P肥对邓恩桉生长与叶片养分状况的影响

研究了施用不同梯度P肥对邓恩桉生长、叶片养分及相关性的影响。福建永安的试验表明:施P肥能在幼林期促进邓恩桉树高和胸径的生长,提高叶片P的浓度,但随时间推移施肥作用22个月时达到最大,此后作用减弱,46个月后P供应充足时这种促进作用仍然明显。由于施P肥提高了邓恩桉的保存率,所以也显著地提高了邓恩桉林的蓄积量。低P处理时,树木保存率低,林分过于空旷也影响林分生长。施P肥还增加了叶片N、P和K的养分浓度,B的供应不足会抑制P、K吸收。     

蓝桉纸浆材综合丰产技术试验

蓝桉纸浆材综合丰产技术试验采用正交设计,试验因素为整地、密度、施肥;菌根菌效应试验采用随机区组设计。经幼林阶段生长量、生物量、经济效益分析结果表明:营造蓝桉丰产林,选择Ⅰ、Ⅱ类立地类型,采用撩壕整地,规格60×60厘米,造林密度1.5×3米,底肥施垃圾,追肥施尿素的处理组合对林木生长是有利的,且经济效益最高;蓝桉苗接种菌根菌对提高造林成活率,促进幼林初期生长有一定作用;蓝桉幼林3年生左右,对林木实施间伐、松土、施肥等技术措施并采用双层经营方式,对促进林木生长,提高经济效益是有益的。     

蓝桉和尾叶桉混合菌根研究Ⅱ.混合菌根的接种效应

接种苗木在生长量和生物量上均表现出极其显著的生长优势,ECM真菌蜡蘑菌单接种及其与4种VA菌根菌剂混合接种,对苗木生长的促进作用尤为显著。在接种后16周时,与对照苗相比,蓝桉和尾叶桉接种苗木的高生长量最大增幅分别为28.86%(LS)和86.65%(LG);两种桉树地上部分平均干质量最大增幅分别为129.93%(LS)和133.34%(L),地下部分分别为119.93%(LF)和174.83%(LG)。桉树对不同菌根菌及其组合的菌根依赖性表现出很大的差异,对混合接种的真菌组合有相对高的菌根依赖性,而对土壤菌剂依赖性很小。菌根感染与苗木生物量间有显著的相关性。试验结果还证实了P素对桉苗生长的促进作用,P素水平对菌根的接种效应有一定的影响。     

赤桉、尾叶桉接种外生菌根菌的效果分析

在广东省阳西县开展赤桉和尾叶桉接种10个外生菌根菌的野外试验，根据造林后对树高、地径和胸径的观测，发现菌根菌与树种间存在互作效应，这种效应影响菌根菌接种效果；试验筛选出的菌株：H4461，适于尾叶桉，树高增加2％－21％，胸径增加13％－35％，对赤桉树高生长也有促进作用；H4339，对赤桉1年生内幼树树高生长有显著促进作用， 也改善径生长，也适用于尾叶桉；H4111，对赤桉、尾叶桉的后期生长有效果；E4100、H4331、H4338和H4317，有时对参试树种生长有改善作用；其它参试菌根菌E4070，H4937，H4314，在两树种间表现极不稳定。     

滨海木麻黄菌根菌的筛选及其接种效应

利用3个内生菌根菌和10个外生菌根菌接种滨海木麻黄苗,测定小苗的树高、地径、地上干质量、地下干质量、总生物量和保存率.结果表明:接种两种菌根菌后能显著地促进滨海木麻黄苗期的生长;滨海木麻黄对供试的内生菌根菌和外生菌根菌的菌根依赖性都属于中等强度或较弱的依赖性;接种菌根菌后滨海木麻黄苗的保存率比对照显著提高;苏格兰球囊霉90068、地表球囊霉9004、苏格兰球囊霉90036、黄硬皮马勃0207、松茸和彩色豆马勃9705在促进滨海木麻黄苗期生长和提高保存率上都有较好的效果,可在滨海木麻黄苗期接种应用.     

