Expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) in the dog intestine

In this study, the expression and distribution of monocarboxyolate transporter 1 (MCT1) along the intestines (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum) of dogs were investigated at both the mRNA and protein levels. The expression of MCT1 protein and its distribution were confirmed by Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining using the antibody for MCT1. We identified mRNA coding for MCT1 and a 43-kDa band of MCT1 protein in all regions from the duodenum to the rectum. Immunoreactive staining for MCT1 was also observed in epithelial cells throughout the intestines. MCT1 immunoreactivity was greater in the large intestine than in the small intestine. MCT1 protein was predominantly expressed on the basolateral membranes along intestinal epithelial cells, suggesting that MCT1 may play an important role in lactate efflux and transport of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) to the bloodstream across the basolateral membranes of the dog intestine.     

精料补饲水平对藏羊屠宰性能和器官发育的影响

选用40只初始体重为(30.21±1.42)kg的9月龄欧拉型藏羊(Oura-type Tibetan sheep,OTTS)(高原型)羯羊,随机分为4组,每组10只,在放牧的基础上每只羊每天分别补饲0、0.1、0.2和0.3 kg精料,预试期15 d,正试期195 d,旨在研究精料补饲水平对藏羊屠宰性能和器官发育的影响。结果表明:补饲精料显著提高了OTTS的屠宰性能(P<0.05);提高了其头、皮+毛、心脏、肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、大肠占体质量的百分比(P>0.05),降低了胃、小肠、胃肠道及其内容物占体质量的百分比(P>0.05);提高了胃内容物占总胃肠道内容物的百分比及大肠内容物占整个肠道内容物的百分比(P>0.05);降低了肠道占体长的倍数;提高了胃的容积(P>0.05)。初步说明,冷季补饲精料可提高OTTS屠宰性能,刺激器官发育,改变胃肠道内容物的分布。本研究为高海拔地区发展藏羊产业、改善藏羊器官发育和调控其胃肠道内容物分布提供理论依据。     

绵羊妊娠期生殖组织Flt-1基因的克隆及其组织表达量的检测

试验从雌性绵羊妊娠期不同阶段的输卵管、子宫内膜、卵泡组织中提取总RNA,根据已发表的绵羊Flt-1基因的cDNA序列设计引物,以β-Actin基因为内参,采用RT-PCR扩增绵羊Flt-1基因,将扩增产物克隆于载体后进行序列分析,并应用Kodak Science 1 D、Bandscan图像分析软件,推断出不同组织中Flt-1基因的表达量。结果表明,从雌性绵羊妊娠期不同阶段生殖道各组织上皮均获得82 bp的Flt-1基因的扩增片段,且Flt-1基因在雌性绵羊生殖道各组织内的表达量不同。说明Flt-1基因对绵羊的妊娠维持起着重要的作用。     

Comparison of the distribution of carbonic anhydrase isozymes (CA-I, CA-II, CA-III) in the rat gastrointestinal tract.

The present paper described the immunohistochemical distributions of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes. CA-I, CA-II and CA-III, in the epithelium lining the rat gastrointestinal tract, with rabbit antibodies to equine CA-I, CA-II and CA-III. Prior to the immunohistochemical examinations, the crossreactivities of these antibodies to the rat-antigens were confirmed in this study. In the stomach, surface epithelial cells and parietal cells of the glandular region showed an immunoreactivity only to CA-II. In the large intestine, each immunoreactivity to CA isozyme (CA-I, CA-II and CA-III) was localized in the upper portion of intestinal glands, and decreased toward the distal digestive tract, but absent in the small intestine. The present histological findings suggested that the CA isozymes might play a role in the ion-transportation during the water absorption in the rat large intestine.     

膨化秸秆微生物发酵饲料对杜寒杂交肉羊生长性能和胃肠道发育的影响

[目的] 研究膨化秸秆微生物发酵饲料对杜寒杂交肉羊生长性能和胃肠道发育的影响。[方法] 选择81只3月龄、体重为（23.0±1.0）kg的杜寒杂交羔羊,随机分为对照组（70%精料+30%干秸秆）、试验Ⅰ组（70%精料+30%膨化秸秆微生物发酵饲料）和试验Ⅱ组（70%精料+30%膨化秸秆微生物发酵饲料,添加占日粮总蛋白浓度10%的膨化缓释尿素,NPN≥100%）。试验期为75 d,预饲期为15 d,正饲期为60 d。分析育肥羊的增重,胃肠道组织重量和表观形态。[结果] 膨化秸秆微生物发酵饲料极显著（P<0.01）提高试验组羊的采食量和日增重。试验组羊的大肠重,消化道总重和瘤胃容积均显著（P<0.05）高于对照组,试验Ⅱ组羔羊瘤胃内壁颜色优于其他组。[结论] 膨化秸秆微生物发酵饲料促进了育肥羊生长性能和胃肠道发育,试验Ⅱ组的作用更明显。     

