甘蓝型油菜硼营养高效在F1代的遗传研究

采用上培方法,研究了甘蓝型油菜不同硼效率品种为亲本的15个杂交组合农艺性状、棚的吸收、累积、分配和硼效率系数等性状在F1代的表现。结果表明,正反文杂交一代生育期短、抽更早,与高效亲本相近;对土壤轻度缺棚的反应也与高效亲本一致。土壤轻度缺硼时,苗期硼含量较低,累积吸收的单位棚量所形成的干物质重较高,蒙期茎中棚的相对含量高,有利于正反交杂交一代硼素向生长点的运转和再利用。硼效率系数与高效亲本达显著相关,说明甘蓝型油菜硼高效品种与低效品种间的杂交一代表现为硼高效,硼营养高效性状为显性。     

甘蓝型油菜硼高效基因等位性检测

甘蓝型油菜 8Z05和青油 10号为硼高效品种 ;Bakow 为硼低效品种。 2000～2001年度 ,硼高效品种 8Z05青油 10号F2代 588个单株种植在缺硼土壤上。花期调查缺硼症状 ,表现硼高效的单株数与硼低效的单株数之比为 574∶14 ;结实期分离规律与花期相似。这说明甘蓝型油菜硼高效品种 8Z05和青油 10号硼营养高效主效基因是等位的 ,同时可能存在微效基因的修饰作用 ,但微效基因的QTL可能不完全相同。 2个年度的试验结果一致。     

不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜苗期对硼镁营养的反应

利用溶液培养研究硼低效和高效甘蓝型油菜(Brassica.napus)苗期对硼镁营养的反应。结果表明,低硼浓度下提高镁时,油菜的生长受影响不大,硼含量和累积量降低,镁含量和累积量及叶绿素上升。低镁浓度下提高硼时,油菜镁含量、镁积累量降低,且硼低效品种降低幅度大于硼高效;叶绿素降低幅度则硼高效大于硼低效品种。高硼浓度下提高镁时,硼镁含量和累积量及叶绿素含量均提高,提高幅度为硼高效品种大于低效品种。高镁浓度下提高硼时,硼镁表现出显著的相互促进,硼高效品种促进效应大于低效品种。在很大程度上镁影响油菜叶绿素a的含量,而硼影响油菜叶绿素b的含量。硼镁营养对锌含量无大的影响;在低镁浓度下,油菜低效品种锰含量显著增加。无论是低镁或高镁浓度下提高硼,硼高效和低效品种铁含量均有所增加,低效品种增加显著。     

不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种中硼的形态及其相互关系

采用硼高效 (9589,9590)和硼低效 (9141,95105)甘蓝型油菜品种各 2个及其 4个杂交种 (95105 9589,95105 9590 ,91419589,9141 9590)作试材 ,研究了不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种及其F1代花期各部分叶片中硼的形态。结果表明 ,在B2 (0 .35mg/kg)处理下 ,硼高效品种上叶 ,中叶 ,下叶和花中水溶态硼含量和束缚态硼含量低 ,半束缚态硼含量高 ,而硼低效品种 3种硼形态的含量则与此相反 ;F1代基本居于二者之间 ,且趋向于高效品种 ;在B1(0 .2 0mg/kg)处理下 ,各叶片和花中各硼形态含量也呈现类似的特征 ,但存在例外 ,尤其在花中。B1和B2处理下 ,除B1处理上叶外 ,硼高效品种和F1代的花和叶片中水溶态硼和束缚态硼相对含量较低 ,半束缚态硼相对含量较高 ,硼低效品种与此相反。建立了硼形态之间的相互平衡关系 ,并把这种平衡关系同硼效率联系起来 ,表明硼形态和硼效率存在密切关系 ,可望由此揭示不同甘蓝型油菜品种硼效率差异的生理机制。     

