秸秆添加对土壤微生物–根系形态介导的番茄磷吸收的影响

  【目的】  研究了添加秸秆后土壤微生物(包括解磷微生物)丰度、磷有效性的动态变化,以及作物根系的生长发育特征对作物磷吸收的影响。  【方法】  以番茄 (Solanum lycopersicum)为供试作物进行田间试验,设置添加秸秆和不添加秸秆对照两个处理,在番茄移栽后第15、30及45 天,测定了番茄地上部生物量、磷含量和根系形态,同时测定了土壤微生物数量(细菌、真菌、解磷微生物)、微生物生物量磷和速效磷含量,分析了微生物?根系–作物磷吸收的关系。  【结果】  添加秸秆提高了成熟期番茄的地上部生物量,显著提高了叶片和地上部的磷吸收量,地上部(叶+茎+果实)总磷吸收量较不加秸秆番茄增加21.8%。与无秸秆对照处理相比,添加秸秆处理提高了土壤细菌以及具phoD,phoC和pqqC功能基因的解磷微生物丰度,增加了微生物量磷。添加秸秆处理降低了移栽后15 天番茄根系生物量和组织密度,增加了根系比根长,降低了移栽后15到30 天的番茄根系生长。番茄移栽后第30 天到45 天,土壤细菌、真菌丰度下降,微生物量磷降低,丰富的解磷微生物以及微生物量磷降低介导的磷活化,驱动番茄根系生长加快,比根长增加,根系直径降低。根系生长与土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)相关性显著。  【结论】  添加秸秆初期微生物增生导致番茄根系生长缓慢,后期微生物量磷的降低和解磷微生物对磷的活化促进细根的快速伸长。秸秆还田激发微生物量磷活化协同根系高效磷吸收特征,促进成熟期番茄地上部磷吸收的增加。     

施磷对玉米吸磷量、产量和土壤磷含量的影响及其相关性

为了给玉米磷高效利用提供理论依据, 在低磷土壤(Olsen-P 4.9 mg·kg^-1)上, 通过田间试验, 研究了施磷0(T₀)、50 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2(T₁)、100 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2(T₂)、200 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2(T₃)、1 000 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2(T₄)对两个玉米品种"鲁单9002" (LD9002)、"先玉335"(XY335)的产量、磷素吸收利用及根际磷动态变化的影响。结果表明: 两玉米品种根际土、非根际土速效磷含量在不同生育时期都表现为T12O₅)·hm^-2的T₃处理非根际土转化为根际土土壤磷的量最大, 同时玉米生物量、产量、磷转移量也达到最高, 而施磷1 000 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2处理玉米生物量、产量与中磷水平相比没有显著增加, 但植株吸磷量较高。XY335的花后磷转移量小于LD9002。相关分析表明, LD9002根际土、非根际土速效磷含量与茎、叶吸磷量之间显著相关, 以播种后79 d与茎、叶磷浓度、吸磷量、生物量、产量之间的相关系数最高; 而XY335根际土、非根际土速效磷含量与茎、叶磷浓度之间显著相关, 在播种后47 d期间与茎、叶磷浓度、吸磷量、生物量、产量之间的相关性最好。因此, 在低磷土壤上, LD9002和XY335分别在播种后79 d和47 d时是植株对磷的敏感期, 可以通过测试根际土、非根际土速效磷含量来反映土壤的供磷状况; LD9002在79 d时最大吸磷量需要的根际土、非根际土速效磷含量分别为54.95 mg·kg^-1、32.99 mg·kg^-1, XY335品种在47 d时最大吸磷量需要的根际土、非根际土速效磷含量分别为51.24 mg·kg^-1、35.35 mg·kg^-1; 施磷量1 000 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2处理两品种玉米产量、生物量、磷积累量与施磷量100~200 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2处理没有显著差异。     

我国籽实和饲草谷子土壤有效磷丰缺指标和推荐施磷量

为了给我国谷子测土施磷提供科学依据,采用“零散实验数据整合法”和“养分平衡—地力差减法新应用公式”,开展了我国谷子土壤有效磷丰缺指标和推荐施磷量研究。结果表明,我国谷子土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)第1至5级丰缺指标依次为≥45、14～45、5～14、2～5和<2 mg/kg;当磷肥利用率20%时,目标产量3～7.5 t/hm²籽实谷子第1～5级土壤推荐施磷量分别为0、15～38、30～75、45～113和60～150 kg/hm²;目标产量6～15 t/hm²干草谷子第1～5级土壤推荐施磷量依次为0、15～38、30～75、45～113和60～150 kg/hm²;目标产量15～45 t/hm²青贮谷子第1～5级土壤推荐施磷量分别为0、13～38、26～77、38～115和51～153 kg/hm²。初步建立了我国籽实和饲草谷子土壤有效磷丰缺指标推荐施肥系统,为我国谷子测土施磷奠定了科学基础。     

