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1.
David Fangueiro Henrique Ribeiro João Coutinho Laura Cardenas Henrique Trindade Cristina Cunha-Queda Ernesto Vasconcelos Fernanda Cabral 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2010,46(4):383-391
The following six pig slurries obtained after acidification and/or solid/liquid separation were used in the research: original
(S) and acidified (AS) pig slurry, nonacidified (LF) and acidified (ALF) pig slurry liquid fraction, and nonacidified (SF)
and acidified (ASF) pig slurry solid fraction. Laboratory incubations were performed to assess the effect of the application
of these slurries on N mineralization and CO2 and N2O emissions from a sandy soil. Acidification maintained higher NH4
+-N contents in soil particularly in the ALF-treated soil where NH4
+-N contents were two times higher than in LF-treated soil during the 55–171-day interval. At the end of the incubation (171 days),
32.9 and 24.2 mg N kg−1 dry soil were mineralized in the ASF- and SF-treated soils, respectively, but no mineralization occurred in LF- and S-treated
soils, although acidification decreased N immobilization in ALF- (−25.3 mg N kg−1 soil) and AS- (−12.7 mg N kg−1 soil) compared to LF- (−34.4 mg N kg−1 soil) and S-treated (−18.6 mg N kg−1 soil) soils, respectively. Most of the dissolved CO2 was lost during the acidification process. More than 90% of the applied C in the LF-treated soil was lost during the incubation,
indicating a high availability of the added organic compounds. Nitrous oxide emissions occurred only after day 12 and at a
lower rate in soils treated with acidified than nonacidified slurries. However, during the first 61 days of incubation, 1,157 μg N
kg−1 soil was lost as N2O in the AS-treated soil and only 937 in the S-treated soil. 相似文献
2.
The effect of increasing amounts of glucose and mineral N on the behaviour of atrazine was studied in two soils. One had
been exposed to atrazine under field conditions (adapted soil), the other had not (non-adapted soil), resulting, respectively,
in an accelerated degradation of atrazine in the adapted soil and in a slow degradation of the herbicide in the non-adapted
soil. The dissipation of 14C-atrazine via degradation and formation of non-extractable "bound" residues was followed during laboratory incubations in
soils supplemented or not with increasing amounts of glucose and mineral N. In both soils, glucose added at rates of up to
16 g C kg–1 soil did not modify atrazine mineralization but increased the formation of bound residues; this was probably due to the retention
of atrazine by the growing microbial biomass. Atrazine dealkylation was enhanced when a large amount of glucose was added.
In both soils, the addition of the largest dose of mineral N (2.5 g N kg–1 soil) decreased atrazine mineralization. The simultaneous addition of glucose and mineral N enhanced their effects. When
the largest doses of mineral N and glucose were added, atrazine mineralization stopped in both soils, and the proportion of
bound residues increased. Glucose and mineral N additions influenced atrazine mineralization to a greater extent in the adapted
soil than in the non-adapted one, as revealed by ANOVA, although glucose addition had a greater effect than N. The competition
for space and nutrients between atrazine-degrading microorganisms and the total heterotrophic microflora probably contributed
to the decrease in atrazine mineralization.
Received: 9 June 1998 相似文献
3.
Bigwaneza Pierre Celestin Fortin Josée Antoun Hani Ndayegamiye Adrien Côté Denis 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2003,38(4):191-199
Soil samples were collected in plots from a field experiment in maize monoculture receiving 0, 60 and 120 m3 ha-1 liquid pig manure (LPM) for 19 years. Soils were sampled from the 0- to 20-cm layer in August and October 1997 and in June, July and September 1998. Subsurface samples were also evaluated in September 1998. Laboratory soil radiorespirometry was used to evaluate atrazine mineralization using [U-ring-14C]-atrazine mixed with commercially available product. The effect of atrazine dose (50, 100 and 500 mg atrazine kg-1 soil) was evaluated on soils sampled in August 1997. For the other sampling dates, the soils were spiked with 50 mg atrazine kg-1 soil. No LPM dose effect on atrazine mineralization was obtained in the different experiments. Increasing atrazine dose to 500 mg kg-1 decreased significantly the mineralization rate (Ri) and the maximum of atrazine mineralized (MAX), while the time needed to mineralize 50% of MAX (DT-50%) was not significantly affected. Sampling time had a significant effect on atrazine mineralization. Atrazine mineralization in the soils sampled in June 1998 showed lower Ri and MAX than in the soils sampled at the other dates. Atrazine mineralization in subsurface soils (20–60 cm) was very variable and quite high in some samples. This may be due to atrazine pre-exposure in subsoils resulting from atrazine deep movement by preferential flow. 相似文献
4.