硼镁营养对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种苗期硼形态的影响

通过营养液培养试验,研究硼镁对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种苗期硼形态的影响。结果表明,硼正常时,硼高效品种青油10号自由态和半束缚态硼含量较低效品种高,能参与转运的硼较多;硼低效品种95105束缚态(细胞壁)硼含量较高,自由态和半束缚态硼含量较低,转运、利用效率低。低硼时,硼高效品种根部束缚态硼减少,自由态和半束缚态硼增加,而叶中各形态硼分配合理,达到优化利用;反之,硼低效品种适应营养胁迫的能力较高效品种差。镁在一定程度上可以使硼向有利于其移动的形态转化,提高硼库容量,但在低硼、低镁时,却减少硼低效品种硼库容量,加剧地上部硼的缺乏。     

春播半冬性甘蓝型油菜光温因子与产量及农艺性状的典型相关分析

西藏甘蓝型油菜种质资源匮乏。为探讨西藏春播条件下半冬性甘蓝型油菜的温光特性,提高其在高原春播区的利用价值,以18个半冬性甘蓝型油菜品种为材料,应用典型相关分析方法分析了春播条件下光温因子与半冬性甘蓝型油菜产量及农艺性状的典型相关性。结果表明:春播区光温因子与半冬性甘蓝型油菜的产量及农艺性状均有显著典型相关关系,不同生育时期起主导作用的光温因子不同:营养生长期光温因子与分枝性状典型相关,影响分枝数的主要光温因子是营养生长期的积温;蕾花期光温因子与主茎、分枝性状典型相关,影响主花序和主茎生长的主要光温因子是蕾花期累计日极端温差和总日照时数;角果成熟期光温因子与主茎、分枝、产量性状显著相关,影响单株有效角果数、千粒重的主要光温因子是角果成熟期累计日极端温差;角果期较长日照总时数可降低有效分枝高度,促进主花序伸长及单株产量的提高。西藏半冬性甘蓝型油菜的引种及新品种选育中,在早熟和"双低"特性的基础上应重点选育适应光照充足,能够忍耐极端温差的品种。农艺性状的选择应注重主花序长、二次有效分枝数、有效角果数和千粒重等具有较大潜力的品种。     

硼对不同甘蓝型油菜品种细胞壁酶活性的影响

在溶液培养条件下,选用甘蓝型油菜硼高效和硼低效品种,研究硼对细胞壁酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同生育期缺硼均使油菜根系细胞壁过氧化物酶(POD) 活性显著升高;上部叶片细胞壁POD 活性显著下降;下部叶片处理间的差异不显著,但同一生育期细胞壁POD 活性硼高效品种显著高于硼低效品种。油菜根系细胞壁IAA 氧化酶活性,缺硼时两品种薹期和花期显著升高,苗期差异不显著;上部叶片细胞壁IAA 氧化酶活性缺硼时显著降低,硼高效品种花期差异不显著;缺硼对下部叶片细胞壁IAA 氧化酶活性影响不大,但低效品种花期该酶活性显著降低。     

不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜基因型对镁的吸收、分配差异的研究

在土培条件下,研究了不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜基因型镁的吸收、分配以及硼镁关系.结果表明,镁的吸收、分配及镁硼比值等存在基因型差异,硼对镁有一定影响.镁含量高效品种＜低效品种,镁吸收量高效品种＞低效品种,提高硼水平,镁含量下降,吸收量增加.在镁的分配、运转能力上,高效品种＞低效品种,且硼对高效品种的促进作用较大.镁硼比值为高效品种＜低效品种,镁硼比值B1＞B2＞B3.     

