助剂在微生物除草剂中的应用

本文介绍了在微生物除草剂的研究开发中，助剂在固体和液体剂型中的应用状况；指出了助剂开发中存在的问题及其相应对策。     

除草剂剂型的研究与发展

除草剂的普遍应用带动了剂型的迅速发展,同时许多新剂型和先进技术的应用,也使除草剂的发展有了更广阔的空间。本文对除草剂剂型进行了总体介绍,概述了其研究现状及改良方向,展望了未来除草剂剂型的研发趋势。     

生物除草剂研发现状及其面临的机遇与挑战

杂草危害是农业生产中最主要的生物灾害之一,人类已建立起以化学防除为主体的杂草防除技术体系。化学除草剂大量使用引起了许多生态问题。生物除草剂技术是解决这一困境的途径之一。迄今已经开发出20余个生物除草剂产品。但是,由于受到生物除草剂产品的局限性和与化学除草剂比较经济效益的影响,生物除草剂的市场规模仍然有限。不过,世界许多国家和地区均制定出有利于生物除草剂技术发展的相关政策。文章回顾了我国近年来在生物除草剂研发方面取得的显著进展,分析了存在的差距及其原因,提出了对策和建议。     

生物除草剂研究与开发的现状及未来的发展趋势

随着公众健康和环保意识的提高以及现代有机农业的快速发展,生物除草剂的开发越来越受到关注。目前全球正式登记或者商业化的生物除草剂产品已经有20多个,其中也不乏国际化产品。然而,由于生物除草自身的局限性,严重限制了这些产品在国际上的市场规模。本文从生物除草剂发展背景和迫切性开始,总结了生物除草剂的类型、全球生物除草剂的研发现状和未来的发展方向。重点分析了以天然活性产物为库源,开发新的生物源除草剂或以天然产物为前体合成新的化学除草剂的可行性、已有的成绩和未来的发展前景。     

水田除草剂新剂型—大粒剂（JUMBO）种类和特点

省力化是我国和世界农业发展的主流方向之一。除草剂使用技术以前由于其要求高,一直是影响除草剂推广使用的障碍之一。开发研究简便易行的除草剂新剂型和新的使用方法是国内外除草剂生产、科研和推广部门的主攻方向。日本植物调节剂研究协会从８０年代后期开始进行主要针...     

微生物除草剂实现产业化开发

目前,由中国水稻研究所承担的浙江省重大科技专项——微生物除草剂禾长蠕孢(克草霉)的固体发酵与剂型加工技术研究项目已经通过验收,1%克草霉孢子粉剂生产车间也已在浙江初步建成。中投顾问化工行业研究员常轶智指出,由于化学农药的     

生物源除草活性物质开发及应用研究进展

生物源除草剂是一种环境友好型除草剂,是未来除草剂的发展方向之一。本文从生物源除草剂应用的角度出发,综述了历年来国内外生物源除草活性物质在除草领域的研究进展,对生物源除草活性物质及其衍生物的开发和应用现状进行了系统的归纳和总结。其中植物源除草活性物质包括松科、桃金娘科、芸香科、唇形科和菊科等植物的提取物、分泌物和化学改性衍生物;微生物源除草活性物质包括真菌、细菌、放线菌、病毒和它们的次生代谢产物。本文可为生物源除草剂的开发和应用提供一定参考。     

微生物除草剂与生物安全

随着人类环境意识的提高和农业可持续发展的需要,高效、环保微生物除草剂的研究越来越显示其重要的社会意义和经济价值。本文概述了微生物除草剂的种类、剂型及特点,介绍了利用微生物及其天然产物防治杂草的潜在优势和目前国内外的研究进展,尤其是对微生物除草剂的生物安全性进行了评价。     

