therefore has a depressed melting temperature as a function of the appropriate pore diameter. In addition, the fiber saturation points (FSP) were determined by DSC. The former were performed in an isothermal-step method and the latter using the continuous heating-up method. Native and thermally modified twin samples of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) were analyzed. The results clearly show that the pore shares of wood for the measurable diameter range between 4 and 400 nm decrease considerably in all studied wood species due to thermal modification of the wood. Furthermore, thermal modification of wood leads to a decreased FSP for all studied wood species. For evaluation as well as reproducibility of the results of pore-size distribution and FSP, the consideration of sensible heat and specific heat of fusion plays an important role. If this is not done, it can lead to misinterpretations.