磷肥减施对玉米根系生长及根际土壤磷组分的影响

【目的】 我国农业过量和不合理施用磷肥现象普遍存在,导致磷资源的浪费,对环境也造成潜在威胁。研究减少磷肥用量对玉米产量、根系形态及根际中磷转化特征的影响,为集约化农业生产体系中磷肥合理施用提供技术基础。 【方法】 在河北省衡水小麦玉米轮作体系下连续三年进行了田间试验,在冬小麦季设置4个P₂O₅用量处理:0、112.5、150.0、187.5 kg/hm2,收获后在原处理小区免耕播种夏玉米。利用WinRHIZO根系分析系统分析获取根长、直径等数据,测定玉米籽粒产量、生物量和地上部磷含量及根际土壤中磷形态等指标。 【结果】 与农民习惯磷肥用量(P₂O₅187.5 kg/hm2)相比,3年磷肥用量减施20%~40%处理(P₂O₅150和112.5 kg/hm2),玉米籽粒产量、根系长度与直径和土壤有效磷含量尚未发生明显变化。但3年不施磷处理,根际土壤有效形态磷含量和玉米籽粒产量开始出现下降趋势。2009年和2010年玉米收获期,不施磷肥处理根际土壤有机磷含量低于非根际土壤。2008年玉米苗期和收获期土壤有机磷分组中,中等活性有机磷含量最高;磷肥减施20%~40%处理苗期根际中中等活性有机磷含量显著低于非根际土壤。土壤无机磷形态分组研究发现:从玉米苗期到收获期,各磷肥处理根际和非根际土壤中Ca₂-P下降明显;而不同磷肥处理间土壤中Ca₁₀-P、Ca₈-P、O-P (闭蓄态磷)、Al-P和Fe-P含量差异不显著。减施磷肥处理2008年玉米苗期根际土壤微生物量P含量较非根际土壤高;与习惯施肥量相比,磷肥减施未明显降低根际土壤微生物量磷。 【结论】 在华北小麦玉米轮作种植体系下,在土壤肥力水平较高地区,连续3年将小麦季磷肥的习惯用量减少20%~40%,对夏玉米产量、根系形态以及根际土壤无机磷、有机磷、微生物量磷含量影响尚不明显,因此,该地区磷肥施用量可从习惯用量的P₂O₅180 kg/hm2减至112.5 kg/hm2。     

低磷环境下接种丛枝菌根真菌促进紫花苜蓿生长和磷素吸收的机理

  【目的】  磷极易被土壤吸附和固定,导致土壤中磷有效性较低。研究接种丛枝菌根真菌 (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF) 和低磷处理两者交互对紫花苜蓿生长和磷吸收的影响,为提高碱性土壤中磷肥利用率提供理论依据。  【方法】  以黄绵土和紫花苜蓿 (Medicago sativa) 为试验材料进行盆栽试验。在施磷0、5、20 mg/kg (P0、P5、P20) 3个水平下,分别设接种和不接种丛枝菌根 Glomus mosseae BGC YN02 (+AMF、–AMF) 处理。植物生长120天后测定植株生物量、磷吸收量、AMF侵染率以及根际和非根际土壤的pH、土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、土壤有效磷含量、土壤微生物生物量磷,分析根际有机酸的组成与含量。  【结果】  +AMF处理中植物根系被AMF侵染,且施磷水平对侵染率没有显著影响;施磷和+AMF处理显著提高了植株地上部、地下部生物量以及磷含量,其中P20+AMF处理生物量和磷含量最高;根际有机酸总量随施磷水平上升而显著降低,但+AMF处理有机酸总量高于–AMF处理,其中柠檬酸和乙酸含量的变化较为明显;施磷和+AMF显著降低土壤碱性磷酸酶活性,增加土壤有效磷含量和微生物生物量磷,且低磷环境 (P0、P5) 下根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性和微生物生物量磷均显著高于非根际土;P20处理显著降低磷利用效率和磷肥利用率,+AMF处理显著提高磷肥利用率。  【结论】  碱性土壤 (黄绵土) 中,AMF和紫花苜蓿根系能建立较好的共生关系,低施磷水平 (施磷量 ≤ 20 mg/kg) 对AMF侵染率没有显著影响。施磷和接种AMF均可以显著促进紫花苜蓿生长和磷吸收。低磷环境下,接种AMF可以扩大植物根系吸收范围,同时增强根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性,促进根系分泌有机酸,特别是乙酸和柠檬酸,从而提高磷肥利用率。     