蓝桉的尾叶桉混合菌根研究：Ⅰ.菌根合成及真菌间的相互作用

采用蜡磨菌与ＶＡ菌根真菌分别对蓝桉和叶桉进行单接种或混合接种，研究结果表明，两种菌根类型的真菌均能在桉树苗木根系上成功地定殖，分别合成了外生菌根、ＶＡ菌根和混合菌根，证实了桉树不仅是菌根营养型树种，而且能形成多种菌根类型。ＶＡ菌根感染率在接种初期较高，但随时间的推移有降低的趋势；而外生菌根菌初期合成菌根的速度较慢，但单位长度根段内菌根根尖数目有明显增加趋势。与单接种ＶＡ根真菌苗木相比，外生菌根真菌     

巨尾桉瓶内菌根化组培苗的造林效应

1993～ 1994年 ,在广东省开平市国营镇海林场建立了 2个巨尾桉组培苗瓶内接种外生菌根菌的野外造林试验。 2个试验中 ,共采用 17个外生菌根菌菌株。造林后定期观测了 12或 2 4个月树高、地径和胸径等生长指标。试验结果表明 :除试验 2造林初期的树高外 ,其他所有生长指标在菌根菌处理间均有极显著差异或显著差异 ,菌根菌间对巨尾桉生长有不同的影响 ;从多重比较和接种效果分析看 ,菌株E4 0 70、H4 5 0 9、E4 2 4 0、H6 177、H4 339、E4 72 6、C930 1、C92 13和C92 0 3,在造林后 6个月开始可明显地促进巨尾桉树木生长 ,说明组培苗瓶内菌根化技术是完全可行的 ,有关菌株对巨尾桉幼树生长具有促进作用     

四川松树、桉树外生菌根菌种类调查

对四川省马尾松、湿地松、火炬松、桉树等人工幼林及少数天然林的外生菌根菌进行了调查研究。研究表明,我省松树林下外生菌根真菌资源丰富,鉴定出9科18属50种,其中马尾松林下有40种,占80％,松、桉幼林下的种类单一、采色豆马勃、多根硬皮皮勃、黄色须腹菌为松类人工幼林下的优势菌根菌,随着树龄的增加,菌根种类也不断增加。桉树林下仅发现大孢硬皮马勃。     

林业科学研究总目次

第　 1　期香石竹ACC氧化酶重复基因植物表达载体的构建及转基因植株的获得余义勋 ,包满珠 ,孙振元 (1)…西藏色季拉山冷杉林生态系统养分的淋溶输出研究辛学兵 ,王景生 ,翟明普 (6 )…………………水杨酸诱导桉树抗青枯病的作用及相关酶活性变化冉隆贤 ,谷文众 ,吴光金 (12 )…………………白皮松交配系统及其种内遗传多样性分量比的研究李　斌 ,顾万春 (19)……………………………施P肥和外生菌根菌接种对蓝桉林产量和养分积累　的影响徐大平 ,BernieDell,弓明钦等 (2 6 )………三种细菌制剂对草坪草的抗旱和抗病效应研究梁　军 ,丁明…     

接种菌根菌对木麻黄无性系生长初期的影响

在木麻黄无性系水培苗上接种13个外生和内生菌根菌菌株,观察菌根菌对木麻黄无性系苗高生长和造林12个月后树高、胸径和保存率的影响.结果表明:13个外生和内生菌根菌都极显著地促进了木麻黄无性系小苗苗高的生长,最大的比对照苗高增加了68.5%,最小的也比对照增加了14.7%;造林12个月后,多数菌根菌对木麻黄无性系的促生作用明显下降,只有2～3个菌根菌株可以显著或极显著地促进木麻黄的生长.     

蓝桉幼林施肥效应研究

在云南省保山市石灰岩红壤地区进行了历时4年的蓝桉幼林N、P、K不同配比的10种处理施肥试验。结果表明，施肥能明显促进蓝桉（Eucalyptusglobulus）幼林的生长；其中处理6、9、10增产效果极显著，树高增加16．31％～20．40％，胸径分别增加18．78％～19．21％，材积增加65．04％～70．19％。有机肥对蓝桉生长有促进作用，施过有机肥的处理10生长始终保持优势；磷肥是蓝桉增产的主要因素，每株施430g钙镁磷肥做底肥能使树高、胸径分别增加14．67％、15．87％，每株施215g钙镁磷肥则树高、胸径分别增加11．44％、7．83％；氮肥各水平间无差异，增产效果不明显；钾肥1、2水平间无差异，3水平可能过量，阻碍了肥效发挥。施肥能提高蓝桉生产的经济效益，较好的几个处理依次为6、9、2、10、3产出投入比值均大于对照。综合以上几个因素，N2P3K2为蓝桉幼林的最佳施肥方案。     

