微生物混合发酵去除生豆粕中胰蛋白酶抑制剂的研究

利用生物发酵法,对筛选出的对豆粕中胰蛋白酶抑制剂有分解破坏作用的3种微生物菌种进行混合发酵,对发酵条件进行研究,得到最佳的发酵工艺为:基质为豆粕,通气量为60g干料/500ml广口瓶,料水比为1:1,接种量为酵母菌y-0214%、y-0282%、乳酸菌Lc2%,起始pH值自然,起始温度为30℃,发酵72h后豆粕中胰蛋白酶抑制剂被完全分解除去。     

黑曲霉发酵豆粕的研究

以发酵豆粕蛋白含量作为指标,从5株真菌中筛选出一株有较强分解能力,能显著提高发酵豆粕蛋白质含量的黑曲霉菌株。通过正交实验对影响其发酵豆粕的因素:发酵时间、接种量、料水比、起始温度和发酵量进行优化,得到最佳的发酵工艺条件:接种量0.5%、料水比1:1、发酵时间3d、温度35℃、发酵量20g(直径7cm×高8cm罐头瓶中)。发酵后豆粕中粗蛋白从发酵前43.5%提高到60.13%,增加了38.23%(P<0.01)。氨基酸含量比发酵前提高了35.76%。同时经黑曲霉发酵后豆粕中的主要抗营养因子也得到很大程度的降解。发酵前后胰蛋白酶抑制剂含量从1720TIU/mg下降到480TIU/mg;植酸含量从9.513mg/g下降到0.535mg/g;脲酶活性由0.136到完全被分解;大豆凝血素(效价)由10240下降到80。     

豆粕固态限定发酵和强化发酵的研究

本文采用短乳杆菌、酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和地表芽孢杆菌进行豆粕固态限定发酵和强化发酵的研究,对发酵过程中小分子蛋白含量、菌量、pH及胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性等进行了测定.结果表明:纯菌条件下,接种短乳杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌实验组限定发酵的小分子蛋白含量分别为31.0%和28.3%,高于接种酵母菌试验组的22.4%.且小分子蛋白积累高峰时间为48～72 h;接种地表芽孢杆菌实验组的胰蛋白酶抑制剂降解率高于接种短乳杆菌或酵母菌实验组.豆粕天然发酵试验组的小分子蛋白含量和胰蛋白酶抑制剂降解率分别为22.2%和44.1%.接种短乳杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌试验组的小分子蛋白含量和胰蛋白酶抑制剂降解率分别为32.4%、99.5%和29.3%、99.7%.表明接种强化发酵有助于小分子蛋白含量的提高和胰蛋白酶抑制剂的降解.     

乳酸菌发酵豆粕工艺参数优化及其对豆粕营养成分的影响

试验旨在研究乳酸菌发酵豆粕工艺参数优化及其对豆粕营养成分的影响。采用单因素试验和正交试验探究发酵时间、发酵温度、乳酸菌粉接种量、液料比对发酵豆粕中粗蛋白含量的影响,优化发酵工艺参数,比较最优工艺条件下发酵前后豆粕中各营养成分的差异。结果显示,影响发酵豆粕中粗蛋白含量的因素排序为发酵时间>乳酸菌粉接种量>发酵温度>液料比,最优工艺参数为发酵温度32℃、乳酸菌粉接种量1.5%、发酵时间72 h和液料比0.8 L/kg。在最佳工艺条件下,发酵后豆粕中粗蛋白含量达49.64%。与发酵前相比,发酵豆粕中粗蛋白含量显著高于发酵前（P<0.05）,胰蛋白酶抑制因子含量降解率达97.32%(P<0.05)。研究表明,利用乳酸菌对豆粕进行固态发酵可进一步有效改善豆粕营养价值,提高豆粕利用率。     

发酵对豆粕中营养物质和抗营养因子的影响

利用3种酵母菌A-1、B-1、C-1和木霉S-1对豆粕进行单菌发酵。采用正交试验设计,研究豆粕在不同的菌种和发酵条件下,粗蛋白、粗纤维、胰蛋白酶抑制因子和植酸含量的变化。结果表明:发酵适宜条件为接种量6%,料水比为1∶1,发酵时间为48h,其中酵母菌A-1、B-1、C-1对提高粗蛋白和降低胰蛋白酶抑制因子和植酸效果显著,粗蛋白提高了15.84%,胰蛋白酶抑制因子降低了58.27%,植酸降低了80.11%。木霉S-1能显著降低豆粕中粗纤维含量,降低了54.74%。     

响应面法优化嗜酸乳杆菌协同发酵豆粕的条件研究

试验分别利用产α-淀粉酶、蛋白酶、植酸酶以及β-甘露聚糖酶的功能性嗜酸乳杆菌对豆粕进行协同发酵,采用单因素试验研究了菌液接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间、液料比对酸溶蛋白含量的影响。在此基础上经过Box-Behnken设计试验,建立二次回归模型,得到最佳发酵条件为菌液接种量12.3%、发酵时间78.9 h、发酵温度36.8℃、液料比0.9 L/kg。在此条件下发酵豆粕,发酵豆粕的粗蛋白含量比发酵前提高了15.13%,酸溶蛋白含量提高了66.91%,半纤维素含量下降了24.93%,游离氨基酸含量是发酵前的11.62倍,胰蛋白酶抑制剂含量下降了91.68%,脲酶活性下降了95.67%,植酸含量下降了83.87%,发酵豆粕中的活菌数为1.37×10¹⁰ CFU/g。研究表明,该复合菌株发酵模式能够有效增加豆粕的营养成分,去除抗营养因子,从而提高豆粕的利用率,为发酵豆粕的工业化生产提供参考。     

