麦谷蛋白亚基Clu-1和Glu-3位点基因等位变异对小麦品质特性的影响

甲单向一步SDS-PAGE方法分析表明亲本品种Suneca和Cook在麦谷蛋白亚基的5个位点(Glu-B1,Glu-D1,Glu-A3,Glu-B3和Glu-D3)均含不同等位基因。本研究重点对Suneca×Cook的F_4代群体中在麦谷蛋白亚基位点均为纯合基因的60个系的出粉率(FY),面粉蛋白质含量(FP)及和面时间(PTM)进行了分析,以研究麦谷蛋白各亚基位点等位基因变异及位点间互作对小麦品质特性的影响。结果表明,不同基因型间出粉率无显著差异,Glu-D1位点等位基因d和a对FP的效应存在显著差异,Glu-Dld基因(编码5 10亚基)的正效应显著高于Glu-Dla基因(编码2 12亚基);Glu-D1、Glu-A3和Glu-B3位点上基因的等位变异对PTM有显著和极显著影响,含Glu-Dld、Glu-A3b和Glu-B3b基因的系分别比含Glu-Dla,Glu-A3d和Glu-B3h基因的系有较长的和面时间;Glu-B1位点上等位变异i和u以及Glu-D3位点等位基因b和e分别对PTM无明显影响。在这种遗传背景下,麦谷蛋白亚基位点对PTM的效应大小依次排列为Glu-D1>Glu-B3>Glu-A3>GIu-B1=Glu-D3。Glu-1位点和Glu-3位点间对和面特性的影响存在累加效应和互作效应。     

黄淮麦区南片小麦Glu-3位点等位变异分析

小麦的加工品质与低分子量谷蛋白亚基(LMW-GS)组成息息相关。为了尽快改良黄淮麦区小麦加工品质,应用STS分子标记与SDS-PAGE相结合的方法对小麦低分子量谷蛋白亚基Glu-A3、Glu-B3与Glu-D3位点的等位基因变异类型进行检测。结果表明:黄淮麦区南片356份小麦品种(系)中共检测到15种Glu-3位点等位变异,Glu-A3位点含Glu-A3a、Glu-A3b、Glu-A3c和Glu-A3d共4种等位变异,其分布频率分别为12.1%,13.5%,41.0%,33.4%;GluB3位点含Glu-B3a、Glu-B3b、Glu-B3d、Glu-B3f、Glu-B3g、Glu-B3h、Glu-B3i和Glu-B3j共8种等位变异,其分布频率分别为8.71%,8.99%,23.0%,5.90%,7.30%,3.65%,0.28%,42.1%;Glu-D3位点含Glu-D3a、Glu-D3b和Glu-D3c共3种等位变异,其分布频率分别为40.2%,29.8%,30.0%。等位变异组合Glu-A3c/Glu-B3j/Glu-D3a分布频率最高(10.7%)。通过优质亚基的转育,多个优质亚基的聚合,将有助于改良我国小麦的品质。     

CIMMYT引入小麦材料HMW-GS组成研究

利用SDS-PAGE技术对385份CIMMYT种质进行高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析。结果表明:Glu-A1、Glu-B1、Glu-D1位点上变异类型丰富,共存在11亚基与24种组合类型,优质亚基出现的频率非常高,Glu-A1位点上的1亚基的频率达到了33.5%,Glu-B1优质亚基7+8出现的频率11.2%,Glu-D1位点优质亚基5+10出现的频率达到81.3%。评分在7分以上的材料达37.8%,23个材料评分在9分以上,高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的平均得分7.08分。通过在这些材料中选取评分较高的与贵州小麦进行杂交,可有效提高贵州小麦品种的产量与品质。     

HMW-GS和LMW-GS组成对小麦加工品质的影响

高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)和低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(LMW-GS)是决定小麦加工品质的重要因素。以小麦品种PH82-2(亚基组成1, 14+15, 2+12和Glu-A3d, Glu-B3d, Glu-D3c)和内乡188(亚基组成1, 7+9, 5+10和 Glu-A3a, Glu-B3j, Glu-D3b)的242份F₃和F₄株系(试验I)和91份产量比较试验材料(试验II)研究了贮藏蛋白组成对小麦加工品质的影响。结果表明,HMW-GS和LMW-GS等位变异对籽粒蛋白质含量的影响不大,但对加工品质均有极显著影响(P<1%)。就位点的效应而言,Glu-D1位点对加工品质的效应较大,而Glu-D3位点的效应较小。就单个亚基而言,在Glu-B1位点,14+15<7+9;在Glu-D3位点,Glu-D3c>Glu-D3b。1B/1R易位系的部分品质性状,如和面时间、曲线下降斜度和峰积分好于非1B/1R易位系。     