GHSR—1a在奶山羊胃肠道的分布与表达

试验采用免疫组织化学、Real—timePCR和Western blotting方法测定ghrelin的功能性受体GHSR-1a（Growth hormone seeretagogue receptor-1a,GHSR-1a）在奶山羊胃肠道的分布和表达。免疫组织化学结果显示,GHSR—1a免疫阳性细胞广泛分布于奶山羊胃肠道。在皱胃主要定位于黏膜层和肌层;瘤胃、网胃和瓣胃黏膜层及肌层中也可见GHSR-1a免疫阳性细胞;在小肠主要位于十二指肠、空肠和回肠的黏膜层、黏膜下层和肌层;在结肠、盲肠和直肠GHSR—1a免疫阳性细胞也有广泛分布;GHSR—1a主要表达于内在神经丛神经细胞、胃底腺上皮细胞、肠腺上皮细胞、复层鳞状上皮细胞、平滑肌细胞中。real—timePCR和Westernblotting结果显示,皱胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、结肠和直肠GHSR—1a的表达水平相对较高,显著高于瘤胃、网胃和瓣胃的表达（P〈0．05）。结果表明,ghrelin可能通过GHsR-1a对奶山羊胃肠功能具有重要的调节作用。     

Involvement of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the regulation of migrating motor complex (MMC) in sheep

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the role of nitric oxide (NO) synthase isoforms (nNOS, eNOS, and iNOS) in the regulation of the migrating motor complex (MMC) in sheep using electromyography and their expression in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by Western blot (WB) and immunohistochemistry. Intravenous administration of L-NAME or the nNOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) decreased the MMC interval. Myoelectric activity of intestinal phase II was increased, whereas antral activity was reduced. These effects were blocked by L-arginine. Inhibitors of either iNOS (aminoguanidine and S-methylisothiourea) or eNOS (L-NIO) were ineffective. The NO donor sodium nitroprusside decreased GI myoelectric activity, inhibited the MMC pattern, and prevented the effects induced by L-NAME and 7-NI in the intestine. Intracerebroventricular administration of these agents did not modify GI motility. In the rumen, abomasal antrum, duodenum, and jejunum, WB showed three bands at about 155, 145, and 135kDa corresponding to nNOS, and a 140-kDa band (eNOS); however iNOS was not detected. Positive nNOS immunostaining was observed in neurons of the myenteric and submucous plexus of all GI tissues, while eNOS was found in the endothelial cells, ruminal and intestinal epithelium, as well as in some enteric neurons and in endocrine-like cells of the duodenal Brunner's glands. In contrast, only weak iNOS immunoreactivity was found in ruminal epithelium. Taken together, our results suggest that NO, synthesized at a peripheral level by nNOS, is tonically inhibiting the MMC pattern and intestinal motility in sheep.     

Fatty acid‐binding protein expression in the gastrointestinal tract of calves and cows

Fatty acid‐binding protein (FABP) has high affinity for long‐chain fatty acids and appears to participate in the metabolism and intracellular transport of lipids. Liver‐ and intestinal‐type FABP (L‐FABP and I‐FABP, respectively) are expressed in the small intestine. However, in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, expression and localization of FABPs are unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression of I‐FABP and L‐FABP in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle. I‐ and L‐FABP had higher messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels in the duodenum and jejunum relatively to other gastrointestinal regions in both calves and cows. Furthermore, L‐FABP mRNA and protein expression were high in the colon. Both these protein types were confirmed to be in the cytosol of jejunal epithelial cells, where they were found in the villi rather than in the crypts. We concluded that duodenal and jejunal FABPs might be involved in the metabolism of fatty acids mainly in epithelial cells in cattle.     

