落叶松人工林、皆伐迹地及农田土壤碳及肥力的差异

采集东北地区落叶松人工林、皆伐迹地和农田不同深度土壤进行分析,以便确定森林皆伐、农田化过程中土壤碳及肥力变化及其垂直剖面差异。结果表明:1)4个地点林地0~20 cm土层有机碳储量平均为93.0 t·hm-2,显著高于农田57%和皆伐地24%,而深层(20~80 cm)农田土壤有碳储量均值大多高于林地和皆伐迹地(P<0.05),但是后二者差异大多不显著;无机碳较有机碳低3个数量级,且与有机碳变化趋势相反,但对土壤碳收支影响较小。2)农田0~20 cm土壤全氮和碱解氮储量分别较林地低52%和65%(P<0.05),较皆伐迹地低30%和86%(P<0.05),但深层呈农田高于林地与皆伐迹地的趋势;农田0~20 cm土壤全钾储量高于林地39%(P<0.05),深层差异呈变小趋势;不同土层及不同处理方式之间土壤全磷储量均未产生显著变化。3)农田0~20 cm土壤密度显著高于林地(27%)(P<0.05)和皆伐迹地(15%)(P<0.05),但是深层差异不显著;不同土层林地、皆伐迹地和农田土壤pH值和电导率差异均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。综合来看,不同处理对土壤的影响表层大于深层且差异明显,多数指标在农田、林地、皆伐迹地间变化趋势表层与深层不同甚至相反。     

皆伐与不同迹地清理方式对杉木林土壤物理性质的影响

以福建省三明市将乐国有林场内的杉木林作为研究对象,采用环刀法对皆伐与不同迹地清理方式下杉木林的土壤物理性质进行研究,旨在为杉木林的科学经营提供理论依据。结果表明:不同深度土层中,皆伐后1、3月的土壤容重均高于皆伐前;随着皆伐后时间的推移,同一土层中的毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、土壤含水率和总孔隙度呈现逐渐递减的趋势。同一土层中(除0~5 cm),不同迹地清理方式下样地的土壤容重存在显著差异,其中,采用炼山清理后的迹地土壤容重明显高于采用带状整地清理的迹地;不同深度土层中,对于土壤的毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和土壤含水率等土壤水分物理性质,炼山处理后的结果均低于带状整地方式。     

柳杉人工林皆伐后初期土壤有机碳和微生物量碳动态

本文研究了华西雨屏区柳杉人工林皆伐后1年内土壤有机碳和微生物量碳动态。结果表明:柳杉人工林皆伐林地土壤平均有机碳含量比对照(未皆伐林地)减小2.01 gC.kg-1,但差异不显著,而土壤平均有机碳储量及微生物量碳分别比对照减少20.97 tC.hm-2、6.68 mg.kg-1(P0.05);皆伐林地土壤有机碳含量及微生物量碳均随季节的变化而逐渐降低,但有机碳储量随季节的变化无明显减少趋势;皆伐林地土壤四季的有机碳含量、碳储量和微生物量碳差异不显著。皆伐对柳杉人工林土壤有机碳储量的影响主要表现在0~20 cm土层(P0.05);皆伐林地和对照在0~40 cm土层的微生物量碳和有机碳含量都表现出显著相关性(P0.05),但对照的相关性高于皆伐林地。总之,柳杉人工林转变为采伐迹地后,其初期土壤有机碳储量和微生物量碳都明显减少。     

皆伐前后尾叶桉人工林林地植被组成的变化

通过对短轮伐期尾叶桉人工林皆伐作业前后林地植被变化的调查分析，结果表明：皆伐后，由于林地生境条件改变，使林地植物群落组成发生了变化，有一部分植物消失（消失种）、一部分植物增加（侵入种），大部分植物保留下来（保留种）。灌木层种数减少，草本层种数增加。为减小皆伐对林地生态环境的负面影响（主要是植被和水土流失），有利于植被的尽快恢复，建议皆伐后迹地清理方式采用沿等高线分布的带堆法，避免采用火烧法。     