高产蛋白酶酵母菌固态发酵豆粕的工艺优化

本试验研究了高产蛋白酶酵母菌在不同条件下对发酵豆粕品质的影响。以蛋白酶活性为指标，对豆粕发酵的时间、含水量、菌液接种量和葡萄糖添加量进行优化，根据单因素试验结果设计正交试验，探究高产蛋白酶酵母菌发酵对豆粕中蛋白酶、纤维素酶、植酸酶、果胶酶活性和粗蛋白质、小分子多肽、胰蛋白酶抑制剂含量的影响。结果表明，单因素试验条件下，分别在含水量50%、菌液添加量4%、葡萄糖添加量1.5%时发酵豆粕具有最高的蛋白酶活性。以单因素试验结果设计正交试验，与对照组相比，9个试验组蛋白酶活性增长100.56%~380.13%、纤维素酶活性增长2.67%~81.77%、植酸酶活性增长53.89%~252.81%、果胶酶活性增长13.84%~70.83%、小分子多肽增长574.67%~1 981.08%、粗蛋白质含量增长9.24%~16.49%、胰蛋白抑制剂含量降低7.36%~67.39%。高产蛋白酶酵母菌发酵豆粕可以显著提升其营养价值，降低抗营养因子含量。使用高产蛋白酶酵母菌对豆粕进行发酵，若需要发酵豆粕中水解酶活性最高，发酵条件为葡萄糖1%、混合菌液2%，含水量45%，在室温下发酵5 d；需要粗蛋白质、多肽含量以及胰蛋白酶抑制剂降低率最高时，发酵条件为葡萄糖2%、混合菌液4%，含水量55%，在室温下发酵5 d。     

3种发酵增效剂提高发酵豆粕肽产量能力的研究

文章研究了3种发酵增效剂对发酵豆粕肽含量的影响。在复合菌剂接种量为0.5%,无氧发酵48 h后有氧发酵24 h条件下,以正交试验的方式对发酵增效剂在发酵豆粕基质中添加量、发酵温度、料水比进行优化。分别得到3种发酵增效剂最适宜的添加条件。发酵豆粕肽含量随3种发酵增效剂添加量增大而提高(P<0.01)。发酵增效剂Ⅰ组中,发酵温度为41℃时最佳,料水比4:6最适宜,最优条件组合发酵豆粕肽含量观测值为18.99%;发酵增效剂Ⅱ组中,发酵温度39℃或41℃时最佳,料水比3:7最适宜,优化后发酵豆粕产肽量观测值为17.57%;发酵增效剂Ⅲ组中,料水比3.5:6.5或3:7时最适宜,优化后发酵豆粕肽含量观测值为19.67%。通过抗原蛋白抽提及SDS-PAGE分析可知,在发酵基质中添加发酵增效剂可以改善豆粕中抗原蛋白降解程度。比较最适宜添加条件下3种发酵增效剂对肽含量的提高效果可知,发酵增效剂Ⅲ对发酵豆粕肽含量提高效果最佳,在39℃、3:7料水比、5kg/t添加量条件下可使发酵豆粕肽含量提高208.31%。     

混合发酵去除豆粕中抗营养因子最佳发酵条件的探究

利用多种微生物混合发酵法分解破坏豆粕中抗营养因子,对发酵条件进行探究,得到最佳发酵条件为:基础发酵料为豆粕,料水比为1∶0.8~1.0,pH7.0±0.2,温度25℃±5℃接种量芽孢杆菌H-4262.5%,酵母菌HC22%、HC52.5%,乳酸菌HZ-132.0%发酵48h翻料1次,终止时间为72h,翻料料温60℃,在以上条件下发酵豆粕其抗营养因子被分解去除。     

混合菌株发酵豆粕生产复合蛋白粉研究

以虾壳发酵液和豆粕为原料,根据影响发酵效果的几个因素,设计6组实验,通过测定系列指标,比较不同处理组豆粕的发酵效果。结果表明,发酵豆粕(复合蛋白粉)与原料豆粕相比,感官良好,带有酒香的浓郁酸香味,胰蛋白酶抑制因子和植酸含量显著降低(P<0.05),酸溶蛋白、游离氨基酸、小肽含量显著升高(P<0.05),蛋白质含量显著升高(P<0.05),说明经过混菌发酵,豆粕的营养价值得到极大提高。在各实验组中,以实验5组效果最佳,该组的发酵参数是:发酵原液pH值6.5,添加未灭菌豆粕,料液比为1:1.8,酿酒酵母接菌量为豆粕质量的15%,发酵后12 h添加豆粕质量10%的葡萄糖,发酵温度35℃,发酵时间48 h。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.