灵芝孢子油与6种其他植物油中的脂肪酸组分的比较

对灵芝孢子油与菜籽油等6种植物油的脂肪酸组成相似性进行分析,同时探讨了红外光谱法鉴别灵芝孢子油的可行性。采用气相色谱法对灵芝孢子油及菜籽油等6种植物油脂肪酸进行了测定,并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对其信息进行采集。市售不同品牌灵芝孢子油,脂肪酸组成比较接近。脂肪酸组分聚类分析结果显示,灵芝孢子油的脂肪酸组成与菜籽油最相似,其次为花生油和橄榄油。利用1397.4 cm~(-1)、967.1 cm~(-1)、913.7 cm~(-1)处吸收峰,红外光谱法可以将灵芝孢子油与菜籽油、大豆油、玉米油、葵花籽油和橄榄油区别开来。红外光谱法可以将灵芝孢子油与菜籽油等植物油区别开来,这为灵芝孢子油鉴别提供了一种快速有效的途径。     

橄榄油 亚麻籽油对肥胖模型大鼠减肥降血脂作用研究

为了研究橄榄油、亚麻籽油、橄榄油+亚麻籽油对大鼠血脂水平的影响,将50只Wistar大鼠随机平均分为5组,其中1组做空白对照试验,饲喂普通饲料;另外4组饲喂高脂饲料,其中10只大鼠作为肥胖模型对照组,给予等容生理盐水灌胃;另外3组大鼠分别以橄榄油、亚麻籽油、橄榄油+亚麻籽油灌胃,连续60 d。试验结果显示,橄榄油组、亚麻籽油组、橄榄油+亚麻籽油组与肥胖模型组相比,均能降低其血清中的TC,TG,并升高HDL-C。其中,橄榄油+亚麻籽油组大鼠血清的TG,TC值最小,而HDL-C的值较高,说明橄榄油与亚麻籽油的配伍具有协同效应,能更好地降低血脂水平。     

意大利推出检验假橄榄油的新方法

地中海饮食有益健康,特级初榨橄榄油受热捧,然而一些商家以次级橄榄油混充,牟取高额利润。对此意大利波隆那大学推出一项可检测假油品的新方法。据了解．特级初榨橄榄油和次级油品的价差可以达到3倍,而橄榄油主要是根据酸度划分等级,一些违法业者试图把次级油品蒸馏加工,去除劣质橄榄、果实过熟、保存不佳带来的发酵异味,然后混充特级初榨的橄榄油。     

亚麻种质脂肪酸成分差异及其相关性研究

为探明亚麻种籽油脂开发利用价值,采取索氏提取法和气相色谱法对其种籽含油量、脂肪酸成分及其相关性进行了研究分析。结果表明,亚麻种籽含油量较高,最高可达39.92%,超过36.57%的有5个品种。亚麻籽油主要由棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸组成,其含量均值达99.09%,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量为84.29%~92.25%,均值达89.36%,明显高于棉花籽油、橄榄油和大豆油;其油脂多不饱和脂肪酸亚麻酸含量丰富,变幅为42.79%~57.06%,均值为49.51%,表现远高于菜籽油、大豆油、棉籽油、红花籽油、橄榄油和葵花籽油;单不饱和脂肪酸油酸则表现仅明显优于红花籽油和棉籽油。相关分析表明,亚麻籽油分与油酸、α-亚麻酸呈负相关,与亚油酸、γ-亚麻酸呈正相关;α-亚麻酸与油酸和亚油酸存在显著负相关;γ-亚麻酸与油酸、亚油酸存在正相关,其中与亚油酸达显著水平;亚油酸与油酸存在负相关。分析可见,亚麻种籽具有适宜含油量和丰富不饱和脂肪酸,其亚麻酸含量优势明显,表明优异亚麻种质对于品质育种具有重要价值,对特种食用植物油和相应高脂肪酸保健食品极具开发利用前景。     

健康油脂--橄榄油

橄榄油是一种有益于人体健康的优质高档油,目前在国际市场上呈现走俏趋势。全世界橄榄油的总产量仅占食用油脂产量的3.3%,长期以来居高不下的价格,也使得橄榄油更显得珍贵。食用橄榄油是从鲜橄榄果中直接压榨出来的油脂,富含维生素A、D、E、K、B、C及微量元素钙、磷、铁、钾、硒等,营养价值很高。橄榄油中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达80%～90%,对于调节血液胆固醇,预防心脑血管疾病具有独特疗效,在这一点上,是其他食用植物油无法比拟的。更为重要的是,橄榄油中的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸的比例接近于理想中的比例,因此,它是…     