施肥对蓝桉幼林生长的影响

经５ａ研究结果表明,在省保山市石灰岩红壤区施肥能明显促进蓝桉幼林生长,肥效在１．５ａ时最大,９个施肥处理的树高、胸径平均增长３３．６９％、４８．３９％,造林后５ａ时,生长反应已经呈下降趋势,９个施肥处理的树高、胸径平均增长１６．４５％、１０．７１％。Ｐ 促进蓝桉增产的主要因素,每株施４３０ｇ钙镁磷肥的几个处理产好,Ｎ、Ｋ肥增产效果不明显,有机肥对蓝桉生长有促进作用。在９个施肥处理中,处理６（钙镁磷     

不同施肥处理对肯氏南洋杉早期生长的影响

以无机肥、有机肥以及两者的混合肥为基肥探讨肥料种类及配比对肯氏南洋杉人工林早期生长的影响。研究结果表明,不同处理间树高、胸径和材积生长差异显著,施基肥能显著提高植株生长量,单施NPK无机肥和有机肥时,生长指标均随施肥量增加而显著增加,等量有机肥加入P肥后,效果比单施有机肥好,但P肥用量过高会有一定的抑制作用。综合分析结果表明,施450 gNPK无机肥(F3)时效果最佳,施1kg有机肥配合200gP肥(F5)的效果次之,4.5a生时其树高和胸径分别比对照(CK)高63.16%和58.55%、77.27%和68.18%,材积分别高411.2%和348.00%。     

Nutrient Management for Eucalypt Plantations in South China

Eucalypts are very popular for revegetation in many parts of south China because of their capacity to tolerate degraded sites and unfertile soils,and their fast growth potential to coppice. This paper reviews a decade of field trials in china, undertaken as part of several bilateral researchprograms in plantation forestry, concerning the use of fertilizers, harvest residue management and inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi. One of the key questions addressed is whether the productivity of plantation eucalypts in south China can be increased to the world average by nutrient management across a rotation.     

直干桉人工幼林施肥试验初报

对定植3年的直干桉山地人工幼林进行5个处理和1个对照的施肥试验,结果表明:施肥对直干桉山地人工幼林林木的树高、胸径生长有一定的促进作用,但需N、P、K肥一起配合施,此试验最为合理的施肥配方是:150g尿素+200g过磷酸钙+50g硫酸钾,能使树高生长量增加75.4%,胸径生长量增加43.15%,最差的施肥配方是:50g尿素+100g硫酸钾,能使树高生长量增加12.3%,胸径生长量增加8.12%。     

Five native tree species and manioc under slash-and-mulch agroforestry in the eastern Amazon of Brazil: plant growth and soil responses

Throughout the Amazon of Brazil, manioc (Manihot esculenta) is a staple crop produced through slash-and-burn agriculture. Nutrient losses during slash-and-burn can be large and nutrient demand by food crops so great that fields are often abandoned after two years. In recent decades, farmers have reduced the fallow phase from 20 to ~5 years, limiting plant nutrient accumulation to sustain crop yields. Improved fallows through simultaneous planting of trees with food crops may accelerate nutrient re-accumulation. In addition, slash-and-mulch technology may prevent loss of nutrients due to burning and mulch decomposition may serve as a slow-release source of nutrients. This study in Pará, Brazil, in a 7-year-old secondary forest following slashing and mulching of the vegetation, involved two main plot treatments (with and without P and K fertilizers) and two sub-plot treatments (with or without a N₂-fixer Inga edulis). A mixed-culture of trees and manioc was planted in all plots. P and K fertilizer increased tree mortality due to weed competition but growth of surviving trees in four of the five tree species tested also increased as did biomass production of manioc. In the N₂-fixer treatment trends of greater growth and survival of four of five tree species and manioc biomass were also observed. Fertilization increased the biomass of competing vegetation, but there was a fertilizer by N₂-fixer interaction as I. edulis caused a reduction in competing biomass in the fertilized treatment. After one year, fertilization increased decomposition of the mulch such that Ca, Mg, and N contents within the mulch all decreased. In contrast, P and K contents of mulch increased in all treatments. No influence of the N₂-fixer on 0–10 cm soil N contents was observed. Two years after establishment, this agroforestry system succeeded in growing a manioc crop and leaving a well-maintained tree fallow after the crop harvest.     

Inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungi contributes to the survival of tree seedlings in a copper mine tailing

To advance our understanding of the effects of inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) on seedling colonization in mine wastelands, we conducted a field experiment in a copper tailing. Six-month-old seedlings of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) and oak (Quercus variabilis) separately inoculated with three EMF species (Pisolithus sp., Cenococcum geophilum, Laccaria laccata) were transplanted to the copper tailing. The survival rates of tree seedlings were monitored monthly, and growth (biomass and height), contents of nutrients and heavy metals (K, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn), and mycorrhizal infection rates of seedlings were determined 6 months after planting. Oak seedlings exhibited higher survival rates than pine seedlings after 6 months of growth on the tailing. EMF inoculations of pine seedlings significantly enhanced their survival, growth, and nutrient uptake. In contrast, EMF inoculations of oak seedlings improved growth only in terms of biomass. Additionally, EMF inoculation caused pine seedlings to accumulate more Cu and Zn in roots compared to non-inoculated seedlings, whereas inoculation inhibited the accumulation of heavy metals in shoots. However, similar results were not observed in oak seedlings. Observations of roots indicated that the rates of mycorrhizal infection of both tree species had dramatically declined at harvest time. In conclusion, ectomycorrhizal symbioses can improve the survival and performance of pine seedlings in mine tailings. The present study provided direct evidence of the importance of EMF inoculation of seedlings to the reforestation of mine wastelands.     

Seasonal nutrient dynamics in white pine and white spruce in response to environmental manipulation

Seasonal retranslocation in white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) was examined in response to silvicultural treatments (scarification, annual fertilization application, and annual control of competing vegetation with herbicide) that changed both environmental conditions and the growth rate of the trees. Four years after plantation establishment and initial treatment, nutrient accumulation in current-year needles of white pine and retranslocation from 1-year-old needles were increased following the vegetation control treatment, which increased resource availability (nutrients, water and light) and, hence, growth rate. Nutrient accumulation also increased in current-year white spruce needles following the same treatment, whereas retranslocation decreased in 1-year-old white spruce needles. Correlations of retranslocation (N, P and K) with growth rate (shoot biomass increment) showed a strong positive relationship for white pine and a negative relationship for white spruce. Retranslocation of K was correlated with foliar and soil K concentrations; the availability of this nutrient was also significantly reduced by vegetation control. A general theory for the control of nutrient retranslocation in conifers, which is not based exclusively on either sink strength or soil nutrient availability, is proposed. We conclude that retranslocation response is species specific and related to the potential phenotypic growth response to changing environmental conditions and to short-term imbalance in the supply versus the demand for nutrients.     

海南木莲人工林生物量及养分分配

本文测定并分析了海南尖峰岭地区３０年生的热带乡土树种海南木莲人工林生物量及其估算模型，论述了生物量及其养分分配规律。指出：海南木莲各器官及整株生物量模型以幂函数模型Ｗ＝ａ（Ｄ２Ｈ）ｂ比较理想；全林分的总生物量为１４４．０６６ｔ／ｈｍ２，其中地上部分生物量８９．９３５ｔ／ｈｍ２。乔木层生物量占７８．８１％，林下植物层占２１．１９％；在乔木层中，树干、树叶、树枝、树皮和树根所占的比例分别是５４．１２７％、２．３５４％、７．７６２％、９．３７０％和２６．３８８％；乔木层中，各器官的养分含量，除Ｃａ外，都是叶比其它器官（枝、皮、干、根）的养分含量高许多，Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ５个常量养分元素在海南木莲人工林生物体中的总贮量分别为５５７．７５４，２４．３３０，５９９．９０８，２７５．５５７，６４．１０３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，各养分贮量在各器官中分布，除Ｐ外，从小到大为树叶、树枝、树皮、树干、树根