氮钾配施对油菜产量及氮素利用的影响

实际生产中氮钾肥投入不平衡严重限制了氮肥肥效及作物的产量潜力。为了探明不同施氮量下钾肥施用对油菜产量及氮素利用的影响,于2016—2017年及2017—2018年在湖北省武穴市开展连续2年的田间试验,采用氮钾两因素完全试验设计,设氮0、90、180、270 kg N hm-2和钾0、60、120、180 kg K2O hm-2各4个水平。在油菜成熟期取样测定产量、地上部氮钾积累量以及氮肥利用率。结果表明,在钾供应不足时(K0和K60),冬油菜施用氮肥的平均增产率为113.7%,而在钾供应充足的条件下(K120和K180),施用氮肥的平均增产率高达172.9%;与K0处理相比, K120处理冬油菜氮肥回收利用率平均提高了16.6%,继续增施钾肥对不同施氮量下冬油菜氮肥回收利用率的进一步提高无显著影响;达到区域平均产量时,钾供应充足较低钾(K60)投入平均降低33.9%的氮肥用量。综上所述,氮钾配施显著提高了冬油菜产量和氮肥利用率,在冬油菜实际生产中除了重视氮肥施用外,应增加钾肥投入,通过优化氮钾肥配施比例可进一步提高油菜产量,实现冬油菜高产和养分高效。     

江苏省冬油菜生育期内低温事件的年际变化及对产量的影响

为探讨气候变化对我国油菜生产带来的可能影响,选取江苏省地区52个气象站1961—2012年日气温资料及冬油菜产量逐年数据,采用M-K趋势检验探求冬春季节8种低温指数的变化趋势,并依托一阶差分法探讨低温指数与产量的数量关系。结果表明：（1）1961-2012年间省内大部分地区冬春季节低温事件的总天数、连续低温事件的场次、强度及持续性呈现出显著的减弱趋势;（2）不同类型低温指数中,FI1（越冬期日最低气温<-5℃的总天数）与CI4（蕾薹期连续日最低气温<0℃天气的最长持续时间）对冬油菜产量的负效应最为显著;（3）各站点产量对FI1及CI4敏感性分析表明江苏省北部地区冬油菜种植对低温灾害事件更为敏感;（4）1961-2012年间江苏大部分地区FI1及CI4的减少趋势给研究区冬油菜产量带来了一定幅度的增产。     

氮磷配施对旱地油用亚麻水分利用效率及产量的影响

为了给旱地农业水肥管理以及科学施肥提供参考依据,通过田间试验研究了油用亚麻氮磷配施后土壤水分分布及其对产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,施肥对土壤含水量有较大的影响,在中氮和高氮水平下,油用亚麻各生育时期100 cm以下各土层含水量均表现为施磷处理高于不施磷处理;在子实期高氮施磷处理的土壤贮水量显著高于其他不施磷肥处理,分别高4.38%、3.37%和3.66%;氮、磷单一施用时,土体供水的贡献率均偏向于某一土层,而氮磷配施时,各个土层土体供水贡献率都表现适中;高氮施磷处理的籽粒产量和水分利用效率均显著高于其他处理,分别达1062.50 kg/hm2 和2.60 kg/(mm· hm2),产量较其他处理增加8.12%~16.76%;WUE分别较其他处理提高7.31%~15.77%。     