微生物除草剂研究发展及开发展望

介绍了国内、外微生物除草剂的研究发展概况及成功商品化开发、利用实例;评述了该类除草剂资源丰富、以新作用位点防除杂草、对非靶标植物影响不大、对环境负效应小、安全性高,符合可持续农业发展要求等优点;展望了由于现代生物手段的不断成熟,发酵技术、分子遗传学和基因工程的最新发展,带给微生物除草剂的开发优势和发展前景。     

江苏省小麦田禾本科杂草发生趋势及防除策略思考

小麦的安全生产在江苏农业中占有重要地位,以硬草、草、日本看麦娘和棒头草为代表的禾本科杂草在江苏麦田发生普遍、危害严重,化学除草剂一直是江苏麦田杂草治理的重要手段。但生产上可安全、高效、经济地防除禾本科杂草的除草剂品种较少,加上杂草危害时期长、除草剂使用技术不完善等原因,造成化学除草剂使用量不断增加的同时,小麦田禾本科杂草危害日趋严重的现状。加强理论研究的同时需加大新除草剂品种的开发力度,大胆创新改造现有除草剂品种,建立完善的除草剂使用技术及其评价体系,建立基于农田生态系统之上的作物种类—农艺措施—农药种类和剂型—施药方法相结合的防除策略。     

Advances in bioherbicide formulation

Formulation of a bioherbicide ideally should result in a product that has low cost, long shelf-life, ease of application and efficacy. Formulation persists as a constraint to commercial development of many potential bioherbicides often because dew dependence in fungi limits their efficacy under dry-land conditions. This has not been a problem with several commercial bioherbicides because they are used in irrigated systems or applied as wound inoculations. Thus, reduction in dew dependence is a principal aim in the formulation of many potential bioherbicides. In the present paper, formulation research attempting in part to overcome this problem via the development of novel solid and liquid formulations is described. Solid formulations typically must be able to survive in the field and await suitable conditions before becoming activated. Liquid formulations have the potential to produce infections soon after application provided they remain moist on the target plant surface. Several attempts to improve water-holding capacity in liquid formulations have been examined. The use of multiple emulsions of water in oil in water has recently shown promise.     

Some investigations of suspoemulsions

‘Suspoemulsions’ (SE) is the term used to describe combined formulations of solid and liquid active ingredients as dispersed systems. The parameters influencing an SE were investigated with reference to four examples (one solid and three liquid products) in various mixing ratios. Apart from the type and amount of the partners and the energy dissipation density used, the recipe and viscosity particularly had effects on the formation and properties of an SE. The solid particles in the suspension promoted the comminution of the liquid phase. However, they had practically no influence on the flow behaviour in the three degrees of comminution fineness investigated. The causes of the phenomena discovered are discussed. The storage stability of the SE was equal to that of suspension concentrate (SC) formulations. The advantageous effect of the addition of a thickener on storage stability was similar to that in the case of an SC.     

Biodiesel as a carrier for pesticide formulations: a green chemistry approach

Abstract

This article discusses the present status and future scope of biodiesel as a carrier/diluents and alternative source to hazardous volatile organic compounds for liquid pesticide formulations. Development of user and environment-friendly liquid pesticide formulations for sustainable agriculture is the key focus of today’s agrochemical industries. Organic solvents play an important role in ensuring the efficient distribution and delivery of active ingredients (a.i.) during application of liquid pesticide formulations. Presently used petroleum-based solvents have many disadvantages such as low flash points, high volatility, flammability, phytotoxicity, and inhalation problems to users, etc. However, at present it seems that the use of renewable resources, especially plant oils, oils ester (fatty acids alkyl ester) like biodiesel has the capacity to replace the traditional petroleum-based solvents in liquid pesticide formulations with having sustainable characteristics like high flash point, safer storage, transportation and application. Biodiesel which is easily reproducible from waste cooking oil, waste edible oil, animal fat, etc. may be a suitable alternative green solvent for liquid pesticide formulations in the near future.     

