不同施氮水平对春玉米氮素吸收、转运及产量的影响

采用田间试验研究吉林省中部玉米主产区不同氮水平对玉米产量、氮素吸收、转运及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥可以提高干物质最大积累速率和氮素最大吸收速率,并能提前干物质最大积累速率和氮素最大吸收速率出现的天数。在施N 60~180 kg/hm2之间,玉米产量、干物质最大积累速率、氮素最大吸收速率、转运量、转运率及子粒中养分比例等指标均有显著提高;超过N180 kg/hm2,干物质最大积累速率、氮素最大吸收速率、转运量、转运率及子粒中养分比例等指标开始下降。根据玉米产量(y)和施氮量(x)拟合得出,最高产量氮肥用量为184.2 kg/hm2,最佳经济产量氮肥用量为172.9 kg/hm2。氮素农学利用率、氮肥当季回收率及偏生产力随着氮肥用量的提高而显著降低。综合考虑提高玉米产量、效益和氮肥利用效率等方面的要求,在吉林省中部玉米主产区,适宜施氮量为172.9 kg/hm2。     

施钾对春玉米产量、养分吸收及分配的影响

通过连续两年田间试验,研究吉林省中部玉米主产区施钾对春玉米产量、养分吸收、转运、分配及钾肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施用钾肥可显著提高春玉米产量,在一定施钾范围内,春玉米产量随施钾量的增加而增加,当施钾量超过90 kg/hm2后产量不再增加,根据玉米产量(y)和施钾量(x)拟合,得出最佳施钾量为82.9~86.6 kg/hm2。施钾肥可提高干物质最大积累速率和积累总量、养分最大吸收速率和吸收总量,提前干物质最大积累速率和养分最大吸收速率出现的时间。施钾可提高春玉米氮、磷、钾养分向子粒的转运量及转运率,施钾量30~90 kg/hm2范围内抽雄期养分积累量与子粒转运量和转运率呈正比,当施钾量超过90 kg/hm2后,氮、磷、钾养分转运出现负效应。钾素农学利用率和偏生产力随着施钾量的增加而下降,钾肥当季回收率以施钾量90 kg/hm2处理最高。在吉林省中部玉米主产区,适宜施钾量为82.9~86.6 kg/hm2。     

磷素施用对鲜食糯玉米养分积累分配和产量的影响

以苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为试验材料,研究磷素施用(A:空白;B:一次性基施P2O575 kg/hm2;C:一次性基施P2O5150 kg/hm2;D:基施和拔节期追施P2O5各75 kg/hm2)对鲜食糯玉米产量、干物质和氮磷钾积累分配的影响。结果表明,穗粒数、子粒鲜重和干重随着磷素施用量增加均显著增加,鲜子粒产量升高,升幅D处理高于C处理。随着磷素施用量增加,植株干物质和氮磷钾积累量均显著升高,磷素施用量P2O5150 kg/hm2时,分次施用较一次性基施植株干物质量和氮、磷、钾积累量分别升高11.1%和16.2%、19.4%、34.5%。鲜食期植株干物质和磷素主要分配于子粒和茎秆,氮素主要分配于子粒和叶片,钾素主要分配于茎秆和叶片。逐步回归分析结果表明,苞叶中干物质分配比例较低、茎秆中氮素分配比例较高、叶片和子粒中磷素分配比例较高、叶片中钾素分配比例较高时有利于糯玉米鲜子粒高产。     

氮钾配比对寒地玉米干物质积累、产量及品质的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究不同氮钾配比对玉米不同生育期和不同器官的干物质积累、分配、运转和产量及对品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量为150 kg/hm2、施钾量为100 kg/hm2的处理在成熟期茎、叶、穗干物质量、阶段子粒干物质积累量、茎部转运量、转运率、贡献率以及玉米子粒产量、子粒蛋白质与淀粉含量均高于其他处理。因此,氮、钾肥施用量为150 kg/hm2和100 kg/hm2有利于寒地玉米的干物质积累、产量及其品质的提高。     

拔节期追氮对鲜食糯玉米产量和花后养分积累转运的影响

以苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为材料,2013～2016年于扬州大学实验农场研究拔节期追氮量(0、150、300 kg/hm2)对鲜食糯玉米产量(鲜果穗和鲜子粒)、干物质和氮素积累和转运的影响。结果表明,鲜食糯玉米子粒产量和果穗产量均随追氮量的增加呈先升后降趋势,在追氮150 kg/hm2时产量最高。干物质和氮素积累量随着追氮量的增加表现趋势与产量一致。氮素利用率以子粒作为收获产品时随追氮量增加逐渐降低,以果穗作为收获产品时,在150和300 kg/hm2时无显著差异,低于不追氮处理。在鲜食糯玉米生产中,拔节期适量追氮150 kg/hm2可有效增加鲜食糯玉米产量、后期干物质和氮素积累量以及氮素利用效率,提高产量的同时降低环境风险。     

种植密度和施氮量对粮饲兼用玉米雅玉8号产量的影响

研究了不同种植密度和施氮量对粮饲兼用玉米品种雅玉8号产量的影响。结果表明,雅玉8号的最佳种植密度为9.75万株/hm2,最佳施氮量为337.5kg/hm2,鲜物质产量达71032.10kg/hm2,干物质产量达22820.10kg/hm2,果穗干物质产量达11547.64kg/hm2。通过对种植密度和施氮量与生物产量之间的关系建立的回归模型预测可知,当种植密度为10.68万株/hm2、施氮量为273.48kg/hm2时能获得最高的鲜物质理论产量70798.72kg/hm2;当种植密度为11.13万株/hm2、施氮量为280.52kg/hm2时能获得最高的干物质理论产量22936.30kg/hm2。种植密度和施氮量对雅玉8号生物产量及果穗产量的影响均达极显著水平。     