十年种橄榄 只为“一滴油”

正有人说他傻,拼了十年栽种"一棵树";有人替他不值当,这么多年只为"一滴油"。可吉榄园(湖北)农业开发有限公司副总经理方东却说,所有的付出都很值当。为母求医,结缘橄榄油方东与橄榄的缘分,始于2002年。那年,母亲因为高血压住院,医生表示吃橄榄油可控制病情。方东在农村长大,知道麻油、花生油、菜油,但从未听过橄榄油。一打听,橄榄油要200元一斤!从这时开始,方东关注起橄榄油来。橄榄油是橄榄树果实榨出的油脂,在西方被誉为"液体黄金",具有促进血液循环、改善消化系统功能、美容、预防     

橄榄油的营养成分及其保健功能

橄榄油是地中海饮食主要的脂肪来源,其营养丰富,具有预防心脑血管疾病、糖尿病、抗肿瘤、防衰老等功能。介绍了橄榄油的分类、理化特性、营养成分及其保健功能。     

臭氧化橄榄油对不同程度奶牛子宫内膜炎治疗效果的研究

针对抗生素带来的环境污染及耐药性问题,本试验根据臭氧的杀菌原理试制出具有杀菌作用的消毒类药物——臭氧化橄榄油。以氟苯尼考、盐酸多西环素和醋酸氯己定为对照组,臭氧化橄榄油作为试验组,探究臭氧化橄榄油对不同程度子宫内膜炎奶牛的治疗效果。同时为了验证臭氧化橄榄油对子宫内膜的损害,进行了小鼠子宫内灌注试验。结果表明:臭氧化橄榄油组对于卡他性及黏液性子宫内膜炎的治疗有效率能够达到抗生素类药物的治疗效果,且无显著差异(P0.05);而对于脓性子宫内膜炎的有效率显著低于对照组(P0.05),但在治愈率方面无显著差异(P0.05)。此外,在0~80 mg/L浓度范围内,臭氧化橄榄油浓度的增加并没有引起小鼠子宫上皮细胞明显的损伤。臭氧化橄榄油在一定程度上可以代替抗生素预防及治疗治疗卡他性及黏液性子宫内膜炎。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱法在橄榄油掺假鉴别中的应用

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对橄榄油、葵花籽油、花生油、玉米油、大豆油、菜籽油、棕榈油7种食用植物油的红外光谱信息进行分析。结果表明,橄榄油的红外吸收光谱在吸收峰的位置及吸光度上均与其他种类的植物油有区别,以3005~3009 cm^-1、1117~1121 cm^-1处的吸收峰作为种类区分。模拟掺假过程,向橄榄油中掺入其他6种不同比例的低价值植物油后,发现1097、3005 cm^-1处吸收峰的峰面积与掺假百分比呈线性关系。此外,对7种食用植物油180℃加热2 h后的红外光谱图进行分析,发现968、1097 cm^-1处的吸收峰变化趋势有差异,橄榄油呈上升趋势而其他种类的植物油则呈现下降趋势。掺假橄榄油加热后谱图分析发现3005 cm^-1处的峰面积有所降低,但与掺假百分比仍呈线性关系,掺入5%低价油,3400~3650 cm^-1区域呈明显增加趋势,据此可以鉴别掺假量低至5%的橄榄油,这为橄榄油的掺假鉴别提供了一种快速高效的方法。     

长裙竹荪不变质之谜已揭开

橄榄油在降低心血管疾病风险等方面的好处已广为人知,一项最新研究揭示了其背后的基因原理,即橄榄油中的酚类物质可抑制一些有害基因发挥作用。     

Opposite oleic acid responses to temperature in oils from the seed and mesocarp of the olive fruit