藏东南冷杉林采伐迹地土壤线虫群落特征

调查藏东南亚高山地带急尖长苞冷杉林皆伐迹地及林地0～30cm土层的土壤线虫群落,分离得到线虫14496条,隶属于2纲6目65属,线虫个体密度平均为989条·(100g)-1干土,表层(0～5cm)土壤中线虫个体数量占总数的48.60%,表聚性明显。Boleodorus、Helicotylenchus为优势属。植食性线虫是主要营养类群,非植食线虫中食细菌性线虫所占比例最大。土壤有机质以细菌分解途径为主。冬季的线虫多样性指数及均匀度指数明显高于春季;丰富度指数季节间差异不显著(P>0.05)。不同土层间多样性指数、丰富度指数值随土层加深而减小,均匀度指数、优势度指数值则随土层加深而增大,0～5cm土层与25～30cm土层的4个指数值差异均显著(P<0.05)。总之,采伐迹地土壤线虫群落特征具有指示森林生态系统演替过程及所受干扰程度的潜力。     

不同经营方式对杉木林采伐迹地土壤C储量的影响

多年定位观测的数据对比分析结果表明:湖南会同22年生杉木林采伐前,林地土壤(0～60 cm)层中的C储量为160.38 t·hm-2,100%皆伐后一年林地土壤(0～60 cm)层中的C储量损失率为35.00%,二年后损失率为44.65%,三年后损失率为43.93%;与对照林林地土壤相比,50%间伐和100%皆伐后三年,林地土壤(0～60 cm)层中的C储量损失率分别为16.14%和45.15%;4种不同经营方式的采伐迹地土壤(0～60 cm)层中的C储量有明显的差异,大小次序为:已郁闭杉木林林地(108.20 t·hm-2)＞农用后撂荒地(92.68 t·hm-2)＞经济林栽培地(85.80 t·hm-2)＞自然更新采伐迹地(80.29 t·hm-2).未烧地土壤(0～45 cm)层中C储量为73.36 t·hm-2,比火烧地高出了15.20 t·hm-2,火烧后40天内林地土壤(0～45 cm)层中C储量的损失率为20.7%;杉木林地土壤表层(0～15 cm)的C含量明显高于其它层次,其C储量占土壤(0～60 cm)层C储量的30.04%,土壤(0～30 cm)层中的C储量占53.52%.     

寒温带冻土区火烧木管理方式对土壤呼吸及其组分的影响

【目的】研究大兴安岭冻土区兴安落叶松林火烧迹地不同火烧木管理方式对土壤呼吸速率及组分的影响,探讨土壤呼吸与土壤温度和含水率的相关性,旨在为火烧后森林恢复与重建提供理论依据。【方法】以寒温带冻土区兴安落叶松林2009年火烧迹地为对象,使用LI-8100土壤呼吸速率测定系统,于2016和2017年生长季观测土壤呼吸速率,同时测定10 cm深处土壤温度和含水率季节变化,比较不同火烧木管理样地(火烧木皆伐,2009C;火烧木择伐,2009S;火烧木未伐,2009N)与对照样地(未火烧未采伐,2009CK)的土壤温度和含水率变化对土壤呼吸速率的影响。【结果】观测期内,4类样地土壤呼吸速率(R_S)与土壤异养呼吸速率(R_H)表现为2009S2009N2009CK2009C;土壤自养呼吸速率(R_A) 2016年表现为2009N2009S2009CK2009C,2017年表现为2009CK2009N2009S2009C。4类样地均呈土壤异养呼吸速率贡献率(C_H)大于自养呼吸速率贡献率(C_A)。C_A在对照样地最大(23.75%),在火烧木皆伐样地最小(16.04%),表现为2009CK2009N2009S2009C。4类样地R_S及其组分与10 cm深处土壤温度(T_(10))极显著正相关(P0.01)。火干扰降低了R_S及其组分与10 cm深处土壤温度的敏感系数。【结论】在冻土区兴安落叶松林,火烧增加了R_S与R_H,火烧木择伐进一步增加了R_S和R_H(P0.05)。火烧木皆伐会降低R_S及其组分,且2009C样地的土壤R_A显著低于2009CK(P0.05)。火干扰降低了土壤自养呼吸速率贡献率,火烧木采伐对此进一步降低,且采伐强度越大时降低越多。4类样地土壤呼吸速率及其组分与10 cm深处土壤温度显著正相关(P0.01)。3类火烧木管理样地的土壤呼吸速率及其组分对温度的敏感度均低于对照样地。火烧迹地土壤呼吸速率及其组分与10 cm深处土壤含水率的正相关性不显著。     