液体与固体培养几种生防真菌的营养研究

针对4种重要的生防真菌（虫生真菌2株、重寄生真菌1株、食线虫真菌1株）,在系统研究其碳源、氮源、碳浓度与C/N比、维生素与矿物质对其生长及产孢影响的基础上,研究液体培养与固体培养所需碳氮源的最佳组合。结果表明,液体培养适合菌丝生长和固体培养适合产孢的碳氮源组合中,球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana菌株IBC1201分别为葡萄糖与丙氨酸、麦芽糖与酵母提取物;蜡蚧轮枝菌Lecanicillium lecanii菌株CA-1-G分别为葡萄糖与明胶、葡萄糖与大豆蛋白胨;绿色木霉Trichoderma viride菌株TV-1分别为果糖与酪蛋白、纤维二糖与酵母提取物;厚垣孢普可尼亚菌Pochonia chlamydosporia菌株HSY-12-14分别为蔗糖与大豆蛋白胨、蔗糖与NaNO3。     

淡紫拟青霉M-1固体发酵工艺优化及基于自动化种曲机的中试生产

淡紫拟青霉Paecilomyces lilacinus在线虫生物防治上表现出巨大的潜力，但大规模生产技术的不成熟以及产品货架期短限制其工业化生产。为获得淡紫拟青霉M-1固体发酵的最佳条件，并建立其规模化生产工艺，本研究采用单因素和正交试验对淡紫拟青霉M-1固体发酵培养的组成、发酵条件以及烘干条件进行了优化，结果表明淡紫拟青霉M-1固体发酵最佳的培养基组成为麸皮：玉米粉为1：1、蔗糖添加量5%、尿素添加量0.1%、硫酸铵添加量0.1%、料水比1：0.67，固体发酵最佳的培养条件为培养温度28℃、培养时间为7 d、液体接种量为5%、固体接种量为0.5%，固体菌剂最适烘干条件为在35℃烘干24 h，在此条件下淡紫拟青霉M-1固体菌剂的有效活菌数为9.47×10⁹ CFU/g。在此基础上，基于自动化种曲机，建立淡紫拟青霉M-1规模化固体发酵工艺，并通过3个批次规模化生产进行验证，获得将近2 t淡紫拟青霉M-1固体菌剂产品，菌剂有效活菌数能达到15.6×10⁹ CFU/g，杂菌率极低（<0.01%），水分含量为9.68%。由此说明，该工艺可用于淡紫拟青霉M-1工业化生产，且产品质量优异。     

Jectarow - A Commercial Unit for Applying Low Volumes of Toxicants to the Seed Furrow of Row Crops1

Jectarow was developed specifically to apply EDB at low volume into the cereal seed furrow for Heterodera avenae control. It has since been used successfully to apply a range of other toxicants. These include liquid formulations of the soil fumigants chloropicrin, and formalin, and emulsions of the fungicides quintozene and etradiazole and the insecticide chlorpyrifos. Suspensions of the powder formulations of captan and chlorothalonil have also been applied successfully using the microtube applicator. Other potential applications of Jectarow may include growth regulators, Rhizobium cultures, trace elements, fertilizers or nitrification inhibitors. Perhaps this machine offers the opportunity to inoculate antagonistic or competitive non-pathogenic cultures into a required soil zone. Jectarow has the advantage that highly toxic compounds can be considered as being contained in a ≪ closed system ≫ Jectarow is a low cost machine that sells to the Australian farmer for $A 215–470 depending on the size of his cereal seed drill (16–120 rows). It is probable that in sophisticated agricultural systems several Jectarows could apply different toxicants on the same machine in the same crop simultaneously.     