Olive oil is mostly extracted from the mesocarp (∼95%) of the fruit with the seed (endosperm and embryo, ∼5%) containing little oil. There are correlative and manipulative evidence that temperature modulates fruit oil content and fatty acid composition of the oil from the whole fruit (i.e., with no distinction being made between oils derived from each oil-bearing structure) of olive. Notably, oleic acid concentration of olive oil decreases as fruit mean growth temperature increases. This response in the olive fruit is opposite to that documented in annual oil-seed crops such as sunflower and soybean. The objectives of the present study were: i) to compare temperature effects on fatty acid composition of oil derived from seed and from mesocarp; ii) to compare temperature effects on seed and mesocarp dry weights and oil concentrations. To do this, fruiting branches were enclosed in transparent plastic chambers with individualized temperature control. Temperature was manipulated during the seed growth (Period A) and during the second half of mesocarp growth (Period B) subphases. In both periods, the oleic acid proportion in mesocarp oil decreased as temperature increased, and was accompanied by increases of palmitic acid, linoleic and linolenic acids. Mesocarp dry weight did not respond significantly to temperature, but mesocarp oil concentration fell significantly as temperature increased. Seed dry weight, oil concentration and fatty acid composition exhibited responses to temperature during Period A only, with seed dry weight increasing between 20 and 25 °C with a sharp decrease at higher temperature, and oil concentration linearly falling 1.2% per °C. In contrast, seed oil oleic acid percentage increased between 20 and 28 °C, and fell slightly with higher temperature. Palmitic and stearic acids in seed oil increased sigmoidally with temperature, while linoleic acid decreased sigmoidally. Oleic acid percentage showed opposite responses in oil from the seed and the mesocarp. The response of the seed to temperature was similar to those observed in oil from embryos of annual oil-seed crops, although the abrupt fall in palmitic and stearic acid with temperature >25 °C seems to be distinctive for olive seed oil.     

棉花突变体种子脂肪酸成分变化的诱导

油分在种子中的积累是生物合成的典型范例,其最终产物的多样性和多功能性,使得可通过遗传控制来有目的地提高种子的品质.种子油分含量的自然遗传倾向于低油分方向筛选.而目前,一系列新的育种目标逐渐拓展,以适应生物油脂化工的发展.另外,生物技术的不断创新也为食用及非食用油料作物突变体驯化甚至创造全新作物提供了便利.本研究分析了突变体种子的油分和脂肪含量及脂肪酸的构成,其中第11、7、2、9和5号突变体油分含量较高,这些突变体脂类含量增加了两倍.气相色谱分析表明,第11号突变体脂肪酸含量最高,其次为第7、2、9和5号突变体,在14种脂肪酸中,顺式亚油酸含量在各突变体中均为最高.     

Contribution of incident solar radiation on leaves and pods to soybean seed weight and composition

The weight and composition of soybean seeds (Glycine Max L. Merrill) depend on changes in carbon and nitrogen assimilate supply during grain filling. Soybean pods and seeds are green, evidencing their capacity to capture light. However, the current physiological knowledge does not consider any effect of incident solar radiation reaching the pods on seed weight and composition. The objective of this work was to investigate the response of seed weight and composition to changes in assimilate supply from leaves, to the incident solar radiation reaching the pods and to the combination of both, changes in assimilate supply from the leaves and incident solar radiation on pods of soybean plants. Field experiments were performed during two growing seasons at Balcarce, Argentina. Treatments modified the amount of assimilates supplied by the leaves (plant shading, defoliation), the solar radiation reaching the pods (pod shading) or both (defoliation and pod shading) during seed filling. Plant shading and defoliation reduced seed weight, oil concentration and oil and protein content and increased the concentration of saturated and poli-unsaturated fatty acids while reduced oleic acid percentage. Pod shading increased the concentration of stearic acid and reduced the concentration of linolenic acid. When pods were shaded on defoliated plants, seed weight and oil and protein content decreased while fatty acid composition was similar to values obtained under defoliation treatment. Based on these results, a conceptual model that considers photoheterotrophic nature of reproductive structures of soybean is proposed. Seed weight, oil and protein content and oil fatty acid composition depended on assimilate availability for the seeds. The response of oil and protein content to assimilate supply depended on whether leaves were present or not. The effect of solar radiation incident on pods depended on the amount of assimilates available for the seeds: (i) when carbon allocated was low (defoliation treatments), pods contributed to seed carbon economy but solar radiation incident on them did not affect fatty acid composition; (ii) when carbon allocated to the seeds was high (intact plants), contribution of pods to seed carbon economy was not significant, but the amount of solar radiation incident on pods produced significant changes in fatty acid composition.     

The accumulation pattern in developing seeds and its relation to fatty acid variation in soybean

Sixty soybean cultivars from Japan and the USA formed five maturity groups (IIb‐Vc) based on number of days from sowing to flowering and number of days from flowering to maturity. Highly significant intervarietal differences in fatty acid composition were found in all the maturity groups, especially in IIc. Stearic and oleic acids showed a larger variation than palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Principal component analysis suggested that the total variation of fatty acid composition depended mainly on the desaturation levels from oleic to linoleic acid. Three cultivars exhibiting unique fatty acid composition, together with a standard cultivar, were examined for the contents of the five fatty acids, as well as crude oil at eight seed‐filling stages. For all four cultivars, it was found that crude oil content increased sigmoidally with advancing filling stage, and that the accumulation patterns of palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids were similar to that of crude oil. However, the accumulation pattern of stearic acid was different from that of crude oil and divided the cultivars into two distinct groups. For oleic acid, only the cultivar ‘Aburamame’ showed a rapid increase in proportion with advancing filling stage, although not differing markedly in accumulated content from the other cultivars. These results indicate that analysing the accumulation patterns of fatty acids could explain the latent genetic variation in fatty acid composition of soybean seeds.     

