皱纹盘鲍内脏脂质分析

对皱纹盘鲍内脏脂质进行了分析。采用Folch法提取内脏总脂,硅胶柱层析对中性脂及磷脂进行分离;TLC法对中性脂、磷脂不同组分进行分离与其主要组分的制备;10%硫酸—甲醇对样品进行甲酯化,通过气相色谱法对其进行脂肪酸分析比较。结果表明,皱纹盘鲍内脏中磷脂含量可达31.58%,不饱和脂肪酸在磷脂中含量显著高于中性脂中含量。磷脂中含有一定量的缩醛磷脂,磷酯酰乙醇胺(PE)中缩醛型磷脂含量可达50%。研究表明,皱纹盘鲍内脏中含有丰富的磷脂,多不饱和脂肪酸,并含有一定量的缩醛磷脂,具有较好的食用和药用价值,应得到充分利用。     

Influence of dietary polar lipids' quantity and quality on ingestion and assimilation of labelled fatty acids by larval gilthead seabream

Dietary supplementation of phospholipids seems to be extremely important to promote growth and survival in fish larvae. Several studies also suggest the importance of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) rich phospholipids to further enhance larval performance. In the present study, four different diets were formulated in order to compare the effect of total dietary polar lipid contents, of soya bean lecithin supplementation and of feeding n-3 HUFA in the form of neutral or polar lipids on ingestion and incorporation of labelled fatty acids in gilthead seabream larvae. These diets were prepared including radiolabelled fatty acids from palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, glycerol trioleate, free oleic acid (FOA) and free eicosapentaenoic acid (FEPA) and were fed to 25 day-old larvae. The results of these experiments showed that the elevation of the dietary polar lipid levels significantly improved microdiet ingestion, regardless of the origins of the polar lipids. This effect caused an improved incorporation of phosphatidylcholine fatty acids to the larval polar and total lipids (TL) as the dietary polar lipids increased. Nevertheless, a better incorporation of fatty acids from dietary polar lipids in comparison with that of fatty acids from dietary triglycerides into larval lipids was found in gilthead seabream, whereas a better utilization of dietary triglycerides fatty acids than dietary free fatty acids could also be observed. Besides, the presence of n-3 HUFA rich neutral lipids (NL) significanlty increased the absorption efficiency of labelled oleic acid from dietary triglycerides, but the presence of n-3 HUFA rich polar lipids, particularly improved the incorporation of FEPA. This fatty acid was preferentially incorporated into larval polar lipids in comparison with FOA.     

Oxidative stability of salmon and herring roe lipids and their dietary effect on plasma cholesterol levels of rats

ABSTRACT:   The oxidative stability of lipids from salmon roe and herring roe was compared with those of commercial fish oils originated from sardine and tuna. Both fish roe lipids contained high amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Total EPA and DHA was more than 35% of total fatty acids in both roe lipids. On the basis of oxygen consumption, fish roe lipids showed the higher oxidative stability than both fish oils. This tendency in oxidative stabilities was also confirmed by the determination of propanal formation during oxidation. Analyses of lipid compositions suggested that the higher oxidative stabilities of fish roe lipids would be mainly due to the presence of phospholipids in them. Dietary effects of salmon and herring roe lipids were also determined. Little increase in total cholesterol level was observed in plasma lipids in rats fed salmon and herring roe lipids, although cholesterol content in fish roe lipids were 6.3% and 9.7% of total lipids for salmon roe and herring roe.     

Herring vs. anchovy oils in salmon feeding

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of feeding diets containing herring or anchvoy oil, on flesh quality parameters of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Two extruded experimental diets with the same basal composition but one coated with herring oil and the other with anchovy oil, were each fed during 24 weeks to salmon with an average initial weight of 1.8 kg. Salmon grew to a final weight of 3.9 kg. Growth, condition factor and biometric parameters were not affected by the dietary treatment. No significant differences were found for intramuscular fat. Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) concentrations were highest in the group fed the diet containing herring oil, in both neutral and polar lipids, while the group fed the diet containing the anchovy oil showed a higher concentration of n-3 fatty acids in both fractions of intramuscular lipids. The n-3/n-6 ratio was higher in the neutral lipid fraction of fish fed the southern hemisphere oil, while no significantly differences were found for the polar lipid fraction. No differences were found on muscle α-tocopherol levels. Muscle homogenates from fish fed the anchovy oil showed the highest thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) after 9 days of storage. However no differences were found between groups on the induced oxidation tests. It is concluded that the origin of the fish oil has no effect on growth perfomance, but there is a marked effect on fatty acid composition and susceptibility to lipid oxidation.     