Crop residues and fertilizer nitrogen influence residue decomposition and nitrous oxide emission from a Vertisol 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Wisal Muhammad Sarah M. Vaughan Ram C. Dalal Neal W. Menzies 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2011,47(1):15-23
Crop residues with high C/N ratio immobilize N released during decomposition in soil, thus reducing N losses through leaching,
denitrification, and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted for 84 days under controlled conditions (24°C and moisture content
55% of water-holding capacity) to study the influence of sugarcane, maize, sorghum, cotton and lucerne residues, and mineral
N addition, on N mineralization–immobilization and N2O emission. Residues were added at the rate of 3 t C ha−1 to soil with, and without, 150 kg urea N ha−1. The addition of sugarcane, maize, and sorghum residues without N fertilizer resulted in a significant immobilization of
soil N. Amended soil had significantly (P < 0.05) lower NO3−–N, which reached minimum values of 2.8 mg N kg−1 for sugarcane (at day 28), 10.3 mg N kg−1 for maize (day 7), and 5.9 mg N kg−1 for sorghum (day 7), compared to 22.7 mg N kg−1 for the unamended soil (day 7). During 84 days of incubation, the total mineral N in the residues + N treatments were decreased
by 45 mg N kg−1 in sugarcane, 34 mg kg−1 in maize, 29 mg kg−1 in sorghum, and 16 mg kg−1 in cotton amended soil compared to soil + N fertilizer, although soil NO3−–N increased by 7 mg kg−1 in lucerne amended soil. The addition of residues also significantly increased amended soil microbial biomass C and N. Maximum
emissions of N2O from crop residue amended soils occurred in the first 4–5 days of incubation. Overall, after 84 days of incubation, the
cumulative N2O emission was 25% lower with cotton + N fertilizer, compared to soil + N fertilizer. The cumulative N2O emission was significantly and positively correlated with NO3−–N (r = 0.92, P < 0.01) and total mineral N (r = 0.93, P < 0.01) after 84 days of incubation, and had a weak but significant positive correlation with cumulative CO2 in the first 3 and 5 days of incubation (r = 0.59, P < 0.05). 相似文献
5.
This study examines the effects of atrazine on both microbial biomass C and C mineralization dynamics in two contrasting agricultural
soils (organic C, texture, and atrazine application history) located at Galicia (NW Spain). Atrazine was added to soils, a
Humic Cambisol (H) and a Gleyic Cambisol (G), at a recommended agronomic dose and C mineralization (CO2 evolved), and microbial biomass measurements were made in non-treated and atrazine-treated samples at different time intervals
during a 12-week aerobic incubation. The cumulative curves of CO2–C evolved over time fit the simple first-order kinetic model [Ct = Co (1 − e
−kt
)], whose kinetic parameters were quantified. Differences in these parameters were observed between the two soils studied;
the G soil, with a higher content in organic matter and microbial biomass C and lower atrazine application history, exhibited
higher values of the total C mineralization and the potentially mineralizable labile C pool than those for the H soil. The
addition of atrazine modified the kinetic parameters and increased notably the C mineralized; by the end of the incubation
the cumulative CO2–C values were 33–41% higher than those in the corresponding non-added soils. In contrast, a variable effect or even no effect
was observed on the soil microbial biomass following atrazine addition. The data clearly showed that atrazine application
at normal agricultural rates may have important implications in the C cycling of these two contrasting acid soils. 相似文献
6.
The abandonment of cultivated wetland soil increased the contents of light fraction organic matter (LFOM), heavy fraction
organic matter (HFOM) and soil organic matter (SOM). The LFOM and HFOM content increased to 13.3 g kg−1 and 62.4 g kg−1 after 5 years whereas they were 8.4 and 47.9 g kg−1 after 9 years of cropping, respectively. Fourteen years after abandonment, HFOM content increased to 104.3 g kg−1. LFOM was positively correlated with HFOM (p < 0.001). A Langmuir equation was used to calculate the highest HFOM value. The value for the natural wetland soil was closed
to this theoretical value (140.8 g kg−1). After 14 years of abandonment, the HFOM maximum (HFOMMax) value was lower than the equilibrium value suggesting that a further increase in HFOM can occur after abandonment. Assuming
a linear accumulation (3.87 Mg C ha−1yr−1), it would take approximately 24 years after the abandonment to reach the HFOMMax value. 相似文献
7.