花生油掺伪棉籽油的检验鉴别

采用碱式甲酯化方法制备脂肪酸甲酯,用气相色谱方法分析、测定纯花生油、纯棉籽油和不同浓度模拟掺伪花生油的脂肪酸组成与含量。结果表明,不同浓度的棉籽油掺入纯花生油后,原有脂肪酸组分随掺入油种脂肪酸的含量而发生变化,以山嵛酸甲酯含量的变化趋势,能较准确地测定掺伪棉籽油的量。     

响应面法优化提取糜子油

为了确定糜子油的最优提取工艺,并对其脂肪酸成分进行分析,在单因素实验基础上,以糜子油得率作为响应目标,通过中心复合设计进行优化,确定索氏提取法提取糜子油的最佳条件。利用气质联用仪对糜子脂肪酸成分检测。结果表明,提取溶剂石油醚,液料比为20:1,提取温度80℃,淋洗时间30 min 时提取条件为最佳,最佳得率为4.51%。对糜子油进行甲酯化后经气相色谱质谱仪分析,得到其主要脂肪酸为油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、亚麻酸等,主要以不饱和脂肪酸为主,是优质脂肪酸。     

Estimating the fatty acid composition of the oil in intact-seed rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a rapid method to estimate the fatty acid composition of the oil in intact-seed samples of rapeseed. A total of 549 samples (3 g intact seed) from selected mutant and breeding lines were scanned by NIRS, and 220 of them were selected and scanned again by using two different adapters, which reduced the sample size to 300 and 60 mg, respectively. Selected samples were analysed by gas liquid chromatography and calibration equations for individual fatty acids were developed. Calibrations for oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and erucic acid were highly accurate, with values of r² in cross validation from 0.95 to 0.98 (samples of 3 g), from 0.93 to 0.97 (300 mg), and from 0.84 to 0.96 (60 mg). Calibrations for palmitic and stearic acid were less accurate, with values of r² in cross validation always lower than 0.8, probably because of the narrow range available for these fatty acids. The accuracy of the calibration equations for eicosenoic acid was very low (r² = 0.69 in 3 g samples), although improved equations were developed (r² from 0.78 to 0.91) when the relationship between erucic and eicosenoic acid was taken into account. We conclude that NIRS is a powerful technique to estimate the fatty acid composition of the oil in rapeseed, provided that samples covering a wide range of fatty acid levels are available, with the advantage that such estimation is possible with few additional costs when NIRS is used for the determination of other seed quality traits. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Modifier QTL for fatty acid composition in soybean oil

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is the principal oilseed crop in the world. Soybean oil has various industrial and food applications. The quality of soybean oil is determined by its fatty acid composition. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic are the predominant fatty acids in soybean oil. The objective of this study was to determine the associations of simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers with minor differences in fatty acids in soybean oil thereby detecting modifier quantitative trait loci (QTL) which could further improve soybean oil quality. To achieve this objective, 101 F₆-derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from a population whose parents did not contain major mutant fatty acid alleles were developed from a cross of N87-984-16 × TN93-99. Fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography. Heritability estimates on an entry mean basis for fatty acids ranged from 65.8 to 77.3% for palmitic and linoleic acids, respectively. Molecular marker Satt537 located on molecular linkage group (MLG) D1b was associated with palmitic acid and Satt168 and Satt249 located on MLG B2 and J, respectively were associated with stearic acid. Molecular markers Satt185 or Satt268 (which are within 0.6 cM of each other) located on MLG E were consistently associated with oleic and linoleic acid, and Satt263 and Satt235 located on MLG E and G, respectively were associated with linolenic acid. The lack of markers associated with multiple fatty acids suggests the possibility of independently changing fatty acid levels to achieve a desirable composition, except for regions common to all saturated fatty acids. Phenotypic variation explained by the fatty acids modifier QTL ranged from 10 to 22.5%. These modifier QTL may be useful in making minor improvements to further enhance the quality of soybean oil.