低分子量谷蛋白亚基GlU-A3和GlU-B3位点对小麦面筋强度和烘焙特性影响

低分子量谷蛋白亚基是小麦谷蛋白亚基的重要组成部分,黄淮麦区小麦低分子量谷蛋白亚基组成对品质的效应尚缺乏系统的研究。本研究采用SDS-PAGE方法,鉴定了黄淮麦区42个小麦品种的Glu-A3位点和Glu-B3位点低分子量谷蛋白亚基组成,分析了低分子量谷蛋白亚基对小麦面筋强度和烘烤品质的影响。结果表明,在Glu-A3位点,对面筋强度和面包烘焙品质正向效应为:d,b>a,e;在Glu-B3位点,对面筋强度正效应为:h,d>f>g,b,j,对面包烘焙品质正向效应为:h>f,d>g,b,j。Glu-A3d/Glu-B3h亚基组合具有较好的面筋强度和烘焙品质。就低分子量谷蛋白亚基单个变异位点对品质综合效应而言,Glu-B3位点对品质作用比较大,与Glu-B1位点相近,同时,高低分子量谷蛋白亚基之间存在着互作效应,以Glu-B1/Glu-A3和Glu-D1/Glu-B3位点的互作效应比较显著。Glu-A3和Glu-B3位点及其所编码的不同亚基种类对品质的效应差异显著,并且与高分子量谷蛋白亚基位点存在互作,对不同位点优质亚基的聚合将有助于小麦品质的遗传改良。     

黄淮麦区小麦品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基位点 与品质性状的数量分析

对黄淮麦区77个不同品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基及亚其组成与蛋白质含量和沉降值关系，通过回归、相关分析，结果表明：Glu-1三个位点对蛋白质含量和沉降值的回归、通径效应均可表示为：Glu-D1＞Glu-B1＞Glu-A1。其中，Glu-D1、Glu-B1与蛋白质含量和沉降值均相关显著。Glu-1三个位点亚基与蛋白质含量和沉降值的效应可分别表示为：1＞2*＞Null，14+15＞7+8＞17+18＞7，5+10＞2+12＞4+10。通过品种的亚基组成对其蛋白质含量和沉降值进行回归预测，结果可行，可靠性达显著水平。     

四川藏区小麦地方品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分析

利用SDS-PAGE分析检测了36份四川藏区小麦地方品种的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成,从中可检测到7种亚基组合类型.其中,Null、7+8、2+12为四川藏区小麦的优势亚基组合,其频率高达58.33%.在Glu-A 1、Glu-B 1和Glu.D 1位点中,分别有3,5和3种等位变异类型,各位点出现频率最高的亚基分别是Null、7+8和2+12,频率分别为86.11%、63.89%和94.44%.在WL25的Glu-B 1位点发现了一个未知的y型亚基,其迁移率比By 8慢,与Bx7以亚基组合形式同时出现.在wL 16的Glu-D 1位点,Dx亚基沉默,而仅表达了Dy 12亚基.参试材料的面包品质评分为4-8分,无评分达9分以上的品种.     

陇东地区部分冬小麦品种(系)HMW-GS的组成与遗传变异分析

本实验通过SDS-PAGE技术,对陇东地区部分冬小麦品种(系)的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成及亚基组成频率进行了分析.结果表明陇东地区冬小麦品种(系)存在16种亚基组合类型,以N,7+8,2+12亚基含量丰富,其出现频率占品种(系)总数的36.50%,而含5+10亚基的亚基组合类型只有3种,仅占品种(系)数量的9.62%.Glu-1位点遗传多样性单一,Glu-A 1位点仅有2种等位变异形式,N亚基频率最高(71.15%);Glu-B 1位点有4种等位基因变异形式,7+8亚基频率最高(59.62%);Glu-D 1位点上有6种等位基因变异形式,2+12亚基频率最高(61.54%).通过对地方品种、育成品种(系)和引进品种HMW-GS组成比较发现,地方品种亚基的组成类型呈现出组成单一,优质亚基少的特点;而外引品种和育成品种亚基类型较为丰富,且包含一定数量的优质亚基.     

小麦重组自交系群体HMW-GS的检测与分析

利用重组自交系群体--RILL-8群体的131个系为材料,检测和分析了其高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基及亚基组合.结果表明,RIL-8群体Glu-A1、Glu-B1、Glu-D1位点编码的亚基分别为1、N,7 9、7 8和5 10、2 12,主要存在7种亚基组合类型.不同亚基及亚基组合类型在相同位点上仅存在1对等位基因差异,可以用其进行相同位点不同亚基及亚基组合对品质性状效应值的估算.     

利用RIL群体分析HMW-GS对小麦品质性状的量化效应

利用重组自交系群体——RIL-8群体的131个系及其亲本为材料,分析了高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基及亚基组合对10个小麦品质性状的量化效应及其差异。结果表明,RIL-8群体Glu-A1、Glu-B1、Glu-D1位点编码的亚基分别为 1、N,7+9、7+8和5+10、2+12,主要存在7种亚基组合类型。同一位点不同亚基对面粉吸水率、Zeleny沉淀值、面团形成时     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.