Influence of broodstock gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) dietary fatty acids on egg quality and egg fatty acid composition throughout the spawning season

The influence of broodstock dietary lipids on egg quality and egg fatty acid composition throughout the spawning season of gilthead seabream was investigated. For this purpose, the fish were fed for 7 months either a control diet (diet C) or a diet deficient in n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n−3 HUFA) but rich in both oleic (18:1n−9) and linolenic (18:3n−3) acids (diet D). Eggs spawned by both groups of fish were sampled at the beginning, middle and end of the spawning season and the fatty acid composition of their neutral (NL) and polar lipids (PL) determined. In the early season, percentages of fertilized and hatched eggs, relative proportions of NL and PL as well as their fatty acid compositions, were not affected by the lipid composition of the broodstock diet. However, the eggs spawned during the middle and late seasons showed marked differences among the two groups of fish, clearly reflecting the influence of dietary fatty acids. This influence was more evident in the neutral lipid fraction than in the polar lipids. No correlation was found between the number of buoyant eggs and eicosapentaenoic (20:5n−3, EPA), docosahexaenoic (22:6n−3, DHA) fatty acids or total n−3 HUFA contents in egg phospholipids. However, a negative correlation was detected when percentages of fertilized eggs were compared with the levels of 18:1n−9, 18:3n−3 and with the ratio 18:1n−9/n−3 HUFA present in the phospholipids. Our results indicate the importance of maintaining not only the level of n−3 HUFA in egg membrane phospholipids, but also the balance between n−3 HUFA and other fatty acids such as 18:1n−9 and 18:3n−3, in order to obtain a high spawning quality.     

Metabolism of fatty acids in fish. II. Biosynthesis of fatty acids in relation to diet in the carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758

Carp, weighing 15–25 g, were maintained in the laboratory on a control diet, or on diets prepared from wheat or corn, and the incorporation of sodium (1?¹⁴C)-acetate into their liver total fatty acids as well as into liver triglycerides and phospholipids was followed. The control diet was characterized by a high concentration of total lipids and linolenic acid, and the other two feeds by a low concentration of total lipids including linolenic acid and high concentration of carbohydrates. The highest rate of fatty acid biosynthesis was observed in fish given the corn diet, and the lowest rate was found in the carp on the control diet. Levels of radioactivity became very high in triglycerides of corn-fed fish. The major products of fatty acid biosynthesis were palmitic and oleic acids, in the corn-fed fish, while in the control fish almost 50% of the total radioactivity was in the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The degree of labeling of oleic and palmitic acids appeared to depend on the level of linolenic acid in the diet. The results suggest that about 1% of linolenic acid in the diet is required to keep lipogenesis at a low level as well as to prevent hyperproduction of oleic acid. Linoleic acid seems to play a subordinate role in regulating lipogenesis in carp liver.     

Effects of a diet lacking HUFA on lipid and fatty acid content of intestine and gills of male gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) broodstock at different stages of the reproductive cycle

A feeding experiment was carried out to determine the effect of a diet lacking n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) on lipid and fatty acid content in intestine and gills of male gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) broodstock at different stages of the reproductive cycle: November (pre-spermatogenesis), March (spermatogenesis), and June (post-spermatogenesis). For this purpose, gilthead seabream broodstock were fed either a control diet (C) or an n-3 and n-6 HUFA-deficient diet (D). The results showed no changes in fatty acid content of polar lipids of intestine and gills from fish fed diet C at different stages of the reproductive cycle. However, significant changes were observed in the fatty acid content of neutral lipids in intestine but not in gills in this group. Thus, between November and March, saturates and n-3 HUFA decreased while monoenes increased. In June, the contents of these fatty acids had returned to their initial values (November). Moreover, in fish fed diet D, the fatty acid content of neutral lipid changed in both intestine and gills. In intestine NL, a decrease in saturates and n-3 HUFA and an increment in monoenes were observed from November to June. In gills, a decrease was also observed in n-3 HUFA from NL along the cycle. Nevertheless, n-6 HUFA content remained unchanged. These results show both tissue specificity in seasonal mobilization of fatty acids linked to reproductive processes and the influence of dietary fatty acids on body composition.     