小尾寒羊ACAA1基因CDS克隆及组织表达谱分析

为探索乙酰辅酶A酰基转移酶1（acetyl-coenzyme A acyltransferase 1,ACAA1）基因的生物学功能,明确该基因在小尾寒羊不同组织中的表达差异,试验采集小尾寒羊心脏、肝脏、胃、十二指肠、小肠、背最长肌、皮下脂肪组织,提取总RNA,根据GenBank中公布的绵羊ACAA1基因序列（登录号：XM_004018227.3）设计引物,利用RT-PCR和分子克隆技术获得小尾寒羊ACAA1基因完整CDS,并对其进行生物信息学分析;利用实时荧光定量PCR检测该基因在小尾寒羊不同组织中的表达差异。结果显示,小尾寒羊ACAA1基因CDS长为1 071 bp,编码356个氨基酸;小尾寒羊ACAA1基因氨基酸序列与绵羊、山羊同源性最高,约为100%,与食蟹猴、狒狒和野猪的同源性均为93.0%;系统进化树结果显示,小尾寒羊与绵羊、山羊位于同一分支,亲缘关系较近,与穿山甲、狒狒的亲缘关系较远;各物种间同源性较高,保守性较强。ACAA1蛋白分子质量约为36.92 ku,分子式为C₁₆₀₃H₂₆₃₈N₄₅₈O₅₀₁S₁₈,理论等电点为7.48,半衰期为30 h,消光系数为9 440,稳定系数为40.88,脂溶系数为92.67,亲水性氨基酸残基约占58%,为不稳定的碱性脂溶性亲水蛋白;不存在跨膜结构与信号肽,不是分泌蛋白;主要分布在过氧化物酶体,存在25个磷酸化位点、3个潜在的N-糖基化位点和4个O-糖基化位点。ACAA1蛋白二级结构含有α-螺旋（37.92%）、β-折叠（12.64%）和无规则卷曲（49.44%）,三级结构预测结果与其一致。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,ACAA1基因在小尾寒羊不同组织中均有表达,其中在肝脏、皮下脂肪、小肠中表达量相对较高。本试验结果为进一步探索小尾寒羊ACAA1基因生物学功能及筛选与肉质性状相关的候选基因提供依据。     

Experimental transmission of abnormal prion protein (PrPsc) in the small intestinal epithelial cells of neonatal mice

Using an immunohistochemical method, we attempted to detect the transmission of abnormal prion protein (PrPsc) to the enterocytes of the small intestine of neonatal mice by oral exposure with sheep brain affected by scrapie. Five 1-day-old neonatal mice were exposed by oral inoculation to the homogenized brain of a scrapie-affected sheep. In the small intestine of all mice 1 hour after inoculation, immunoreactivity with antinormal prion protein (PrPc) antibody was seen in the cytoplasm of villus enterocytes. This finding suggests transmission of abnormal PrPsc into the cytoplasm of enterocytes. In control mice treated with normal sheep brain, no PrPc signal was seen in enterocytes of the small intestine. Immunopositivity for neurofilament protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein was seen in the cytoplasm of enterocytes of mice inoculated with scrapie and normal sheep brain. This suggests that the enterocytes of neonatal mice can absorb PrPsc and other macromolecular proteins of the sheep brain affected by scrapie and may be more important than previously thought as a pathway for PrPsc transmission in neonatal animals.     

马身猪和大白猪不同组织DECR1基因的表达

旨在研究DECR1基因在猪不同组织和品种中mRNA和蛋白水平的表达规律,探讨该基因与脂肪代谢的关系。以山西马身猪与大白猪为试验材料,提取肝脏、心脏、肾脏、脾脏、肺脏、胃、小肠、皮下脂肪和背最长肌组织的总RNA和总蛋白,应用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测DECR1基因在2个品种各组织中mRNA的相对表达量,采用Western blot技术对各组织中DECR1蛋白进行半定量分析。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示:DECR1基因在各组织中均有表达,组织之间的表达量存在极显著差异(P<0.01),DECR1基因在肝脏、皮下脂肪与心脏中为高丰度表达;在不同品种的皮下脂肪组织中,大白猪DECR1的mRNA表达极显著高于马身猪(P<0.01)。Western blot检测结果显示:DECR1在各组织中均有表达,不同组织的表达量存在极显著差异(P<0.01),在皮下脂肪、肝脏与小肠中高表达;不同品种的皮下脂肪组织中,大白猪DECR1蛋白的表达显著高于马身猪(P<0.05)。猪DECR1基因在不同组织的表达差异可能与脂肪代谢和脂肪沉积有关。     

Orexin and orexin receptor like peptides in the gastroenteric tract of Gallus domesticus: An immunohistochemical survey on presence and distribution

This study reports the immunohistochemical localization and distribution of orexin A and B-like and their receptors-like peptides in the gastroenteric tract of chicken. The immunoreactivity is distributed in endocrine cells, nerve fibers and neurons, both in the stomach and intestine, and shows a discrete conformity with the data till now reported for Mammals. Our study suggests a possible participation of orexin-like peptides in the modulation of chicken gastroenteric activities and the preservation of their main distribution compared to Mammals. Western blot analysis has confirmed the presence of prepro-orexin and both receptors in the examined tissues.     

