"速可生"对哺乳仔猪生长性能的影响

选择品种相同、体况相近、出生日期接近的初生仔猪120头,随机分为试验1组,2组和对照组,每组40头.其中试验1组分别于仔猪一日龄和七日龄应用两次速可生(5千克/头和6千克/头),试验2组于仔猪一日龄应用一次速可生(5千克/头),对照组不用速可生.三组试验猪均在相同条件下进行饲养.经过28d饲养试验,结果表明试验组平均日增重较对照组分别提高了17g(P＜0.05)和7g(P＞0.05);断奶成活率较对照组提高了2.50%.试验组健康状况要好于对照组,经济效益显著.     

合生素在哺乳母猪生产上的应用效果观察

为探讨合生素在生猪生产中使用,试验选择36头长大杂临产母猪,随机分为3组,每组12头,即试验1组、试验2组和对照组,三组基础日粮相同,试验1组、试验2组分别在基础日粮上再添加合生素800g和500g。试验结果表明合生素在改善哺乳母猪生产性能方面有显著作用,添加合生素800g和500g的试验组,仔猪黄白痢发生率分别减少15.4%和13.81%,仔猪成活率分别提高10%、9%,仔猪日增重分别提高35.24g/头(p0.05)和28.09g/头(p0.05),断奶窝重分别增加14.23kg(p0.05)和11.61kg(p0.05),母猪断奶后发情天数减少5.4天,试验组断奶后7天内发情率为100%,对照组为88%。     

添加中链脂肪制剂对哺乳仔猪饲养效果的研究

研究了添加中链脂肪制剂对哺乳仔猪的饲养效果.21窝183头哺乳仔猪随机分为两组,试验组在出生后12小时内灌服4毫升中链脂肪制剂,36小时内再灌服一次,对照组不喂.试验结果表明:试验组仔猪的21日龄平均日增重是196.6±24.4 g,而对照组的21日龄平均日增重是172.4±31.9 g,两组比较差异极显著(P＜0.01),试验组仔猪的平均日增重比对照组增加了24.2 g;试验组与对照组比较成活率差异不显著(P＞0.05),这说明给新生仔猪补喂中链脂肪制剂,可提高仔猪日增重.     

无乳制品开食料喂仔猪的效果

本试验根据北方养猪特点分为两个阶段,仔猪0～35日龄为哺乳期,36～70日龄断奶后网上平养。试验日粮不含乳制品,但添加1.5%的柠檬酸和2%葡萄糖,日粮蛋白水平为19.5～20.5%,赖氨酸水平前期1.25%,后期1.005%。结果表明,1、仔猪35日龄体重:试验组(8.44千克/头)优于对照组(551料含乳制品,8.20千克/头);70日龄平均体重效果与35日龄相似,试验组21.46千克/头,对照组21.15千克/头。2、料重比:7～35日龄平均为0.15～0.16:1;36～70日龄为2.1～2.2:1。3、仔猪育成率:0～35日龄试验组96.97%,对照组92.86%;36～70日龄试验组92.7%;对照组94.0%。4、试验日粮价格(1.2元/千克)低于正大551(1.675元/千克),养猪场的饲养成本可因饲料因素而下降。     

缩短仔猪断奶日龄以提高经济效益的试验

采用 1 0窝产期相近的母猪及其所产的杜长大仔猪 98头 ,随机分成两组 ,每组各 5窝 ,分别进行 1 8日龄 (试验组 )和 2 8日龄断奶 (对照组 )仔猪饲养至 56日龄的试验。结果 :两组仔猪 4 2日龄时体重已很接近 (P >0 .0 5) ,其发病次数百分率、断奶成活率和育成率的差异均不显著 (P >0 .0 5) ,试验组单位增重成本比对照组低 0 .6 9元 /kg,母猪断奶至发情间隔天数、发情持续时间、受胎率的差异均不显著(P >0 .0 5) ,母猪年产仔胎数试验组比对照组可提高 0 .2胎 /年。本试验表明 ;在工厂化养猪条件下 ,仔猪 1 8日龄断奶是可行的 ,且较 2 8日龄断奶可提高生产水平和饲料利用率     

