某牛场牛新型支原体感染继发魏氏梭菌感染的诊治

2017年1月份,贵州省某牛场牛出现呼吸困难、严重腹泻等症状,为了查明病因,送检发病死亡犊牛3头进行诊断。根据临床症状、病理剖检、细菌分离培养、生化鉴定及PCR检测结果,确诊发病死亡犊牛为支原体感染继发魏氏梭菌感染。确诊后经1个月的治疗病情得到了有效控制,发病牛好转率达66%。     

犊牛腹泻病例的诊治报告

2015年11月至2016年1月,重庆市某种牛场发生犊牛腹泻病,通过临床症状、病理剖检和实验室诊断,确诊为沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和牛病毒性腹泻病毒混合感染引起的犊牛腹泻。结合该牛场的用药情况,提出治疗方案并进行治疗,直至病情得到控制。笔者分析了此次发病的原因,提出了治疗方案及相应的预防措施,以期为养殖户治疗犊牛腹泻病提供参考。     

犊牛腹泻病例的诊治报告

2015年11月至2016年1月,重庆市某种牛场发生犊牛腹泻病,通过临床症状、病理剖检和实验室诊断,确诊为沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和牛病毒性腹泻病毒混合感染引起的犊牛腹泻。结合该牛场的用药情况,提出治疗方案并进行治疗,直至病情得到控制。笔者分析了此次发病的原因,提出了治疗方案及相应的预防措施,以期为养殖户治疗犊牛腹泻病提供参考。     

白头翁汤加味治疗暴发性犊牛血痢

2004年某牛场发生一种以出血性下痢为主要症状的犊牛的流行病。12月初，该养殖场发现个别犊牛腹泻，后转为血水样下痢。用药后症状减轻，停药后又复发。12月中旬，症状剧烈，蔓延全场，16头犊牛全部发病，死亡2头，发病率100％，死亡率为12．5％。尸体剖检，除大肠黏膜水肿，弥漫性出血、充血等的病变外，其它脏器均无异常。根据流行病学、临床症状、解剖变化、治疗结果初步诊断为犊牛血痢。     

1起犊牛焦虫病的诊治

对某农户新购买的2头犊牛出现食欲不振、发热等症状的疾病进行了诊治。根据该病的病情、临床症状、剖检病变、实验室检测,诊断为牛焦虫病,并分析了发病原因,提出了具体的防控措施。     

非典型肠致病性大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及临床病例的病理学观察

2016年6月,山东泰安市一家牛场发生犊牛持续性腹泻,并引起很快死亡。[目的]:为了弄清致病原因。[方法]:根据临床症状进行了病理剖检,及时采取应对措施,组织病理学观察过程发现。[结果]:犊牛起病排黄色水样腹泻物,随后血便,并很快死亡,剖检病变为肝脏与腹膜粘连,脾脏肿大,呈暗紫色,小肠浆膜出血,腹腔内有积液;镜检病变为间质性肺炎、出血性变质性肾炎、败血脾、浆液性淋巴结炎和变质性心肌炎。根据National Center for Biotechnology Information(NCBI)中的BLAST检索结果显示,这株大肠杆菌血清型与O157:H16菌株血清型非常接近。[结论]:最终确定为非典型性大肠菌感染所致。因此,通过注射头孢噻呋钠,口服新霉素等综合防治措施,使病情得以迅速恢复。     

安格斯犊牛腹泻的病理观察、病原分离鉴定和药敏试验及防治措施

[方法]宁夏某牛场的安格斯犊牛发生了较为严重的腹泻症状,死亡率高达28%。经过对死亡病牛剖检,6头进行病理观察,采样病变心脏、肺、肝组织及肠系膜淋巴结,送至西北农林科技大学动物医学院疫病检测实验室进行分离、鉴定及药敏试验。[结果]结果表明,此次安格斯犊牛腹泻病症特殊,除腹泻症状外,在用药治疗后腹泻症状减轻,但随后出现神经症状,主要为运动障碍和神志不清,之后死亡;实验室检测的致病菌为志贺氏杆菌引起的腹泻;经药敏试验发现不同组织的敏感药物有所差异,但大观霉素具有广泛杀灭该菌的效果。[结论]依据以上试验结果并结合志贺氏杆菌的代谢和致病特征制定出预防和治疗该病的具体方案,为实际生产提供指导性意见。     

犊牛大肠杆菌病的诊治

犊牛腹泻是一种常见的犊牛疾病,一年四季均可发生,在大群饲养时,犊牛腹泻发病可达90%~100%,死亡率高达30%以上。准确掌握犊牛腹泻发生的原因,采取良好的防治措施,可有效控制该病的发生。通过某规模养殖场发病犊牛的临床症状、剖检变化及实验室检测,确诊为犊牛大肠杆菌病。确诊后采取内服促菌生、口服补液盐、药物治疗及加强饲养管理的方法,控制了犊牛大肠杆菌病,取得了较好的效果。     

新疆某规模化牛场牛病毒性腹泻/黏膜病的诊断

本试验采用现场流行病学调查、临床检查、病理剖检、病料细菌学检测及PCR检测对新疆石河子市某规模化牛场成年牛与犊牛的死亡病因进行了诊断。结果表明,该场2016年3~5月份共有67头牛发病,死亡14头,其中成年怀孕牛41头,死亡8头,病死率为19.51%;2~8周龄犊牛发病26头,死亡6头,病死率为23.07%。成年牛与犊牛均表现出体温升高、口腔溃疡、腹泻,部分成年牛表现流产、产死胎、跛行等;剖检可见病死牛肠黏膜溃疡、脱落、出血等;无菌采集病死牛心血及肝组织接种于LB肉汤培养,但未检测到相关病原菌;采用BVDV特异性引物对气管拭子和肠内容物拭子进行RT-PCR检测,得到预期286bp目的条带,与Genbank登录的部分BVDV参考株的同源性为90.6%~92.6%。最终确诊,该规模化牛场成年牛与犊牛的死亡病因主要是BVDV感染。     

一例猪魏氏梭菌病的诊治

猪魏氏梭菌病主要由魏氏梭菌引起,各年龄阶段猪均可感染发病,并表现出不同症状,中大育肥猪感染发病时无先兆性症状,而且死亡率极高。滦南县某育肥猪养殖场于2017年8月发病,结合发病情况、临床症状、剖检病变以及实验室诊断结果,综合诊断为猪魏氏梭菌病,经过采取有效措施后,该场病情得到有效控制,恢复正常生产。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.