2BDB-6(110)大豆仿生智能耕播机设计与试验

针对中国东北地区春季播种时耕种层地温回升较慢和土壤水分不足,严重阻碍大豆发育的问题,计了2BDB-6(110)大豆仿生智能耕播机,该机一次进地可同时完成浅松、碎土、播种、扶垄和镇压等作业,在完成播种施肥作业的同时,有效提升耕种层土壤温度和含水率。本文运用逆向工程和曲线拟合等方法,设计出具有减粘降阻功效的仿野兔爪趾浅松铲和仿穿山甲鳞片扶垄铲;运用STC89C52单片机设计了具有镇压力实时监控功能的镇压力自动调节系统。通过田间单因素对比试验,发现仿生浅松扶垄耕整机构可提高一定深度范围内的土壤温度,与传统耕整机构相比可降低作业阻力13%～20%;镇压力自动调节系统可显著提高镇压作业稳定性,提高平均土壤含水率(0～100mm)1.36%;通过参数优化试验得出耕播联合作业最佳参数组合为浅松深度20cm,镇压强度48k Pa;通过对比验证试验,发现浅松、扶垄耕播联合作业与传统播种作业模式相比可分别提升10、20、30cm深度土壤温度0.7、1.3、0.9℃,提升平均土壤含水率(0～100mm)0.47%,缩短大豆出苗时间0.52 d,提高大豆产量2.05%。     

大豆垄上耦合仿生镇压轮动力学分析与参数优化

针对现存大豆垄作耕作模式中播种作业后镇压强度差,进而导致土壤水分散失快、土壤温度低、出苗率低等问题,对前期所设计的耦合仿生镇压轮进一步优化设计,并应用于大豆垄上镇压作业,以此来提高镇压轮的作业性能与作业效果。根据对耦合仿生镇压轮的动力学分析得到,影响镇压轮作业性能的因素为镇压轮载重、镇压轮宽度、土壤参数。在土壤参数为自然条件下,以作业速度、镇压轮载重、镇压轮宽度为试验因素,土壤硬度、土壤温度、出苗率为评价指标对耦合仿生镇压轮实施三因素五水平正交旋转组合试验,试验结果表明作业速度为4.38 km/h、镇压轮载重为42.5 kg、镇压轮宽度为21.35 mm时,土壤硬度为369.5 kPa,土壤温度为14.9℃,出苗率为96.7%;对比试验结果表明,相对于传统刚性镇压轮,优化后的耦合仿生镇压轮作业后土壤硬度提高6.42%、土壤温度提高9.56%、出苗率提高3.64%,因此优化设计的耦合仿生镇压轮作业性能与作业效果较优。     

辽宁省农业机械化研究所 2BQM-2A型免耕气吸式精量施肥播种机

该机为四轮拖拉机配套，可精播玉米，大豆等作物，能一次完成破茬，开沟，施肥，播种，镇压及覆土等多道工序。该机适应性强，行距，株距，作业深度，播种量。施肥量均能在较大范围内调整，可完成中耕，起垄，追肥等田间管理作业。     

仿形弹性镇压辊设计与试验

针对保护性耕作条件下与大豆耕播机配套的镇压辊压实土壤不均匀、相关耕播机具纵向尺寸过长的问题,设计了一种仿形弹性镇压辊,采用弹性辐条结构,通过理论分析确定了镇压辊的主要结构参数:直径D=450 mm,宽度B=210 mm,弹性辐条数量n=12。利用ADAMS软件对镇压辊进行运动仿真,同时进行土槽试验,采用L9(34)正交试验,在土壤干基含水率为20%时,考察了仿形弹性镇压辊的弹簧刚度k、载荷F、作业速度v和土壤坚实度P对其镇压力波动的影响。通过ADAMS运动仿真,找到了各因素的最佳取值范围;通过正交试验,得到了各因素的主次顺序:载荷、弹簧刚度、土壤坚实度、作业速度,最优组合为载荷800 N,弹簧刚度5 N/mm,土壤坚实度15 k Pa,作业速度0.5 m/s,模拟仿真的结果与试验结果吻合很好。通过对比试验,得到仿形弹性镇压辊在垄台表面有一定倾角的情况下能更好地保证镇压的均匀性。     

田间联合整地作业机的研究与设计

针对田间联合整地作业机的特点,为适用于我国东北地区的大亩旋耕、畦垄上碎茬、分阶段深施化肥、深松、播种、扶垄或破垄、镇压等耕整田间作业的市场需求,我们对多功能联合耕整地机的总体方案和关键工作部件进行分析和研究。     

浅谈耕整地联合作业机的正确使用与维护

耕整地联合作业机是一种集灭茬、旋耕、深松、起垄、镇压为一体的较先进型耕整地机具。一次作业就可完成种床制做的全过程，为作物生长创造一个理想的生长环境。目前该种机具已广泛用于东北垄作地区的耕整地作业。     

多功能联合耕播机的改制

为使旋耕、深松、播种、施肥等项作业有机地结合,1994年春我们在双鸭山市太保镇改制了一台多功能联合耕播机。该机是在连云港产JNG-200型旋耕机基础上改制而成。原机型只能进行旋耕碎土单项作业,改制后可一次完成深松、旋耕、播种、深施化肥、起垄、镇压6项作业。经过几年的实践验证,作业效果很好。用该机播种的大豆每年亩增产在10％以上,而且大大减少了机车进地次数,降低了作业成本,获得了显著的经济效益和社会效益,深受广大农民的欢迎。     

大豆原垄机械精播技术

大豆原垄机械精播技术即在有深松基础的玉米茬原垄上进行机械精量播种,同时继续保持垄体深松,分层深施肥。此项技术能减轻农民的劳动强度,减少机械作业成本,少投入,多产出,达到节能、降耗、增产,是一项大豆栽培机械化节本增效新技术,是耕种方式的重大改革。     

2BZ-8型大豆精密耕播机的设计与应用

2BZ 型大豆精密耕播机是与大豆"暗垄密"高产栽培技术相配套的播种机械,该机采用滑刀式开沟施肥器,可实现种肥、底肥的分层施撒;播种采用双条精量点播,可一次完成开沟、施肥、播种、覆土工序.生产试验表明,各行排量一致性、总排量稳定性均达到国际标准对播种大豆的播种质量指标.各项技术性能满足大豆"暗垄密"高产栽培技术所提出的农艺要求.     

玉米深松全层施肥种行旋耕播种机关键部件的设计

针对目前国内玉米播种机存在播种深度不一致的问题,为了提高玉米播种播深一致性及播种质量,设计了一种旋耕种行玉米播种机。该机可以实现深松、分层施肥、旋耕种行、开沟、播种及覆土镇压等功能,一次性完成的播种作业,适用于大田作业。该机结构简单,使用时调整方便。田间试验表明:整机结构设计合理,可以达到精量播种,符合农民种植要求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义，并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状，提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.