H. Niknahad Gharmakher J. M. Machet N. Beaudoin S. Recous 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(3):297-304
A 25-week laboratory study was carried out to determine sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen mineralization rates in soil samples
obtained from representative soils in France. Their relationship with some of the soil properties was investigated to find
a predictor of mineralized S in soils. At 20°C and 80% water-holding capacity, the S mineralization rate ranged from 0.02
to 0.16 mg kg−1 day−1. It was significantly positively related to soil organic C and N and to C and N mineralization rates. It was weakly related
to total soil S. The results suggest that the S mineralization is predominantly driven by heterotrophic microbial activity.
A predictive equation for S mineralization based on soil C content, soil pH, and clay content is proposed. 相似文献
8.
A critical assessment of soil amendments (slaked lime/acidic fertilizer) for the phytomanagement of moderately contaminated shooting range soils 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Hector M. Conesa Mirjam Wieser Björn Studer Maria N. González-Alcaraz Rainer Schulin 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2012,12(4):565-575
Purpose
The effects of the addition of an acidic fertilizer solution and/or slaked lime (5.5 g Ca(OH)2 kg−1) on a slightly acidic shooting range soil (pH 6.1, % organic carbon 5.4) with moderate metal (e.g., 620 mg kg−1 Pb) and metalloid (17 mg kg−1 Sb) concentrations on metal and Sb solubility and plant accumulation were investigated. 相似文献9.
Hardiljeet K. Boparai Patrick J. Shea Steve D. Comfort Thomas A. Machacek 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2008,193(1-4):189-196
Agrichemical spills and discharges to soil can cause point-source contamination of surface and ground waters. When high contaminant concentrations inhibit natural attenuation in soils, chemical treatments can be used to promote degradation and allow application of treated soils to agricultural lands. This approach was used to remediate soil containing >650 mg atrazine, >170 mg metolachlor and >18,000 mg nitrate kg?1. Results indicated a decrease in metolachlor concentration to <1 mg kg?1 within 95 days of chemical treatment with zerovalent iron (Fe0, 5% w/w) and aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3, 2% w/w) but after one year >150 mg atrazine and >7000 mg nitrate kg?1 remained. Laboratory experiments confirmed that subsequent additions of sucrose (table sugar) to the chemically pretreated soil promoted further reductions in atrazine and nitrate concentrations. Field-scale results showed that adding 5% (w/w) sucrose to windrowed and pretreated soil significantly reduced atrazine (<38 mg kg?1) and nitrate (<2,100 mg kg?1) concentrations and allowed for land application of the treated soil. These results provide evidence that zerovalent iron in combination with Al2(SO4)3 and sucrose can be used for on-site, field-scale treatment of pesticide- and nitrate-contaminated soil. 相似文献
10.
Meijun Cai Amy M. Johnson John S. Schwartz Steve E. Moore Matt A. Kulp 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(1):289-303
Understanding the acid-base chemistry of soil and the soil processes related to the release or retention of sulfate and nitrate
is important in order to predict watershed recovery from long-term acid deposition. Soils were sampled from the Noland Divide
Watershed (NDW), a small, high-elevation watershed in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park receiving high rates of acid
deposition over several decades. Soil samples were measured for chemical properties related to acidification and used to conduct
sulfate adsorption and nitrogen (N) incubation experiments. Shallow soil was higher in acidic and basic ions than deeper soils,
and the mean effective cation exchange capacity was 8.07, 5.06, and 3.57 cmolc kg−1 in the A, Bw, and Cb horizons, respectively. In all three soil horizons, the base saturation was equal to or below 7% and
the ratio of Ca/Al was below 0.01, indicating that the NDW is very sensitive to acid deposition. Based on results from sulfate
adsorption isotherms, the NDW has not reached its maximum sulfate adsorption saturation and is likely able to retain further
additions of sulfate. Desorption of sulfate from NDW soils is expected if sulfate concentrations in soil solution drop below
50 μeq L−1 but is highly dependent on soil pH and organic carbon content. Total soil organic N was 500 times greater than inorganic
N in the A soil horizon, and net N mineralization and nitrification remained constant during a 28-day incubation indicating
a large reservoir of N substrate for soil microbes. Nitrogen experiment results suggest that nitrate export from the watershed
is largely controlled by biological processes rather than by nitrate deposition flux. Soil data collected in this study contributes
to our understanding of biogeochemical processes affecting the response of acid-impacted ecosystems such as the NDW to future
changes in atmospheric deposition. 相似文献
11.