Fatty acid compositions in muscles of wild and cultured ocellate puffer Takifugu rubripes

Lipid contents and fatty acid compositions were compared among 110 muscle samples of Japanese wild, Japanese cultured, and Chinese cultured ocellate puffer Takifugu rubripes. The effects of diet on muscle lipids in cultured ocellate puffer were also investigated. There was no noticeable difference between the wild and cultured fish with regard to the lipid content, but there were significant differences in the fatty acid composition ratio such as C16:0, C16:1n-7, and C20:4n-6. Moreover, the percentages of the fatty acids C18:2n-6 and C22:5n-3 were correlated with those in the diet. These results suggest that the muscle lipid content was not affected by diet, whereas fatty acid composition was affected. There were significant differences in fatty acid composition among Japanese wild fish, Japanese cultured fish, and Chinese cultured fish. The results suggest that the fatty acid composition is applicable as a tool to distinguish between wild and cultured ocellate puffer as well as those cultured in Japan and China.     

A quantitative comparison between diet and body fatty acid composition in wild northern pike (Esox lucius L.)

The fatty acid compositions of wild female northern pike (Esox lucius L.) and their principle prey species were compared to assess the extent to which pike modify the relative abundance of dietary fatty acids during assimilation and to indicate the optimum dietary content of essential fatty acids (EFAs) for pike. Only minor differences existed between the estimated whole body fatty acid composition of pike and diet fatty acid composition as calculated from the contribution of each prey species to the pike's diet. Saturated fatty acids comprised a slightly higher percentage of diet lipids (25% wt) than of pike lipids (21% wt) whereas monounsaturated fatty acids were less abundant in diet lipids (26% wt) than in pike (29% wt). Percentages of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), n - 3 fatty acids, and n - 6 fatty acids were approximately 43, 30, and 13% wt respectively and differed by less than 1% wt between pike and diet lipids. Among individual PUFAs, the largest differences occurred in 20:5 (n-3) and 22:6(n-3) which comprised, on average, 9.6 and 14.7% wt respectively of diet lipids and 5.9 and 18.3% wt respectively of pike lipids. The close similarity in fatty acid composition between pike and their diet suggests that pike may have limited abilities to elongate and desaturate 18 carbon PUFAs and may require specific long chain PUFAs in the diet. The n-3 PUFA content of the pike's natural diet may exceed the minimum EFA requirements of better studied species such as rainbow trout and turbot.     

Effects of dietary lipids on the fatty acid composition of triglycerides and phospholipids in tissues of white sturgeon

Eight purified diets were fed to juvenile white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus Rick, for 9 weeks to investigate the effect of dietary lipids on the fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triglycerides from muscle, liver and brain. The diets contained 150 g kg^?1 of oils from canola, corn, cod liver, lard, linseed, soybean, safflower, or a control mixture (corn oil/cod liver oil/lard, 1:1:1, by wt). Dietary lipids significantly (P≤ 05) affected the composition of tissue triglycerides and phospholipids. Tissue triglyceride fatty acid composition ranged widely, in parallel with the dietary lipids, while phospholipids changes were more conservative. Brain phospholipid fatty acid composition was less responsive to diet compared with that in muscle and liver. Considerable amounts of n-6 and n-3 long chain polyun-saturated fatty acids (> C₂₀) were found in triglycerides and phospholipids with all diets, demonstrating that white sturgeon can desaturate and elongate linoleic acid (18:2n–6) and linolenic acid (18:3n–3). Further, the products of the Δ6 desaturase, i.e. 18:3 n–6 and 18:4n–3, were relatively abundant in triglyceride, suggesting that the Δ6 desaturase might not be a limiting step in the process in white sturgeon. Nevertheless, accumulation of both EPA and DHA was greater in the sturgeon fed fish oil than those fed linseed oil, indicating that muscle triglyceride EPA and DHA levels are best enhanced by diets rich in preformed EPA and DHA.     