基于产量水平的内蒙古阴山地区马铃薯施肥评价

明确内蒙古阴山地区马铃薯施肥现状,为实现内蒙古马铃薯的稳产增产和养分高效利用提供理论依据。对内蒙古阴山地区连续 5年的调查数据进行分析,基于马铃薯产量确定合理施肥量,对农户实际施肥量进行评价,分析农户施肥存在的问题。旱地马铃薯平均产量 16.6 t/hm²,水浇地马铃薯平均产量 35.9 t/hm²,水浇地马铃薯产量明显高于旱地马铃薯。旱地马铃薯施氮量介于 0～ 363 kg/hm²,平均 103.6 kg/hm²;施磷量介于 0～ 354 kg/hm²,平均 75.9 kg/hm²;施钾量介于 0～ 330 kg/hm²,平均 46.0 kg/hm²。水浇地马铃薯施氮量介于 45～ 471 kg/hm²,平均 224.5 kg/hm²;施磷量介于 0～ 393 kg/hm²,平均 172.4 kg/hm²;施钾量介于 0～ 414 kg/hm²,平均 167.7 kg/hm²。马铃薯的产量和施肥量变异均很大,且氮、磷和钾用量与马铃薯产量不同步。不管是旱地马铃薯,还是水浇地马铃薯,当产量水平由低到高,施氮过量的农户总的趋势是降低的,施氮量适中的农户比例逐渐增加,施氮不足的农户比例逐渐增多;施磷量分布趋势与不同产量水平施氮量分布类似;农户施钾不平衡主要表现为施钾不足。内蒙古阴山地区有 71.6%的农户不施有机肥,且有机肥施用量很低,平均 7.1 t/hm²。内蒙古阴山地区马铃薯养分管理存在的主要问题是化肥施用过量和不足并存,有机肥施用量偏低。     

春大豆施钼条件下最适氮磷肥施用量研究

缺乏高效的养分管理技术体系,一直是制约永州地区富硒大豆产业发展的重要因素。为优化春大豆钼肥拌种条件下氮、磷肥运筹,提高养分利用效率和产量,以“湘春豆V8”为材料,通过大田小区试验探究不同氮肥和磷肥施用水平组合对春大豆产量和产量构成、干物质和养分累积量,以及养分利用效率的影响。结果表明,(1)单独采用钼肥拌种能显著提高大豆单株有效分枝数和荚果数,增幅分别达71.4% 和10.0%;显著提高大豆的生物产量和地上部分氮素累积量,增幅分别达17.8% 和22.9%。(2)处理MN1P2(80 g/100 kg 钼肥拌种+45 kg/hm² 尿素+300 kg/hm² 钙镁磷肥)和处理MN2P1(80 g/100 kg 钼肥拌种+75 kg/hm² 尿素+150 kg/hm² 钙镁磷肥)产量分别达2675.64 和2576.49 kg/hm²;两处理氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、磷肥利用率、磷利用效率分别为35.15和20.97 kg/kg、181.15% 和111.53%、14.28% 和15.94%、319.69 和450.55 kg/kg。(3)相较于当地常规施肥措施(75 kg/hm² 尿素+450 g/hm² 钙镁磷肥),MN1P2 和MN2P1 两处理施氮、磷肥减施幅度分别达40%、50% 和0%、66.7%。永州贫钼地区春大豆钼肥拌种前提下,氮、磷施用量为45 kg/hm² 尿素+300 kg/hm² 钙镁磷肥或75 kg/hm²尿素+150 kg/hm² 钙镁磷肥,可在减施氮磷肥的基础上,获得较高的产量和提高大豆养分利用率。     