Marco A. Rondon Johannes Lehmann Juan Ramírez Maria Hurtado 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,43(6):699-708
This study examines the potential, magnitude, and causes of enhanced biological N2 fixation (BNF) by common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) through bio-char additions (charcoal, biomass-derived black carbon). Bio-char was added at 0, 30, 60, and 90 g kg−1 soil, and BNF was determined using the isotope dilution method after adding 15N-enriched ammonium sulfate to a Typic Haplustox cropped to a potentially nodulating bean variety (CIAT BAT 477) in comparison
to its non-nodulating isoline (BAT 477NN), both inoculated with effective Rhizobium strains. The proportion of fixed N increased from 50% without bio-char additions to 72% with 90 g kg−1 bio-char added. While total N derived from the atmosphere (NdfA) significantly increased by 49 and 78% with 30 and 60 g kg−1 bio-char added to soil, respectively, NdfA decreased to 30% above the control with 90 g kg−1 due to low total biomass production and N uptake. The primary reason for the higher BNF with bio-char additions was the greater
B and Mo availability, whereas greater K, Ca, and P availability, as well as higher pH and lower N availability and Al saturation,
may have contributed to a lesser extent. Enhanced mycorrhizal infections of roots were not found to contribute to better nutrient
uptake and BNF. Bean yield increased by 46% and biomass production by 39% over the control at 90 and 60 g kg−1 bio-char, respectively. However, biomass production and total N uptake decreased when bio-char applications were increased
to 90 g kg−1. Soil N uptake by N-fixing beans decreased by 14, 17, and 50% when 30, 60, and 90 g kg−1 bio-char were added to soil, whereas the C/N ratios increased from 16 to 23.7, 28, and 35, respectively. Results demonstrate
the potential of bio-char applications to improve N input into agroecosystems while pointing out the needs for long-term field
studies to better understand the effects of bio-char on BNF. 相似文献
12.
Anna Piotrowska Jacek Długosz Barbara Namysłowska-Wilczyńska Ryszard Zamorski 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2011,47(1):101-109
We have studied spatial field-scale variability of soil dehydrogenase (DH) and cellulase activities (CEL) and their relationship
with variability of some physico-chemical properties at the surface horizon of the agricultural field. Soil samples were collected
at 50 points from the upper 20 cm of soil. The activity of DH ranged between 0.77 and 1.5 μM TPP·g−1·h−1 while CEL activity ranged from 0.8 to 1.94 μM glucose·g−1·24 h−1. Concentrations of CORG and TN varied from 8.5 to 31.7 g·kg−1 and from 0.94 to 3.56 g·kg−1, respectively. The soil data showed that spatial variability and semivariograms describe spherical and linear models with
the nugget effect (DH, CEL, CORG and TN). Dehydrogenase activity was in the strong variability class, while cellulase activity was situated in the week variability
class. Both CORG and TN concentrations and pHKCl values were strongly spatially dependent with the percentage of total variance (sill) presents as nugget variance ranging
from 8.9% to 16.1%. Kriged maps displayed the lowest values of CEL activities in the north-east of the area, while the south
area showed the highest CEL activity. The DH activity values were irregularly distributed in the surface horizon of the studied
soil and this behaviour did not correspond with the spatial distribution of other properties. 相似文献
13.