Efficacy of dietary methyl esters of n−3 HUFA vs. triacylglycerols of n−3 HUFA by gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles

A feeding experiment was carried out on gilthead seabream juveniles to investigate the utilization of dietary n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n−3 HUFA), when presented as methyl esters or as triacylglycerols. Three groups of gilthead seabream juveniles, of an initial mean weight of 62 g, were fed diets containing the same level of n−3 HUFA (about 2% dry weight basis, DWB) but where these essential fatty acids (EFA) were supplied in the form of methyl esters, triacylglycerols or as a mixture of these two chemical forms (diets 1, 2 and 3, respectively). A fourth group of 62-g individuals was fed a diet containing a particularly high level of triacylglycerols of n−3 HUFA (about 5% DWB). After 8 weeks of feeding, the results showed that fish growth, hepatosomatic index, total lipid content, and fatty acid composition of neutral and polar lipids of brain, liver, gills and muscle were not affected by the chemical form of the lipids given in the diet. However, individuals fed the very high level of EFA (diet 4) showed a lower growth rate than the other three groups of fish. In addition, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n−3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n−3) levels in both neutral and polar lipids from liver, gills and muscle were higher in this group of fish, with the brain fatty acid composition being less affected by dietary regime.     

Effect of diet on the lipid composition of the commercial clam Donax trunculus (Mollusca: bivalvia): sex‐related differences

This paper describes the lipid composition of the commercial bivalve Donax trunculus and the differences originated when the animals were fed with two phytoplankton species (Tetraselmis suecica and Chaetoceros sp.) in a hatchery. We also analysed sex‐related differences in lipid classes and fatty acid profile. Total lipids were higher in females than in males. Triglycerides and phospholipids were the major lipid components, and the former dominated in females and the latter in males. The main fatty acids in both sexes were 16:0, 20:5n‐3 (eicosapentaenoic acid) and 22:6n‐3 (docosahexaenoic acid). Females showed higher percentages of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids than males. Significant differences in total lipid, lipid classes and fatty acid profiles were also found due to diet. Docosahexaenoic acid decreased and total lipids, free fatty acids, arachidonic acid and EPA increased in both sexes. Despite these differences, the condition of the species was maintained and the broodstock even maturated.     

The fatty acid compositions of total,neutral and polar lipids in wild and farmed lambari (Astyanax altiparanae) (Garutti & Britski, 2000) broodstock

One way to develop broodstock fish diets is to determine the compositions of wild broodstock tissues and attempt to replicate these compositions in the eggs of farmed fish via dietary manipulation. We collected 30 wild and 30 farmed lambari females that were in the reproductive stage. The extraction and separation of polar and neutral fractions and the saponification and methylation of lipids were performed and analysed in the muscles, livers and ovaries to determine the compositions of the fatty acids via gas chromatography. Regardless of habitat, lambaris mobilize large amounts of fat to the ovaries during the reproductive period, in addition to highly unsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. The wild lambaris were observed to contain higher levels of various fatty acids, including linoleic acid, which is an essential fatty acid. The most abundant fatty acid that was observed in the commercial diet was linoleic acid, which was supplied in all fish farmed tissues. The commercial diet has low AA, EPA and DHA contents, and, higher levels of these fatty acids were recorded in the tissues of farmed lambari, which suggests that this species are able to elongate and desaturate precursors, linoleic and linolenic acids, into highly unsaturated fatty acids.     