种植密度和施氮量耦合对夏玉米干物质积累及氮肥利用率的影响

以郑单958和中单909为试验材料,设4.5万、6.75万、9.0万株/km~2 3个种植密度和0、100、300、500 kg/km~2 4种施氮水平,分析种植密度与施氮量对夏玉米干物质积累量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,玉米在种植密度9.0万株/hm~2,其叶面积指数、群体干物质积累量、总氮素积累量以及产量均显著高于4.5万株/hm~2密度处理。增施氮肥可显著增加玉米叶面积指数、单株干物质积累量、群体干物质积累量、总氮积累量和子粒产量。当施氮量为300~500 kg/hm~2时,叶面积指数、群体干物质积累量及产量不再提加,氮肥利用率和氮肥偏生产力大幅降低。结果表明,郑单958和中单909种植适宜模式为施氮量300~500 kg/hm~2、种植密度9.0万株/hm~2。     

氮肥运筹对膜下滴灌水稻生长和产量的影响

以T-04为材料,设置不同施氮量(0、200、270、340kg/hm2)和3种施肥策略(即m基肥∶m分蘖肥∶m促花肥∶m保花肥=15∶30∶40∶15、25∶40∶30∶5、40∶15∶35∶10),研究施氮量和施肥策略对膜下滴灌水稻干物质积累动态和产量形成的影响,以探明不同施氮量和氮肥运筹方式对水稻生长和产量形成的影响,并提出最佳的施氮量和施肥策略。结果表明,施氮显著提高膜下滴灌水稻的干物质积累量和籽粒产量,270kg/hm2施氮水平具有最高生物学产量和经济学产量,籽粒产量达到9657.7kg/hm2。施氮量显著影响水稻茎蘖数、有效穗数、成穗率、每穗粒数、实粒数和千粒重。施肥策略对膜下滴灌水稻的有效穗数和成穗率影响显著,以施肥策略S1(基肥∶分蘖肥∶促花肥∶保花肥=15∶30∶40∶15)处理的水稻产量最高。氮肥后移有助于提高膜下滴灌水稻的有效穗数、成穗率,形成高产。对水稻膜下滴灌高产栽培模式而言,270kg/hm2的施氮水平和基肥∶分蘖肥∶促花肥∶保花肥=15∶30∶40∶15的氮肥运筹模式较为合理。     

施氮水平对豫南地区杂交粳稻群体质量和产量的影响

以种植面积较大的2个杂交粳稻品种9优418和隆优1715为材料,设置0、120、240、360 kg/hm2 4个施氮水平,研究不同施氮水平对杂交粳稻群体质量和产量的影响,以期明确豫南地区杂交粳稻适宜施氮量。结果表明,杂交粳稻产量随着施氮水平的增加而增加,以360 kg/hm2施氮量的产量最高,但其与240 kg/hm2施氮量的产量差异不大。产量增加的原因主要是随着施氮水平的提高,单位面积有效穗数、每穗粒数、总颖花数以及干物质积累量也随之提高;同时,提高施氮水平,抽穗—成熟期叶绿素含量衰减率降低,叶绿素含量增加,从而延缓了叶片衰老,提高了成熟期干物质积累量和比例。但是,提高施氮水平,结实率、千粒重、粒叶比以及茎鞘物质转运、转化效率明显降低,从而限制了杂交粳稻的产量潜力。     

施氮水平对玉米开花后干物质积累、转运及土壤无机氮含量的影响

通过连续两年(2015～2016年)在吉林省中部玉米主产区开展田间试验,研究不同施氮水平对玉米产量、开花后干物质积累、转运与分配特征以及土壤无机氮含量动态变化的影响。结果表明,与不施氮肥处理相比,施氮处理2年玉米产量平均增幅为13.1%～42.1%,其中以施氮量210 kg/hm2处理产量最高。随施氮水平的增加,玉米茎干重、叶干重呈上升趋势,子粒干重呈先增后降趋势;施氮处理较不施氮肥处理显著提高玉米开花后不同器官干物质向子粒的转运量、转运率和营养体对子粒的贡献率(P0.05),均以施氮量210 kg/hm2处理为最高。开花期至成熟期0～20 cm土壤无机氮含量,随施氮水平的提高而提高。相关分析表明,玉米成熟期干物质积累量、转运量与玉米产量及构成因素均呈正相关关系,除穗数外,相关性均达显著水平。因此,适宜的施氮量可提高土壤无机氮含量,促进玉米开花后干物质积累与转运,提高玉米产量。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻中的残留消解动态及残留分析

本文建立了气质联用仪测定稻田环境中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,对苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解动态和残留规律进行了研究。苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度均为0.20 mg/kg,最小检出量为0.2 ng,在不同样品中的平均加标回收率为80.8%~109.5%,相对标准偏差在1.7%~19.7%之间。田间试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,苯醚甲环唑在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为6.3~11.6 d和1.4~11.6 d;嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.6~8.7 d和2.9~23.1 d。以推荐剂量600 g/hm2和1.5倍推荐剂量900 g/hm2,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药15 d时,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米中的最高残留量分别为0.461 mg/kg和0.634 mg/kg,低于我国国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB2763-2014)中规定的糙米中苯醚甲环唑最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg和欧盟、美国规定的糙米中嘧菌酯最大残留限量5.0 mg/kg。