氮磷钾肥对旱地和水田油菜产量及养分利用的影响差异

氮磷钾肥施用是农业生产中的重要增产措施, 旱-旱和水-旱周年复种轮作是我国长江流域冬油菜的主要种植模式。为探究氮磷钾养分对不同轮作油菜产量和养分吸收利用的影响及其差异, 于2017—2020年在湖北省沙洋县连续3年开展田间定位试验, 采用旱地油菜(玉米-油菜)和水田油菜(水稻-油菜)2种轮作模式, 各轮作分别设置氮磷钾(NPK)、不施氮(-N)、不施磷(-P)和不施钾(-K) 4个处理, 分析了油菜籽产量、产量构成和养分吸收情况, 并对肥料利用率和土壤养分供应能力进行了评估。3年试验的平均结果表明, 与NPK处理相比, -N、-P和-K处理的旱地油菜分别减产68.4%、89.6%和7.0%; 水田油菜分别减产71.0%、84.7%和6.4%。对产量构成因子进一步分析发现, 无论是旱地油菜还是水田油菜, 施肥对角果数影响最大, 其次是每角粒数, 对千粒重影响最小。与NPK处理相比, 旱地和水田油菜的角果数因缺氮、缺磷和缺钾分别减少61.6%和52.0%、82.0%和67.8%、16.2%和19.7%。相同施肥处理的旱地和水田油菜产量及养分吸收均存在显著差异, 在-N、-K和NPK处理, 旱地油菜产量均高于水田油菜, 分别高27.2%、15.9%和16.7%, 而-P处理的旱地油菜产量比水田油菜低20.8%; 养分积累量趋势与产量相似, 除-P处理外, 其余3个处理的旱地油菜地上部养分积累量均高于水田, NPK处理的旱地油菜地上部氮、磷和钾积累量分别比水田油菜高20.4%、37.3%和4.2%。旱地油菜季的年均土壤本底氮和钾供应量分别比水田高15.0%和20.9%, 而磷供应量比水田低39.2%。旱地油菜季氮肥和磷肥回收利用率均高于水田, 而钾肥回收利用率低于水田。综上, 养分的配合施用显著提高油菜产量和养分利用效率, 旱-旱轮作和水-旱轮作油菜产量存在显著差异并受养分种类的影响。与旱地油菜相比, 水田油菜种植需格外注重氮肥和钾肥的施用, 而旱地油菜较水田油菜则需适当增施磷肥, 以针对性地补充土壤缺乏养分和实现油菜高产高效生产。     

Harvest index versus grain/straw-ratio. Theoretical comments and experimental results on the comparison of variation

Summary The variation of the two parameters, harvest index and grain/straw-ratio, has been theoretically compared by applying the relative measure coefficient of variation. The harvest index exhibits a clear superiority (= lower variation) compared to the grain/straw-ratio.Applications to ten European winter oilseed rape cultivars and lines are in an excellent agreement with the theoretical findings.     

Effect of preceding crop combination and N fertilization on yield of six oil-seed rape cultivars (Brassica napus L.)

Information about the effect of the cropping history on the seed yield of oil-seed rape is extremely scarce. In 1992/93 and 1994/95, the effects of different preceding crop combinations (winter barley and winter wheat as preceding crops, oil-seed rape and wheat as pre-preceding crops) on the yield of six double low oil-seed rape cultivars were examined in a field trial at Hohenschulen Experimental Farm, north-west Germany. In addition, eight nitrogen treatments (different amounts and distribution patterns) were tested for their potential to reduce negative effects of the preceding crops. Following the cropping sequence of oil-seed rape then wheat, oil-seed rape yielded only 3.12 t ha⁻¹; after oil-seed rape then barley, the yield was 3.43 t ha⁻¹ compared with 3.77 t ha⁻¹ following wheat then barley and 3.71 t ha⁻¹ following wheat then wheat. The number of seeds per m² showed a similar pattern, whereas the thousand-seed weight partly compensated for the reduced seed number. It was highest if oil-seed rape was grown 2 years previously. The cultivars differed significantly in their yield potential. Express (3.79 t ha⁻¹) yielded 0.6 t ha⁻¹ more than Falcon (3.18 t ha⁻¹). Increasing amounts of fertilizer-N (80–200 kg N ha⁻¹) increased the seed yield from 3.21 t ha⁻¹ to 3.84 t ha⁻¹. Changes in the distribution pattern within one fertilizer amount had no effect on seed yield. In addition, no interactions between preceding crop combination and the different cultivars or N treatments occurred. It is concluded that crop management cannot totally eliminate the negative effects of an unfavourable cropping history on the seed yield of oil-seed rape.     