A study of the arachidonic acid requirements of the giant tiger prawn, Penaues monodon

This study examined the dietary requirement of arachidonic acid (ARA) when that of linoleic acid (LOA), the natural precursor to ARA, was also satisfied with linolenic acid (LNA) and also with and without the other key dietary highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). Growth by prawns fed diets supplemented with ARA was poorer than in diets where it was not present. Supplementation of ARA to diets with either optimized HUFA or just optimised poly unsaurated fatty acids (PUFA) (i.e. LOA, LNA) resulted in poorer growth. Growth was poorest by prawns (215 ± 13%) fed diets with ARA supplemented at 20% of the total fatty acids but including 7% LOA, 21% LNA and 4% of both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Growth was best in prawns fed diets devoid of ARA but with 7% LOA and 21% LNA (350 ± 19%). Prawns fed the reference diet (348 ± 21%) and the other diet devoid of ARA but containing about 7% LOA, 21% LNA and 4% of both EPA and DHA (345 ± 18%) had similar growth. The growth responses were not effects of altered lipid or fatty acid digestibilities. Indeed supplementation of ARA to the diet marginally improved the digestibility of the total neutral lipid in the diet and the digestibilities of some other dietary fatty acids. The amount of lipid in the digestive glands of prawns fed with the diets was reduced by the inclusion of ARA in the dietary lipids. Composition of the lipids in the digestive gland (DG) of the prawns was almost directly related to the composition of their dietary lipids. The proportion of ARA in the total fatty acids increased with level of supplementation of dietary ARA. An increased level of dietary ARA reduced the proportion of EPA, DHA in the DG lipid and also the total n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids in the DG lipid. The results of this study support that addition of ARA to the diet of Penaues monodon when the other key essential fatty acids (EFA) have been optimized, does not improve their growth performance. It is suggested that key cause for this response may lie in the importance of the balance of the n‐3 to n‐6 fatty acids in the diet of these animals.     

南极磷虾粉脂质及脂肪酸组成分析

为分析南极磷虾粉的脂质成分,实验采用薄层层析法分离制备不同脂质组分,通过酸甲酯化衍生结合气相色谱/质谱法对不同脂质的脂肪酸组成进行比较研究.结果显示:①南极磷虾粉中脂质丰富,总脂含量高达11.37％,且以甘油三酯、磷脂和游离脂肪酸为主,胆固醇含量较低;②总脂脂肪酸主要为C16:0、C18:1n-9、C18:1n-7、C20:5n-3和C22:6n-3,且C20:5n-3和C22:6n-3占总脂肪酸含量的30.67％,表明南极磷虾粉在脂质方面具有较高的营养价值和开发潜力.③不同脂质的脂肪酸组成差异显著,胆固醇酯和甘油三酯中饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量均显著高于游离脂肪酸和磷脂(P＜0.05);而游离脂肪酸和磷脂富含多不饱和脂肪酸,两者含量分别为48.50％和49.96％,远高于胆固醇酯和甘油三酯的13.11％和24.36％,具有显著差异(P＜0.05).     

Lipid classes and fatty acids during embryogenesis of captive and wild silverside (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chirostoma estor estor</Emphasis>) from Pátzcuaro Lake

Lipid classes and fatty acid levels were analyzed in freshly fertilized eggs, early and late embryo development, and freshly hatched larvae obtained from wild and captive silverside Chirostoma estor estor broodstock, as well as in plankton, Artemia, and pelleted feed. The concentration of triglycerides (TGs) and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) in neutral lipid fraction significantly decreased during early development and especially after hatching, whereas phospholipids and HUFA in polar lipid fraction remained constant. These results indicate that TGs rather than PLs are used as energy sources and that all HUFAs [20:4n-6/arachidonic acid (ARA), 20:5n-3/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and 22:6n-3/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] of polar lipids are selectively conserved during early development. High levels of DHA (30%, on average, of total fatty acids) and low levels of EPA (4%) were observed in eggs, embryos, and larvae and did not reflect the proportions of these fatty acids in food. Preferential accumulation of DHA from food consumed by broodstock, and then transference to eggs, was probably occurring. The main difference between eggs from both origins was a low level of ARA in eggs from captive fish (4% of total fatty acids) compared to wild fish (9%). This could be associated with a deficiency in the diet that is not compensated for by desaturation/elongation of 18:2n-6 and, possibly, with greater stress in captive fish. In any case, particular requirements of ARA should be determined to optimize the culture of C. estor.     