Évio E. C. Melo Luiz R. G. Guilherme Clistenes W. A. Nascimento H. G. V. Penha 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(1):233-240
Arsenic occurs in the earth's crust in various chemical forms as a result of both natural and anthropogenic sources. Soil
chemical extractions may help understand As availability, as well as the possibility of As entry into the food chain. Phytoextraction
has been proposed as a technology for remediation of As-contaminated soils. The study was carried out to assess the bioavailability
of As by extractants and to compare the performance of castor bean and sunflower for As removal from soils. Two soils were
contaminated with Na2HAsO4.7H2O adding 35 and 150 mg As dm−3 soil. Arsenic availability was assessed using the following extractants: tri-distilled water, ammonium sulfate, ammonium
phosphate, ammonium oxalate + oxalic acid, organic acids mixture, Mehlich-1, and United States Environmental Protection Agency
3051. The roots and shoots of 35-day-old plants were collected and dry matter yield as well as As concentration were determined.
The accumulation of As in shoot was also calculated in order to evaluate the plants potential for As phytoextraction. The
extractants tested were efficient to assess the concentration of available As in soil. Addition of As to the soils did not
cause severe toxicity in plants, although the dose 150 mg As dm−3 soil decreased shoot and root yield in both species. Castor bean was less sensitive to As than sunflower, but none of the
species had hyperaccumulation characteristics. These species can be used for revegetation of areas contaminated with As up
to safe limit of 150 mg As dm−3 soil, as proposed by CONAMA for industrial areas in Brazil. 相似文献
14.
Future climate change is predicted to influence soil moisture regime, a key factor regulating soil nitrogen (N) cycling. To elucidate how soil moisture affects gross N transformation in a cultivated black soil, a 15N tracing study was conducted at 30%, 50% and 70% water-filled pore space (WFPS). While gross mineralization rate of recalcitrant organic N (Nrec) increased from 0.56 to 2.47 mg N kg−1 d−1, the rate of labile organic N mineralization declined from 4.23 to 2.41 mg N kg−1 d−1 with a WFPS increase from 30% to 70%. Similar to total mineralization, no distinct moisture effect was found on total immobilization of ammonium, which primarily entered the Nrec pool. Nitrate (NO3−) was mainly produced via autotrophic nitrification, which was significantly stimulated by increasing WFPS. Unexpectedly, heterotrophic nitrification was observed, with the highest rate of 1.06 mg N kg−1 d−1 at 30% WFPS, contributing 31.8% to total NO3− production, and decreased with WFPS. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) increased from near zero (30% WFPS) to 0.26 mg N kg−1 d−1 (70% WFPS), amounting to 16.7–92.9% of NO3− consumption. A literature synthetic analysis from global multiple ecosystems showed that the rates of heterotrophic nitrification and DNRA in test soil were comparative to the forest and grassland ecosystems, and that heterotrophic nitrification was positively correlated with precipitation, soil organic carbon (SOC) and C/N, but negatively with pH and bulk density, while DNRA showed positive relationships with precipitation, clay, SOC, C/NO3− and WFPS. We suggested that low pH and bulk density and high SOC and C/N in test soil might favor heterotrophic nitrification, and that C and NO3− availability together with anaerobic condition were crucial for DNRA. Overall, our study highlights the role of moisture in regulating gross N turnover and the importance of heterotrophic nitrification for NO3− production under low moisture and DNRA for NO3− retention under high moisture in cropland. 相似文献
15.
The study examined the influence of compost and mineral fertilizer application on the content and stability of soil organic
carbon (SOC). Soil samples collected from a long-term field experiment were separated into macroaggregate, microaggregate,
and silt + clay fractions by wet-sieving. The experiment involved seven treatments: compost, half-compost N plus half-fertilizer
N, fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NP, fertilizer NK, fertilizer PK, and control. The 18-year application of compost increased
SOC by 70.7–121.7%, and mineral fertilizer increased by 5.4–25.5%, with no significant difference between control soil and
initial soil. The C mineralization rate (rate per unit dry mass) in microaggregates was 1.52–2.87 mg C kg−1 day−1, significantly lower than in macroaggregate and silt + clay fractions (P < 0.05). Specific C mineralization rate (rate per unit SOC) in silt + clay fraction amounted to 0.48–0.87 mg C g−1 SOC day−1 and was higher than in macroaggregates and microaggregates. Our data indicate that SOC in microaggregates is more stable
than in macroaggregate and silt + clay fractions. Compost and mineral fertilizer application increased C mineralization rate
in all aggregates compared with control. However, compost application significantly decreased specific C mineralization rate
in microaggregate and silt + clay fractions by 2.6–28.2% and 21.9–25.0%, respectively (P < 0.05). By contrast, fertilizer NPK application did not affect specific C mineralization rate in microaggregates but significantly
increased that in silt + clay fractions. Carbon sequestration in compost-amended soil was therefore due to improving SOC stability
in microaggregate and silt + clay fractions. In contrast, fertilizer NPK application enhanced SOC with low stability in macroaggregate
and silt + clay fractions. 相似文献
16.