半体内法研究DL-蛋氨酸和过瘤胃蛋氨酸的稳定性

选择带有瘤胃、十二指肠前端和回肠末端瘘管、体况良好的 4头肉牛 ,通过小尼龙袋法 ,研究DL Met、吸附MHA、动物油包被Met和脂肪酸包被Met在瘤胃和肠道中的消失率和利用率。结果表明 ,DL Met在瘤胃中 4h便完全消失 ,不宜直接饲喂反刍动物 ;吸附MHA和动物油包被Met稳定性最好 ,脂肪酸包被Met次之 ;几种形式Met在瘤胃、瘤胃后、小肠、大肠和总消化道中的消失率以及蛋氨酸在肠道的利用率差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。     

Infectivity of scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) following in vitro digestion with bovine gastrointestinal microbiota

The influence of a complex microflora residing in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle on the prion protein plays a crucial role with respect to early pathogenesis and the potential infectivity of faeces resulting in contamination of the environment. It is unknown whether infectious prion proteins, considered to be very stable, are inactivated by microbial processes in the gastrointestinal tract of animals during digestion. In our previous study it was shown that the scrapie-associated prion protein was degraded by ruminal and colonic microbiota of cattle, as indicated by a loss of anti-prion antibody 3F4 immunoreactivity in Western blot. Subsequently, in this study hamster bioassays with the pre-treated samples were performed. Although the PrP(Sc) signal was reduced up to immunochemically undetectable levels within 40 h of pre-treatment, significant residual prion infectivity was retained after degradation of infected hamster brain through the gastrointestinal microflora of cattle. The data presented here show that the loss of anti-prion antibody 3F4 immunoreactivity is obviously not correlated with a biological inactivation of PrP(Sc). These results highlight the deficiency of using Western blot in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies inactivation assessment studies and, additionally, point to the possibility of environmental contamination with faeces containing PrP(Sc) following an oral ingestion of prions.     

Expression of mRNA for sodium-glucose transporter 1 and fatty acid translocase in the ruminant gastrointestinal tract before and after weaning

The mRNA expression of sodium‐glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and fatty acid translocase (CD36) in the gastrointestinal tract of Holstein cattle and Saanen goats before and after weaning was investigated. Before weaning, the expression of both SGLT1 and CD36 was highest in the jejunum, relative to the other parts of the gastrointestinal tract in both species. The expression of SGLT1 and CD36 in the duodenum was second highest in the goats. After weaning, SGLT1 and CD36 expression in the small intestine significantly decreased in both species. The expression of both types of transporters was also detected in the forestomach. From these results, it was concluded that the jejunum is probably the major absorption site for glucose and long‐chain fatty acids before weaning, and that the expression of both types of transporters decreases after weaning in cattle and goats.     

猪囊尾蚴小热休克蛋白的免疫原性研究

利用反转录聚合酶链式反应（RT—PCR），从猪囊尾蚴虫体中扩增出小热休克蛋白（small Heat shock protein，sHSP）基因，克隆至原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1，在大肠杆菌BL21中以GST融合蛋白的形式表达。SDS-PAGE分析证明，表达产物为64Ku的融合蛋白，经凝胶扫描分析，表达量约占菌体可溶性蛋白的30％。免疫学分析（Western blot，ELISA）结果表明，sHSP能与猪囊尾蚴血清反应。将表达产物点电泳后切胶回收免疫小鼠，进行Western blot和ELISA检测，其抗血清能与猪囊虫粗抗原及纯化的sHSP重组融合蛋白产物发生免疫学反应。该研究为丰富新的诊断试剂和免疫用重组抗原具有重要意义，同时，预测糖基化、磷酸化作用在sHSP实现生物学功能方面也具有广泛的意义。     

湖羊羔羊不同强制补饲方式效果对比试验

湖羊养殖在我国己形成一条产业链,对助力脱贫攻坚向乡村振兴有效衔接具有重要意义。但是在生产实践中发现湖羊羔羊产羔多,成活率低,生长发育慢,母羊乳房炎发病率高。近年来采取强制补饲技术提前锻炼羔羊的消化系统,取得了较好的效果。本研究在规模化湖羊养殖场开展了精料与精料+牧草两种强制补饲饲喂方式对比,从羔羊生长速度、消化道生长发育、屠宰性能和胃肠道的组织形态学等方面进行了比较,发现精料+牧草的早期强制补饲方式效果明显好于单纯的精料组。研究结果为规模化湖羊养殖场提高羔羊的成活率、降低母羊乳房炎发病率,促进湖羊养殖提质增效具有十分重要的意义。