Fatty acid composition of polar and neutral lipid fractions of Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 paralarvae reared with enriched on‐grown Artemia

Rearing of common octopus Octopus vulgaris is limited by the lack of success during the paralarval stage, with generalized mortalities occurring before the settlement of the juveniles. The use of on‐grown Artemia cultured with the microalga Isochrysis galbana and further enriched with Nannochloropsis sp. has led to a certain degree of success. The present work aims at studying the effects of this rearing protocol (Nanno) on the fatty acid composition of paralarvae, by comparison with a diet based on on‐grown Artemia further enriched with a high polyunsaturated fatty acid oil emulsion (M70). After 28 days, survival was estimated at 3% for M70 and 22.5% for Nanno, whereas the average dry weight was not significantly different (Nanno: 1.76± 0.28 mg; M70: 1.88±0.22 mg). Although apparently no clear association between the fatty acid composition of the enriched preys and that of the total lipids of paralarvae could be established, further fractionation and fatty acid analysis of the total lipids into polar and neutral classes, followed by principal components analysis, revealed that irrespective of the diet, both lipid fractions showed distinct fatty acid patterns. Besides, the fatty acid composition of the polar lipids was more conservative, whereas that of the neutral lipids was more influenced by the diet, showing more variation among dietary treatments.     

Essential fatty acids in Atlantic salmon: time course of changes in fatty acid composition of liver, blood and carcass induced by a diet deficient in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids

Atlantic salmon fry (4 g) were fed a semi-synthetic diet devoid of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for 4 months. External signs of nutritional imbalance during the period were slow growth rate and increased mortality. Some symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency appeared in the fatty acid composition of the blood and liver during the fourth month. At that time, the percentages of n-3 and n-6 PUFA of triacylglycerols (TAG) were nearly exhausted, and the percentages of 22:6 n-3 and of 20:5 n-3 in phospholipids (PL) showed a marked decrease. This decrease in the PUFA level of the PL was paralleled by the appearance of 20:3 n-9, whereas in the TAG an increase in the percentage of 18:1 n-9 was observed. After 4 months the monounsaturated fatty acid 18:1 n-9 constituted nearly 50% of the fatty acids in the TAG fraction of the liver. The time course of the changes in fatty acid composition of liver and blood lipids was quite similar, whereas the carcass lipid composition appeared to respond slowly to a diet devoid of essential fatty acids.     

Incorporation of fatty acids from dietary neutral lipid in eye, brain and muscle of postlarval turbot fed diets with different types of phosphatidylcholine

Previous results demonstrated the stimulating effect of soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC) on the utilization of dietary neutral lipid in larval and postlarval fish. The present study further investigated the effect of the degree of saturation of dietary PC on the enhancement of dietary fatty acid incorporation in lipids of turbot. Newly-weaned turbot were fed for 20 days on four isolipidic diets containing the same amount of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), presented either as neutral lipid, i.e. fish oil ethyl esters, or as polar lipid. Diet FO was a phospholipid-free control diet. Diets HPC, SPC and FPC were supplemented with 3% hydrogenated soybean PC, 3% native soybean PC and 3% marine fish roe PC, respectively.The three PC-supplemented diets resulted in better growth and higher muscle triacylglycerol levels than the PC-free diet FO. The fish fatty acids were determined in 3 lipid classes (neutral lipid, PC, phosphatidylethanolamine) of 3 organs or tissues (eye, brain and muscle). Despite the identical amounts of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids provided by the soybean oil and by the HUFA ethyl esters, the substitution of 3% hydrogenated coconut oil in diet FO by 3% hydrogenated PC in diet HPC caused, averaged over the various tissues and lipid classes, a 7 to 12% higher incorporation of 18:2n-6, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and a 32% higher 22:6n-3 level in turbot lipid. Diet HPC appeared as efficient as diet SPC for enhancing the incorporation of the n-3 HUFA from the ethyl esters. Feeding diet FPC, in which the n-3 HUFA were provided through the marine PC source, resulted in slightly higher levels of these fatty acids in the fish than feeding the ethyl ester HUFA diets, even if supplemented with PC. Present results confirm the positive effect of PC, either hydrogenated or native, on the utilization of fatty acids provided in the diet as neutral lipid. The slightly higher incorporation of HUFA, when esterified on dietary PC instead of neutral lipid, raises the question regarding the form of intestinal absorption of PL in fish.p>