不同土地利用类型对土壤氮素的影响

选取林地、园地和耕地3种土地利用类型,分析禹州市褐土土壤中氮素含量的研究结果表明:0～15 cm土层中,矿化氮含量为:林地>园地>耕地;土壤表层(0～5 cm)硝态氮含量林地最高,显著高于园地和耕地,而土壤表层铵态氮含量园地和林地显著高于耕地;不同土层中的,林地、园地和耕地的硝态氮和铵态氮含量差异显著(P<0.05)。在林地和园地0～5 cm土层中,硝态氮含量显著高于10～15 cm土层,而耕地中硝态氮含量无显著差异,其中林地的硝态氮含量随土壤深度的增加而降低。3种土地利用类型铵态氮含量主要集中分布在土壤0～10 cm土层中。     

浅谈采伐迹地的清林作业

在择伐迹地上进行伐区清理时对那些不影响目的树种生长及森林更新的下未予以保留、对那些不更新造林的成区、采取简单散铺的办法。在皆伐迹地的清理,实行采前清、改变阳带宽度,阴带下木保留。调整清林进程。     

皆伐对杉木林土壤物理性质的短期影响

用环刀采集皆伐半年后的杉木林皆伐迹地土壤剖面0～5、5～10、10～15、15～20、20～25、25～30、30～35、35～40、40～45、45～50、65～70和90～95 cm土层的土样,测定其土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度和毛管持水量等。结果表明:随着土层深度的增加,皆伐迹地的土壤容重和毛管孔隙度增加,非毛管孔隙度波动性下降,总孔隙度和毛管持水量下降后微升;与杉木林地表土层的土壤相比,皆伐迹地表土层土壤的容重、孔隙度和毛管持水量均有所下降。     

皆伐炼山对华西雨屏区杉木人工林碳库的影响

人工林生态系统的C储量是陆地生态系统碳库之一,皆伐炼山所造成的环境负效应值得深思.本文以华西雨屏区28 a生杉木人工林为研究对象,旨在阐明皆伐和炼山对杉木人工林生态系统C库的影响.结果如下：（1）皆伐所造成的干材C转移量为85.9（±7.6）t·hm-2、（2）炼山所造成的采伐剩余物、林下层植物和凋落物C量损失分别为8.8（±0.3）t·hm-2、0.19（±0.02）t·hm-2和2.80（±0.08）t·hm-2、（3）炼山能显著降低0 ～60 cm层的土壤有机碳含量,其C损失量为39.5（±1.0）t·hm-2.炼山造成的采伐剩余物、林下层植物、凋落物和土壤有机质燃烧所释放CO2量为188.1 t·hm-2.在全球气候变化情景下,人工林皆伐炼山所造成的环境负效应不容忽视.     

Effects of forest-fuel harvesting on the amount of deadwood on clear-cuts

Forest residue left after clear-cutting is increasingly being used as biofuel in Sweden. Deadwood is an important habitat for many species and a crucial resource for forest biodiversity. On eight clear-cuts in eastern central Sweden, the amount of Picea abies (L.) Karst. deadwood left on the ground was compared with the amount collected in piles for fuelwood extraction. It was found that 65% of the volume, 77% of the surface area and 84% of the pieces of slash were to be extracted. In another study on 23 clear-cuts in the same region, it was found that 36% of the logs left outside piles after clear-cutting were later removed. These studies indicate that a considerable amount of potential substrate is lost during slash extraction.     