C. Alejandra Villamar Teresa Cañuta Marisol Belmonte Gladys Vidal 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(1):363-369
Since swine wastewater is used by farmers for soil fertilization, evaluation of toxic compounds or micro-contaminants of separate
streams is required. This paper uses the toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedure for the physicochemical and ecotoxicological
characterization of swine wastewater. To distinguish the most important toxic compounds, a physicochemical characterization
and phase I-TIE procedure were performed. The acute toxic effect of swine wastewater and treated fractions (phase II-TIE)
were evaluated using Daphnia magna determining 48-h LC50. Results show a high level of conductivity (23.5 μS cm−1), which is explained as due to the concentration of ions, such as ammonium (NH4+–N 1.6 g L−1), sulfate (SO42− 397.3 mg L−1), and chlorine (Cl− 1,230.0 mg L−1). The acute toxicity of the swine wastewater was evaluated on D. magna (48-h LC50 = 3.4%). Results of the different water treatments indicate that anionic exchange treatments could reduce 22.5% of swine
wastewater’s acute toxicity by reducing chlorine (to around 51%) and conductivity (8.5%). On the other hand, cationic exchange
treatment increased acute toxicity on D. magna (% RT = −624.4%), by reducing NH4+–N (around 100%) and total nitrogen (95.5%). This finding suggests that part of the toxicity comes from anionic compounds,
such as chlorine. 相似文献
17.
Morten S. Nielsen 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(5):984-990
Mineralization and sorption of 14C-ring labeled herbicide 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) were quantified along with the tfdA gene abundance in 7 different soils. The soils tested were five gravel soils from urban locations, one soil from the embankment of a railway track, and finally an agricultural soil as a control. The mineralization experiments were performed with a concentration of MCPA of 5 mg/kg and incubated at 10 °C for a period of 60 days.With Kd values ranging from 0.04 to 0.41 l kg−1 the sorption experiments revealed that binding of MCPA to the six gravel soils was lower compared to the control soil which had a Kd value of 0.91 l kg−1. The potential for MCPA mineralization varied from less than 5 to over 55% mineralized in 60 days. The most rapid MCPA mineralization was observed in the soil from the Danish railway tracks with 55% mineralized after only 18 days. The mineralization data was fitted to degradation kinetic models, which indicated that growth occurred as a response to MCPA degradation in most of the soils.Soil DNA was extracted and tfdA genes responsible for the first step in MCPA degradation were quantified by real-time PCR (qPCR) at appropriate time points throughout the mineralization experiments. Indicating growth of specific MCPA degraders, the abundance of class III tfdA genes showed an increase during MCPA mineralization in those soils able to mineralize MCPA.These findings emphasize the importance of the presence of microorganisms that are able to readily degrade MCPA, to avoid groundwater leaching following use on urban gravel areas that possess low binding ability of the compound. 相似文献
18.