不同磷肥施用量对油橄榄根际土壤微环境及生长发育的影响

探究不同磷肥施用量对油橄榄苗根系形态、根际土壤理化性质、土壤肥力相关酶活性、微生物数量、根系生理及生长发育的影响,以期确定油橄榄苗期最优的磷肥施用量,为油橄榄植株培育提供科学合理的施肥依据。结果显示:(1)增施适量磷肥可降低根际土壤pH值,提高根际土壤有机质、有效磷含量,根际土壤碱解氮含量有所下降;增施适量磷肥还可增强根际土壤碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,而脲酶活性降低;增加根际土壤细菌、放线菌、解磷菌数量及细菌与真菌比值(B/F),降低真菌数量,改善油橄榄根际土壤性质;(2)增施适量磷肥可提高油橄榄根系中脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量,增强根系活力,增加根系含水量、油橄榄根长、根表面积和根尖数,促进根系生长,优化根系空间分布;(3)增施适量磷肥使油橄榄株高、茎粗、地上部干重、根干重和根冠比均有一定程度的提高,对植株生长发育起到促进作用。比较6种不同磷肥施用量,以每株施用45 g磷肥对油橄榄幼苗根系生长发育和根际土壤微环境改善效果最佳。综上所述,增施适量磷肥可改善根际土壤理化性质和生物学特性,从而促进油橄榄根系及地上部分的生长发育。     

不同磷供应水平下小麦根系形态及根际过程的变化特征

以石麦15和衡观35两个品种小麦为试验材料,应用根袋栽培方式,研究了不同施磷量对小麦根系形态和根际特征的影响。结果表明,与施磷量P2O5 0.1 g/kg相比,高量供磷（P2O5 0.3 g/kg）条件下石麦15地上部生物量和磷累积量增加幅度大于衡观35;但不施磷处理衡观35地上部生物量降低幅度小于石麦15,磷含量和累积量高于石麦15,衡观35耐低磷能力较强。土壤供磷不足时,衡观35总根长中直径0.16 mm细根所占比例高于石麦15,根系平均直径较小;而高磷供应下,石麦15根系中直径0.16 mm细根长度较长,在总根长中所占比例较高。总根长和直径0.16 mm的细根长度与植株地上部磷累积量之间呈显著正相关关系。总根长越长尤其是细根越多,有利于促进植株对磷的吸收。与非根际土壤相比,高磷供应下根际土壤有机磷含量增加,微生物量磷含量降低;而供磷不足时根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性较高,有机磷含量较低。与施磷量P2O5 0.1 g/kg相比,高量供磷下根际土壤pH值升高、碱性磷酸酶活性下降,不施磷处理根际土壤pH值降低。本研究表明,供磷不足时,小麦根系形态和根际过程均发生适应性变化,而高量供磷条件下,小麦植株根系形态的改变因品种而异。     

氮形态和磷肥对红壤玉米根际解磷微生物群落和磷酸酶活性的影响

较低的土壤磷素有效性限制了酸性红壤生产潜力提升。作为磷素活化的主要执行者,解磷微生物对施肥和根际作用的综合响应尚不清楚。以玉米为试验材料,设置磷肥水平（施磷和不施磷）与不同氮形态（铵态氮肥和硝态氮肥）的交互试验,使用编码酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶的微生物phoC和phoD基因作为分子标记物,研究了施肥和根际作用对酸性红壤磷酸酶活性和相关功能微生物群落的影响。结果显示,根际作用显著提高了土壤磷酸酶活性,且作用强度大于氮形态和磷肥水平。氮形态、磷肥水平和根际作用均显著影响phoD细菌操作分类单元（OTU）数目和香农指数,然而仅有氮形态和根际作用影响phoC细菌OTU数目。根际作用对phoC和phoD细菌群落组成结构的影响程度显著高于氮形态和磷肥水平,而且对phoD细菌群落的作用更明显。根际磷酸酶活性提高与土壤有机质增加密切相关。phoC细菌群落组成和结构的变化主要与根际养分变化有关,而phoD细菌群落结构的变化可能是根系分泌物和养分变化共同作用的结果。总体而言,玉米根际作用对酸性红壤磷酸酶活性和相关功能细菌群落的影响大于氮形态和磷肥水平,但是其作用强度一定程度上依赖于上述施肥措施。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前,肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言,因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍,且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化,以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系,为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明,在20世纪60年代,肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍,且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前,肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%,但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比,中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入,大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年,中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明,种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性;农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大,如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比,畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说,农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响,这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.