Effects of the clear-cutting of a Douglas-fir plantation (Pseudotsuga menziesii F.) on the chemical composition of soil solutions and on the leaching of DOC and ions in drainage waters

The effects of the clear-cutting of a 70-year-old Douglas-fir plantation on the chemical composition of soil solutions and on leaching of nutrients in drainage waters were observed by a continuous monitoring, six years before and three years after the cutting. Forest harvesting was made with very limited soil disturbances. Results showed that the concentration of weakly fixed solutions did not change but that the concentration of gravitational solutions of the upper soil layers drastically fell down after the cutting. The limited increase in nutrients leached with drainage waters was only due to the increase in the water flux, which is difficult to quantify because of the presence of ground vegetation. The monitoring of numerous fluxes before and after the clear-cutting could explain the specific behaviour of the soil solutions. The limited losses of nutrients the after clear-cutting in a potentially responsive ecosystem were unexpected. The initial hypothesis was that the decrease in the mineralization and nitrification rates observed after the cutting was related to a stimulating effect of Douglas-fir on the activity of soil nitrifyers.     

Impact of slash removal,drag scarification,and mounding on lodgepole pine cone distribution and seedling regeneration after cut-to-length harvesting on high elevation sites

Excessive slash loading could pose a problem for the regeneration of the serotinous lodgpole pine especially in forests at higher elevation where soil temperature is limiting. In the past, these forests have commonly been harvested using full-tree harvesting where trees are processed at roadside; however, recently cut-to-length harvesting has become a more frequent harvesting method. In cut-to-length harvesting the harvested trees are processed in the block, as a result slash accumulation is much higher on these cutblocks. In an experimental field trial, the cone distribution, natural lodgepole pine regeneration, and the growth and establishment of planted lodgepole pine were evaluated in response to slash load, drag scarification, and mounding after cut-to-length harvesting of high elevation lodgepole pine stands in the Rocky Mountains. Twelve sites were established, each contained six plots which were randomly assigned to six treatment combinations of two slash removal (slash and slash removed) and three mechanical soil preparation treatments (no soil preparation, drag scarifying, and mounding). The slash removal reduced slash volume by more than 50% but also reduced the number of lodgepole pine cones available for regeneration by over 33%. However, soil mechanical treatments offset this effect as fewer cones were necessary to achieve high natural pine regeneration densities. Drag scarification of plots resulted in 12 times the number of pine seedlings compared to the non-prepared plots. Although slash removal did not have an effect on the number of naturally regenerated lodgepole pine seedlings, it had a positive effect on their growth performance. Conversely, planted pine seedlings had lower mortality and better growth in soils that had been mechanically prepared and had the slash removed; however, the growth effects became only apparent 4 years after planting. While slash removal and mechanical soil preparation did increase soil temperatures; the slash removal treatment had a more transient effect on soil temperatures than soil preparation. Differences in soil temperature decreased over time which appeared to be mostly driven by a warming of the soils in the plots with no soil preparation, likely a result of the decomposition of the finer slash and feathermosses. Overall, it appears that surface disturbance on these high elevation sites had a far greater effect on lodgepole pine regeneration and growth than the increased accumulation of slash as a result of cut-to-length harvesting.     

炼山对华西雨屏区杉木林采伐迹地土壤理化特征的影响

炼山在华西雨屏区造林时广泛应用,杉木林采伐迹地炼山后的土壤理化性质研究鲜有报道.本文以华西雨屏区28 a生杉木林（对照）及其采伐迹地为研究对象,通过传统的炼山方式后采样测定土壤pH值、全N、P、K及其有效性以及Ca和Mg含量等,旨在阐明炼山对华西雨屏区杉木采伐迹地土壤的理化性质短期效应.结果表明：炼山能显著提高土壤pH值,能显著增加土壤0～40 cm层的全N含量.不同土层的P含量对炼山的响应不同,炼山后表层土（0 ～20 cm）的全K含量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,中层土（20 cm～40 cm）是先下降、后增加,底层土（40 cm～60 cm）持续下降.炼山后土壤中速效N、有效P的含量均先增加、后降低,而速效K的含量先下降,后增加.炼山后的土壤表层Ca含量显著增加,但对土壤中层和底层土的Ca含量影响趋势无规律.土壤各层中的Mg含量在炼山后明显下降.     