仔猪不同日龄断奶母猪生产表现比较试验

选择同一胎次长大母猪18头与杜洛克公猪杂交产生18窝仔猪,共分3组,每组6窝,分别于21、28、35日龄断奶。各阶段分别饲喂妊娠母猪料(配种～21天,1.8千克/天;22～84天,2.2千克/天;85～108天,2.8千克/天)、哺乳母猪料(配种后的108天至仔猪断奶,3千克/天)、乳猪颗粒料。结果统计各项指标如表1。不同断奶日龄日增重差异显著(P<0.05),但断奶～60日龄育成率差异不显著(P>0.05)。21日龄与28日龄组相比,繁殖周期缩短6.5天,每年可提高0.12胎次;21日龄与35日龄断奶相比,繁殖周期缩短13.2天,每年可提高0.23胎次。可见正确实施早期断奶可提高母猪利用率,…     

强制补饲对早期断奶仔猪生长发育的影响

试验选用二元杂交仔猪10窝,随机分为2组,试验组在7~21日龄期采用人工强制补饲+自由采食,对照组自由采食。结果至28日龄断奶时,试验组每头仔猪可食入饲料600.6 g,显著高于对照组(202.6 g/头,P<0.01));断奶体重相应为6.58和6.07(P<0.01),5周龄,体重相差幅度接近20%,一直到试验结束,差异仍显著(P<0.01);仔猪的日增重:3周龄前无明显差异,4周龄时差异显著(P<0.01),断奶后的第1周(5周龄),对照组几乎停止生长(x-=9.62 g),而试验组仍达108.51 g(P<0.01);整个试验期中,饲料利用率试验组优于对照组(P<0.05);强制补饲组仔猪35日龄出售时可增加纯收入17.08元/头。     

中成药鞣酸苦参碱对断奶仔猪增重效果的初探

选用50头45日龄断奶仔猪(长白×苏白)随机分为试验组与对照组,进行为期30d的饲养试验.试验组于基础日粮中添加0.1%的鞣酸苦参碱,对照组不加,试验结果表明试验组比对照组增重提高9.14%(P＜0.05),饲料利用率7.56%,净收入增加5.1%,经济效益明显,仔猪无下痢现象.     

浅析酶制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

选取健康21日龄断奶长白仔猪544头，采取随机分组的办法分成2组，第一组为试验组271头，第二组为对照组273头。试验组21-49日龄、50-70日龄阶段在对照组基础上分别添加HF-1华芬酶750克／吨、1311华芬酶850克／吨。饲养管理条件相同。经过50天试验，结果表明：试验组日增重比对照组提高5.14％，经显著性检验，试验组与对照组差异显著（P〈0.05）。试验组存活率比对照组高1．46％，腹泻率比对照组低18.23％。饲料转化率提高12．18％，头平净增收入比对照组提高9．14％。     

益生菌制剂在养猪生产中应用效果分析

选择10头3～5胎妊娠母猪于产前一个月将其随机分成A、B两组,每组5头,A组为试验组,B组为对照组。A组饲喂基础日粮 1%乳酸菌制剂,B组只饲喂基础日粮。产仔后,A组母猪基础饲粮中继续添加益生菌制剂(50毫升/天·头),B组仍只喂基础日粮,所产仔猪A组5窝作为试验组仔猪,B组5窝作为对照组仔猪。A组仔猪于出生后1～7天,每天灌服益生菌制剂5毫升,8日龄至断奶转保育,仔猪料中按5～10毫升/头·天拌入乳酸益生菌制剂,B组仔猪不灌服益生菌制剂。A、B两组母猪、仔猪其他日常管理、防疫完全相同。试验结果:①A组母猪所产仔猪初生均重比B组高0.23千克,泌乳良好,母猪便秘现象少,母猪药费约降低4.5元/头;②A组仔猪断奶重比B组高1.08千克,35日龄转保育比B组高2.15千克,成活率高2%,仔猪药费降低0.9元/头,腹泻率降低0.99%;③结果表明,饲料中添加益生菌制剂确实能提高仔猪初生重、断奶重、成活率,A组仔猪比B组仔猪每头多赢利41.95元。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.