不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜基因型对镁的吸收,分配差异的研究

在土培条件下,研究了不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜基因型镁的吸收、分配以及硼镁关系。结果表明,镁的吸收、分配及镁硼比值等存在基因型差异,硼对镁有一定影响。镁含量高效品种〈低效品种,镁吸收量高效品种〉低效品种,提高硼水平,镁含量下降,吸收量增加。在镁的分配、运转能力上,高效品种〉低效品种,且硼对高效品种的促进作用较大。镁硼比值为高效品种〈低效品种,镁硼比值Ｂ１〉Ｂ２〉Ｂ３。     

不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种悬浮细胞的硼钙营养效应

采用细胞培养的方法 ,研究了培养基中硼钙营养水平变化对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种悬浮细胞生长及硼、钙和镁含量的影响。结果表明 ,增加硼营养显著促进了悬浮细胞的生长 ,钙对悬浮细胞生长的影响因硼供应状况和品种而异。两品种间差异表现为 ,低硼的抑制效应、高硼的促进效应以及较高钙的抑制效应都是硼低效 (对缺硼敏感 )品种Bakow(原代号 9141,曾用代号 01)比硼高效 (对缺硼不敏感 )品种特早 16 (原代号 9118,曾用代号 03)明显。增硼显著降低悬浮细胞的钙含量 ;镁含量因增硼先上升而后下降。增钙对悬浮细胞中硼含量无显著影响 ,硼钙镁之间存在着复杂的关系。     

Effect of boron and sulfur interaction on some important biological indices in an inceptisol

In most soil ecosystems, soil biological activity and associated processes are concentrated in the rhizosphere soil and is influenced by the external application of plant nutrients. The impacts of boron and sulfur on soil biological properties were evaluated in an Aeric Haplaquept (pH 5.7) growing rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) as a test crop. Application of boron (B) at 2 mg kg^?1 in combination with sulfur (S) at 30 mg kg^?1 (B₂S₃₀) resulted in highest available Boron and sulfur of 0.239 and 15.4 mg kg^?1, respectively and registered 62.5% and 71.3% increase over control (B₀S₀) at 60 days of crop growth compared to individual applications. The microbial populations viz. phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) and nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) were the highest of 52.63 and 85.87 × 10⁵ g^?1 soil, respectively, CFU in B₂S₃₀ treatment at 60 days and adjudged as the best treatment combination for enhancement of soil biological indices and seed yield.     

缓释硼肥种肥用量对红壤油菜生长发育和产量的影响

为明确种肥同播条件下红壤耕地的适宜硼肥用量,在红壤旱地和水田通过开展种肥同播不同硼肥用量试验,本研究设置施硼肥量为0(T1,对照)、4.5(T2)、9.0(T3)、13.5 kg·hm^-2(T4)4个处理,研究其对油菜出苗、生长发育、硼肥吸收利用效果、籽粒产量、品质等的影响。结果表明,红壤耕地增施硼肥,油菜花期可缩短9~20 d,全生育期缩短2~11 d。红壤中有效硼含量严重缺乏,增施硼肥可显著提高油菜生物量和菜籽产量。适宜的硼肥用量可通过增加成株率、单株角果数和每角粒数提高产量。施硼量为9.0 kg·hm^-2时,菜籽产量达最佳水平,为2 131.6 kg·hm^-2,较对照增产336.1%。收获期硼吸收量和各器官中硼含量随施硼量增加而增加,施硼量为13.5 kg·hm^-2时硼吸收量和各器官中硼含量均达到最大值。硼肥利用率随施硼量增加呈降低趋势,土壤基础有效硼含量越低,硼肥贡献率越大,施硼增产效果越好。施硼量为9.0 kg·hm^-2时,菜籽含油量和产油量达最佳水平,与对照相比含油量增加6.7个百分点,产油量达996.4 kg·hm^-2,较对照增加401.5%。综合菜籽产量、含油量、硼肥利用率和产油量等因素,推荐红壤旱地硼肥施用量为9.0 kg·hm^-2,水田可适当增加施用量,但不宜超过13.5 kg·hm^-2。本研究为我省红壤耕地油菜生产硼肥施用和油菜全程机械化生产提供了技术参考和理论依据。     

Effect of Boron on Dynamic Change of Seed Yield and Quality Formation in Developing Seed of Brassica napus

Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is one of main oil crops in the world and also a potential bioenergy crop. Because of the sensitivity of Brassica napus to boron (B) deficiency and the wide distribution of low available-B soils in main areas of rapeseed production, more and more attention is being paid to the effect of B nutrition on yield and quality of rapeseed and its regulation mechanism. In this study, a field plot trial was conducted to examine the effects of B on dynamic changes of seed yield and quality formation in developing rapeseed. The results showed that B significantly increased seed yield compared with the low B control, which was attributed to an increase in the number of seeds per pod and pods per plant. During the seed development period, dry matter accumulation of seed followed a typical S-shaped curve at the two B treatments, but seed weight accumulated faster in plants supplied with sufficient B than those with low B. The dry weight of the podwall in high B treatment showed rapid increase at the early stage of seed development and decreased rapidly in later periods compared with low B. This suggested that applying B improved the accumulation of seed dry matter in early stages of seed development and substance transport from podwall to seed in later stages, which resulted in high seed yield. No significant effect of B on oil content, erucic acid and glucosinolate contents was found. However, B maintained a lower level of erucic acid and glucosinolate contents at whole seed development process and resulted in a lower ratio of erucic acid (22:1)/oleic acid (18:1) compared with that of low B treatment. These results suggested that application of B could heighten seed yield and improve oil quality for rapeseed in soils with low available B.     

Boron Fertilization in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in an Inceptisol of West Bengal,India

This study is a synthesis of information on growth, yield, and boron-use efficiency of hybrid sunflower (cultivar Aditya) in an inceptisol (Gangetic alluvium) of West Bengal, India, under varied proportions of soil and foliar-applied boron. Foliar spray of boron (B), under all circumstances, performed better than soil application of B fertilizers with regard to sunflower seed and total dry-matter yield, B uptake, and B-use efficiencies, while 0.2 percent foliar B spray was associated with greatest B recoveries, B-use efficiencies, and sunflower seed yields in the experimental years.     

Influence of Levels and Methods of Boron Application on the Yield and Uptake of Boron by Cotton in a Calcareous Soil of Punjab

A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of boron (B) application on yield and B uptake of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in B-deficient calcareous soil of south-west Punjab. The treatments comprise six levels of soil-applied B (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mg B kg^?1soil) and two levels of foliar-applied B (0.1% and 0.2% borax and granubor solution) along with the common control (no B application). The experiment was laid out in RBD factorial design with three replications. The seed cotton yield and its attributing characters (plant height, number of sympodial and monopodial branches, boll weight, and number of boll per plant) and root biomass increased significantly with increasing levels of boron up to 1.0 mg B kg^?1 level over the control and then remained nonsignificant with further higher levels of soil-applied boron. Among foliar-applied boron levels, 0.1% borax solution was better than 0.2% borax solution. Soil-applied boron was at par with foliar-applied boron. The efficiency of borax and granubor was found to be equal in both sources of boron. The mean B content and its uptake by seed cotton and roots increased significantly up to 1.0 mg B kg^?1 soil-applied B level and then recorded nonsignificant with further higher levels of boron. For the foliar method of B application, the mean B content and its uptake by seed cotton increased significantly over the control. The mean available B content in soils (0–15 cm) at 45, 75, 105, and 145 days after sowing increased significantly over the control for all soil-applied B levels, while it remained nonsignificant over the control for all growth stages of cotton in foliar method of B application. Further, it was positively correlated with root biomass (r = 0.91), boron uptake by root (r = 0.98), and sympodial branch per plant (r = 0.81). The interaction of B application levels and sources was not significant for all studied traits. Regardless of B sources, B application had a significant effect on yield, yield attributes, and B uptake up to 1.0 mg B kg^?1 level for soil-applied B and 0.1% borax or granubor solution for foliar-applied B.     