皆伐方式对小兴安岭低质林土壤呼吸的影响

针对小兴安岭低质林分,采用不同的皆伐方式,利用LI-8100碳通量自动监测系统在春、夏、秋、冬4个季节对低质林分土壤呼吸进行观测,运用统计分析的方法,分析皆伐方式对土壤呼吸的影响和不同皆伐方式的土壤呼吸产生差异的原因.结果显示:试验区土壤呼吸夏季最大,冬季最低.春季和秋季因土壤温度和湿度差异不大使土壤呼吸相差较小;对于水平带同一条皆伐带,土壤呼吸并无显著性差异,并且不同的带宽对土壤呼吸的影响也不显著;垂直带随海拔升高土壤呼吸呈现波动性,总体趋势随海拔升高土壤呼吸逐渐降低,但是差距较小;水平带、垂直带和林窗的年土壤呼吸量分别为1.184,1.426,1.179 kgCO2·m-a-1,垂直带最高,水平带次之,林窗最低.影响垂直带土壤呼吸的关键因素是土壤温度,林窗则是土壤湿度,而水平带土壤温度和湿度的条件则介于垂直带和林窗之间.这说明在不同的皆伐方式条件下,影响土壤呼吸的关键因素并不完全相同.     

Clear-cutting reduces nitrate leaching in a pine plantation of high natural N status

Following the tree harvest, the biogeochemistry of a catchment is modified by changes in soil temperature and moisture, and nutrient cycling. We monitored soil-solution and stream-water chemistry, and soil properties in a Pinus radiata D. Don plantation in New Zealand before and after clear-cutting and replanting in 1997. The annual rainfall during the study was 1440–1860 mm. The soil was a 1800-year-old pumice soil of high natural N status; the catchment had received large inputs of volcanic N in rain, probably over the 1800 years since the pumice had been deposited. The leaching loss of nitrate-N was 28 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in 1996, and then decreased sharply after clear-cutting to 3 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in 1998 and <1 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in 1999. Weed growth and soil microbial biomass increased during this time, and would have removed much of the N from soil solution in the upper soil layers. Although the catchment was small (8.7 ha), there was a 2-year lag until N decreased in stream-water; the losses of dissolved organic N to stream-water were low. There was no change in soil pH over the 4 years, but spring-water pH appeared to increase, which was consistent with the increase in bicarbonate that accompanied grass/weed growth. The export of cations (mmol_c l⁻¹) in the spring-water was Na>Ca>Mg=K as expected for rhyolitic pumice, and the total concentration was probably controlled by the accompanying anions. The export of anions was NO₃=Cl>SO₄=HCO₃ before harvest and HCO₃=Cl>SO₄=NO₃ after harvest.     

The impact of forest clear-cutting on soil temperature: a comparison between before and after cutting,and between clear-cut and control sites

Soil temperature is one of the most important factors governing biological activity in the soil. This study was conducted to investigate how forest clear-cutting changes soil temperature. Soil temperatures at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0m depths were measured in two neighboring forest watersheds (35°12N, 140°06E) in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, from 1994 to 2000. One watershed was clear-cut 5 years after the observations began. After clear-cutting, the annual mean soil temperature at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0m depths rose by about 2.2, 2.0, 1.7, and 1.4°C, respectively. The maximum respective soil temperatures rose by about 3.2, 3.0, 2.2, and 1.8°C. The minimum soil temperature rose slightly (1°C). The range of temperatures increased by 3.0, 2.4, 1.6, and 1.4°C, respectively. In our study, forest clear-cutting raised maximum and average soil temperatures but hardly changed minimum soil temperature. This is probably because solar radiation dominated in the summer season and increased soil temperature; on the other hand, net long-wave radiation, and releases of latent and sensible heat from the soil surface, were predominant in the cool season.     

皆伐对细叶龙竹林分生长的影响研究

研究了不同皆伐方式、不同皆伐季节、不同伐桩高度、不同施肥方法以及不同松土深度对细叶龙竹林生长的影响。结果显示:小面积皆伐有利于机械化采伐作业,可降低劳动成本,提高劳动生产率,在生产上宜选择带状皆伐方式,带宽以8~12 m为佳;皆伐季节宜在冬季进行;伐桩高度以保留5~10 cm为宜;皆伐后进行伐桩施肥效果好于土壤施肥,以施复合肥为好;竹林伐后进行垦覆有利于竹林生长,松土深度应在20 cm以上。