Relationships between seed yield and growth characters,yield components,seed quality of summer-type oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

Summary Five genotypes of rapeseed were observed in the field on a single plant and plot basis to evaluate growth characteristics, yield, yield components and seed quality. Observations were made in two years at two locations on three seeding date and three seeding rate treatments. Correlation of seed yield with growth characters demonstrated no consistent trend, indicating that an early maturity and high seed yield should be possible. Harvest index was strongly correlated with seed yield. Percent seed oil and protein were not directly related to seed yield.     

A Note on the Skewness of the Frequency Distribution of Harvest Indices with an Application to Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

Based on well-known statistical approximations for the mean, variance, and for the third moment about zero of the ratio of two random variables, a general expression has been derived for the skewness of the distribution of harvest indices. The skewness of the distribution of harvest indices depends on three parameters: coefficients of variation for the two component traits and their correlation. Conclusions for the sign of this skewness are discussed. Finally, the theoretical results and conclusions have been checked and applied to an experimental data set of winter oilseed rape. The agreement between expected and observed skewness is extraordinary good.     

A genetic study of growth characters and yield characters of oilseed rape

Summary Analysis of single plants in parental, F₁ and F₂ populations of three crosses of oilseed rape indicated cytoplasmic effects in F₁ or F₂ generations for most of the observed characters. There was evidence of dominance for early flowering and early maturity. Heterosis was exhibited for yield and yield components. The heritabilities for the characters under study were generally very low.     

土壤扩蓄增容肥对小麦产量及品质的影响

2012—2013年在陕西三原县（水地）和永寿县（旱地）进行土壤扩蓄增容肥应用效果试验,研究了土壤扩蓄增容肥对小麦产量、产量构成因素和品质的影响。结果表明,土壤扩蓄增容肥对冬小麦有极显著的增产作用。水地较对照净增产1304.06 kg/hm²,增产幅度为16.8%;旱地较对照增产224.70 kg/hm²,增产幅度为8.6%。同时,土壤扩蓄增容肥处理的水地小麦多个品质指标较对照显著降低,其中蛋白质含量降低4.2%,硬度降低2.2%,湿面筋含量降低4.6%,沉降值降低11.6%,面团流变学特性中除吸水率外均显著减少;但土壤扩蓄增容肥对旱地小麦品质指标无显著影响。     

水氮耦合对滴灌冬小麦光合特性、产量及水氮利用效率的影响

旨在明确水氮耦合对滴灌下超高产冬小麦光合特性和产量的影响。本研究采用裂区试验,研究了3种灌水量2775 m3/hm2(W1)、3900 m3/hm2(W2)、4350 m3/hm2(W3)水平与3 种施氮量0 kg/hm2(N0)、180 kg/hm2(N1)、270 kg/hm2(N2)水平对‘新冬41 号’旗叶叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量、光合速率、水分利用效率以及产量的影响。结果表明,水氮同时增加对花后旗叶叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量、旗叶光合速率,水分利用效率和产量的提高比仅增加水或氮的作用更大,均以W2N2、W3N2处理花后旗叶叶绿素（分别较W1N0增加44.5%、41.2%）和可溶性蛋白含量（分别较W1N0增加20.8%、16.85%）、光合速率（分别较W1N0增加46.4%、54.5%）、水分利用效率（分别较W1N0 增加31.9%、34.7%）和产量（分别较W1N0 增加19.05%、20.86%）较高,W2N2、W3N2处理的旗叶光合性能大幅度提高是其产量较高的重要原因。综合水氮利用效率,W2N2(3900 m3/hm2、270 kg/hm2)是本试验条件下冬小麦产量近9000.0 kg/hm2的水氮高效运筹模式。     