油菜硼高效的遗传

Field experiments were conducted to study the inheritance of boron efficiency in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) by evaluating the boron (B) efficiency coefficient (BEC, the ratio of the seed yield at below the critical boron level to that at the boron-sufficient level) with 657 F_2:3 lines of a population derived from a cross between a B-efficient cultivar, Qingyou 10, and a B-inefficient cultivar, Bakow. Qingyou 10 had high BEC as well as high seed yield at low available soil B. On the contrary, Bakow produced low seed yield at low B status. Boron deficiency decreased the seed yield of the F_2:3 lines to different extents and the distribution of BEC of the population showed a bimodal pattern. When the 657 F_2:3 lines were grouped into B-efficient lines and B-inefficient lines according to their BEC, the ratio of B-efficient lines to B-inefficient lines fitted the expected ratio (3:1), indicating that one major gene controlled the B-efficiency trait. 127 F_2:3 lines selected from the population at random, with distribution of BEC similar to that of the overall population, were used to identify the target region for fine mapping of the boron efficiency gene.     

硼钼锌及互作对甘蓝型油菜籽粒产量的影响

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn) and their interactions on seed yield and yield formation of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. var. Huashuang 4). Application of B fertilizer to a sandy soil increased the seed yield by 46.1% compared to the control and also created a considerably higher seed yield than the two treatments solely applying Mo and Zn fertilizers, which suggested that B was a main constraint for the seed yield of Huashuang 4 in this experiment. The effect of B fertilizer on the seed yield was attributed to an increase in the number of seeds per silique and siliques per plant. The combined application of B with Mo or Zn resulted in higher seed yield than the application of B, Mo or Zn alone, and the seed yield of the B+Mo+Zn treatment was the highest in all treatments, 68.1% above the control. Dry matter accumulation of seed followed a typical S-shaped curve and it was higher in plants supplied with B than in plants without B. A small but significant increase in the seed oil content and an improvement in the oil quality were also observed in all treatments compared with the control. These results suggested that optimal micronutrient application could provide both yield and quality advantages for rapeseed in poor soil.     

硼肥用量对油菜产量与硼养分吸收的影响

以华油杂9号和中油杂12号为供试油菜品种,在鄂东油菜主产区布置田间试验,试验设置3个硼肥用量梯度,硼砂用量分别为0、3和12 kg/hm2,研究硼肥用量对两种油菜产量、干物质积累量和硼素积累量的影响。结果表明,土壤严重缺硼(有效硼含量为0.12 mg/kg)条件下,施硼显著提高油菜产量和地上部各部位生物量,促进硼素吸收,且其影响随着生育进程的推移而加大。试验条件下最佳硼肥(B含量11%)用量为3 kg/hm2,相比不施硼处理,华油杂9号和中油杂12号分别增产26.8%和38.4%。硼用量为3 kg/hm2时,华油杂9号和中油杂12号的硼肥相对利用率分别为32.2%和19.4%,硼用量进一步增加,利用率显著降低。两个油菜品种相比结果表明,不同品种油菜对硼的吸收利用能力及敏感程度不同,华油杂9号具有较强的吸收、利用硼的能力,而中油杂12号对缺硼更加敏感,增产幅度更显著。研究结果说明,在当前生产条件下,油菜施硼增产效果显著,但目前油菜生产中不施硼和推荐施硼量过大的现象同时存在,应根据实际情况进行调整。     

施肥对红壤地区直播油菜生长、产量及养分吸收的影响

2009～2010年在江西典型红壤地区设置直播油菜氮磷钾硼肥田间试验,研究施肥对直播油菜生长发育、籽粒产量及N、P、K养分吸收与累积的影响。结果表明,红壤上直播油菜各施肥处理中以NPKB处理的籽粒产量和施肥效益最高,分别为1 722 kg/hm2和1 469元/hm2,而N、P、K、B任何一种养分缺乏均影响油菜的正常发育和籽粒产量。本试验条件下,红壤直播油菜的养分限制因子为P>B>N>K。施肥对直播油菜N、P、K养分的吸收和累积有明显影响,各养分间存在相互影响和制约的关系,NPKB处理最有利于养分吸收及累积,其氮、磷、钾肥吸收利用率分别为29.3%、59.5%和89.1%,均为最高。红壤地区直播油菜的高产应积极推广氮磷钾硼肥平衡配施措施,并实行氮、钾肥分次施用。