Marcel Brokbartold Mareike Wischermann Bernd Marschner 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(1):199-213
Red lead (Pb3O4) has been used extensively in the past as an anti-corrosion paint for the protection of steel constructions. Prominent examples
being some of the 200,000 high-voltage pylons in Germany which have been treated with red lead anti-corrosion paints until
about 1970. Through weathering and maintenance work, paint compounds and particles are deposited on the soils beneath these
constructions. In the present study, six such “pylon soils” were investigated in order to characterize the plant availability
and plant uptake of Pb, Cd, and Zn. For comparison, three urban soils with similar levels of heavy metal contamination were
included. One phase extractions with 1 M NH4NO3, sequential extractions (seven steps), and extractions at different soil pH were used to evaluate the heavy metal binding
forms in the soil and availability to plants. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine heavy metal uptake by Lolium multiflorum and Lactuca sativa var. crispa in untreated and limed red lead paint contaminated soils. Concentrations of Pb and Zn in the pylon soils were elevated with
maximum values of 783 mg Pb kg−1 and 635 Zn mg kg−1 while the soil Cd content was similar to nearby reference soils. The pylon soils were characterized by exceptionally high
proportions of NH4NO3-extractable Pb reaching up to 17% of total Pb. Even if the relatively low pH of the soils is considered (pH 4.3–4.9), this
appears to be a specific feature of the red lead contamination since similarly contaminated urban soils have to be acidified
to pH 2.5 to achieve a similarly high Pb extractability. The Pb content in L. multiflorum shoots reached maximum values of 73 mg kg−1 after a cultivation time of 4 weeks in pylon soil. Lime amendment reduced the plant uptake of Pb and Zn significantly by
up to 91%. But L. sativa var. crispa cultivated on soils limed to neutral pH still contained critical Pb concentrations (up to 0.6 mg kg−1 fresh weight). Possible mechanisms for the exceptionally high plant availability of soil Pb derived from red lead paint are
discussed. 相似文献
19.
Stylianos Liodakis Charalampos Michalopoulos Elpida Efthymiou Georgios Katsigiannis 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(1):169-179
One of the main environmental impacts of concentrated animal feeding operations is the soil degradation in vicinity with the
livestock breeding facilities due to substances such as ammonia emitted from the various stages of the process. Owing to the
high temperatures of the Mediterranean ecosystems, the evolution of gasses is more extensive and the soil degradation is consequently
more severe than those obtained in northern Europe. In this research, the soil degradation effects of a large meat-producing,
processing, and packaging unit have been investigated. The investigated intensive hog farming operation (IHFO) is located
at a limestone soil coastal area with sea to the north and hills to the south. Soil samples of the upper mineral soil were
taken in various distances and directions from the IHFO boundaries. Thirteen experimental cycles were carried out in the duration
of 1.5 years starting in March 2009 until October 2010. The soil samples were analyzed on pH and electrical conductivity (EC)
values as well as NH4
+ and NO3
− concentrations. Significantly higher concentrations of the two nitrogen forms were observed on samples at increasing proximity
downwind from the farm (south). Southern soil average NH4
+ and NO3
− concentrations ranged between 0.4–118 μg NH4
+-N g−1 soil and 6.1–88.4 μg NO3
−-N g−1 soil, respectively. The variation of emitted gasses depositions was clearly reflected in the average pH and EC values. Average
pH and EC values downwind from IHFO boundaries varied between 7.1–8.2 and 140–268 μS/cm, respectively. 相似文献
20.
Role of organic fractions on C decomposition and N mineralization of animal wastes in soil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The relative contributions of water-soluble, water-non-soluble, Van Soest-soluble, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) fractions
of pig slurry (PS), cattle slurry (CS), cattle farmyard manure (FYM), and composted cattle farmyard manure (CFYM) to the overall
C and N mineralization of the raw wastes were studied by incubating treated soil for 107 days at 15°C under non-limiting N
conditions. The C or N mineralization of soluble fractions was calculated from the difference between C or N mineralization
of the raw and non-soluble fractions. The organic N content of raw wastes ranged from 15 to 32 mg N g−1 dry matter and organic C to organic N ratio from 13 to 29. The water-soluble fraction (SOLW) was close to 100 mg C g−1 raw waste C for CS, FYM, and CFYM but reached 200 mg C g−1 for PS. The Van Soest-soluble fraction (SOLVS) was the main fraction for PS, CS, and CFYM (>500 mg C g−1 raw waste C) but only 303 mg C g−1 raw waste C for FYM. Both soluble and non-soluble fractions contributed to C decomposition of slurries, with half to more
than half of the decomposed C derived from the degradation of soluble compounds. Most of the C decomposed from FYM was derived
from the large NDF fraction, but the contribution from the water-soluble C to the decomposition was also significant. Carbon
mineralization of CFYM was due to the degradation of the NDF fraction, whereas soluble C did not contribute. Amounts of N
mineralized or immobilized by raw wastes and non-soluble fractions at the end of incubation were significantly correlated
(P < 0.01) with their organic C to organic N ratio. The contribution of the Van Soest-soluble fraction to N mineralization varied
greatly between the four wastes. Finally, large differences in the C degradability and N availability of the water and Van
Soest-soluble fractions were demonstrated. 相似文献