不同冬季覆盖作物轮作对农田土壤碳氮影响

风蚀是干旱区农田生态系统中土壤质量降低的关键因素,冬季作物覆盖可有效减少农田的土壤风蚀。通过探究河西灌区不同冬季覆盖作物轮作复种绿肥对农田土壤碳氮影响,以期为构建合理的周年覆盖轮作模式提供理论依据。本研究在热量一熟有余两熟不足的河西灌区春小麦种植区把冬小麦、冬油菜两种冬季覆盖作物和绿肥还田处理嵌套种植形成：（1）春小麦—冬油菜—箭筈豌豆(WCP)、（2）春小麦—冬小麦—箭筈豌豆(WWP)、（3）春小麦—箭筈豌豆(WP)、(4)春小麦—春小麦(W,CK)不同种植模式,在360 kg/hm² (N2)、270 kg/hm² (N1)、0 kg/hm² (N0) 3个施氮水平下,研究不同轮作模式对农田土壤碳、氮含量的提升效应。结果表明：在同一种植模式下土壤有机碳、土壤可溶性有机碳、热提取态有机碳、硝态氮、氨态氮、微生物量碳氮含量随施氮量的增加而增加,但在氮肥减量(N1)的条件下,与常规施氮(N2)相比较WCP轮作模式土壤有机碳、土壤可溶性有机碳、热提取态有机碳含量及微生物量氮无显著降低。相同施氮条件下,轮作模式间差异不显著,但与CK间差异显著;其中,0~10 cm土层,WCP轮作模式土壤有机碳、土壤可溶性有机碳、土壤热提取态有机碳、硝态氮、氨态氮、微生物量碳氮含量平均较CK提高5.42%、9.78%、10.96%、20.51%、15.76%、18.94%;10~30 cm土层,提高9.54%、7.06%、12.99%、20.12%、16.51%、18.16%。因此,春小麦轮作冬油菜复种绿肥模式在氮肥减量条件下仍对农田土壤碳氮有明显的提升效应,为河西灌区良好的周年覆盖作物轮作模式。     

不同种植密度下油菜产量与茎叶性状对施肥水平的反应

为探明种植密度和施肥水平对油菜生长与产量的影响及其机理,此文采用大田小区试验,研究了高、中、低（分别为7.5、22.5、37.5万株/hm2）3种密度条件下冬油菜籽粒产量和茎叶性状对4种施肥水平的反应。结果表明,在供试3种密度条件下,籽粒产量、单株角果数、每角果粒数、千粒重、越冬期和盛花期的根颈直径、越冬期单株绿叶数、盛花期单株主茎绿叶数、越冬期最大叶长和宽、盛花期第一片无柄叶长和宽均随着施肥量的增加而增加,但增加幅度因密度不同而异,籽粒产量和越冬期根颈直径在中密度条件下、其余各项指标在低密度条件下增加幅度最大,而在高密度条件下所测各项指标的增加幅度均最小。因此,所有处理中,籽粒产量和越冬期根颈直径以中密度、高施肥量处理（N、P2O5、K2O、B分别为240、120、210、1.2 kg/hm2）的最高,其他各项指标均以低密度、高施肥量处理的最高。不同种植密度下油菜产量与茎叶性状对施肥水平的反应各异,其中以越冬期根颈直径受个体间竞争的影响相对较小,在不同密度条件下随施肥量的变化趋势于籽粒产量一致,所以能更好地反应油菜生长和产量情况。     

Analysis of Growth and Productivity of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) in Relation to FYM, Nitrogen and Source of Fertilizer

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Anand to study the effect of FYM, nitrogen and source of fertilizer on growth and yield of mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]. The results showed significant variation in leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), dry matter production and seed yield. The direct effect of farmyard manure (FYM) was conspicuous in improving the growth of mustard. FYM application at 10 tonnes ha⁻¹ significantly increased the LAI, CGR and dry matter accumulation per plant at almost all the stages during first year study (1992–93) and in pooled analysis. Similarly, nitrogen application registered maximum LAI, CGR at 75 kg level and RGR and NAR at 50 kg level at almost all the during both years. Sulphur carrying source (Ammonium sulphate plus single super phosphate) increased all stages growth characters. Maximum dry matter accumulation per plant and seed yield were recorded with highest levels of FYM (20 tonnes ha⁻¹), N (75 kg ha⁻¹) and source having S. Seed yield was strongly associated with LAI and dry matter accumulation per plant at all the stages.