Biological Control of Lantana

Abstract

Experiments conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines, showed that all commonly marketed formulations and derivatives of 2,4-D and MCPA were equally effective in controlling barnyard grass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.] and other annual weeds in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L). In the Philippines, these phenoxy acid herbicides cost US$2.50/ha as liquid formulations and US$5.50/ha as granular formulations. These low-cost herbicides provide excellent alternatives to hand weeding in transplanted tropical rice. Other herbicides which can control weeds before or after the weeds emerge are more expensive than 2,4-D or MCPA. Some of these selective herbicides, such as butachlor and TCE-styrene + 2,4-D, are in the Philippine market. Their prices vary from US$8 to US$12/ha.

For direct-seeded flooded rice, granular formulations of several new herbicides, such as butachlor, benthio-carb and C-288 (chemistry not yet disclosed), were highly selective in controlling barnyardgrass and other annual weeds under tropical conditions. C-288 controls algae in addition to annual weeds in direct-seeded flooded rice. Of these three promising herbicides, only butachlor is marketed in the Philippines at US$8/ha. For upland rice, the chemicals which look promising are butachlor, benthiocarb and fluorodifen. Butachlor liquid is available to rice farmers in Asia at about US$16/ha. These herbicides provide an excellent alternative to hand weeding. Generally a complete job of weed control in upland rice requires more than one hand weeding.     

Retention and distribution of dry powder and liquid formulations of insecticides and fungicides on commercially dressed cereal seed

Analysis of samples of seeds, mostly wheat, treated commercially with insecticides and fungicides showed that many carried much less than the theoretical dose, some less than one-tenth. The average loadings of seeds treated with dry powder formulations were nearly always small, but the distribution of insecticide between seeds was fairly uniform. The average loading of seeds treated with liquid formulations was closer to the target, but the distribution was irregular, most of the seeds carrying little insecticide and a few seeds amounts large enough to be phytotoxic. Insecticides applied as dry powders do not adhere strongly to the seeds, but they remain in association with seeds contained and carried in bags. Applied as liquids, insecticides are difficult to remove from seeds. The ratio of insecticide to fungicide on seeds dressed with powders containing both usually resembled the ratio in the original powder. With liquid seed dressings of insecticide and fungicide applied separately in different formulations, the ratio of insecticide to fungicide often differed widely from the theoretical. The average loading of fungicide was close to the target, but the average amount of insecticide was often much less. With either wet or dry dressings, the amount of pesticide on seeds was consistently greater from some merchants than from others. This was independent of the machinery used. Loadings were not consistently affected by type of seed-dressing machinery or formulation, stage of operation, weather or variety of seed.     

Comparison of the adsorption of carbofuran at the silica–liquid and liquid–vapour interfaces

The adsorption processes of carbofuran from an aqueous solution have been determined at the solid–liquid interface, onto silica and at liquid–vapour interfaces. At the solid–liquid interface, the adsorption isotherms and their evolution with temperature reveal that adsorption is generally weak but increases with temperature. Adsorption also significantly increases with concentration when the solubility limit is approached. The study at the liquid–vapour interface reveals that adsorption at this interface is 70 times larger than at the solid–liquid interface. Again, adsorption values at the liquid–vapour interface increase with temperature (below 30°C) and near the solubility limit. Consequences of the observations on the behaviour of carbofuran in the environment are discussed. © 1998 SCI     

基于响应面法优化莱氏绿僵菌SZCY200812的液相发酵条件

为提高莱氏绿僵菌菌株SZCY200812液相发酵时孢子萌发率和生物量，为固相发酵产孢提供高质发酵液，本研究采用单因素及Box-Behnken试验设计结合的方法对该菌液相发酵过程中培养液种类、装液量、pH、摇床转速及培养温度等条件进行优化，确定最佳的液相发酵培养条件。结果表明，通过单因素试验初步确定利用SDY培养液、装液量100/250mL、pH7、摇床转速180r/min及温度25℃，第120h每10mL液态发酵生物产量为0.8433g。通过响应面法建立了莱氏绿僵菌SZCY200812液体发酵培养菌丝生物量与自变量回归模型，根据模型所得结果得出装液量为100.82/250mL，摇床转速178.85r/min，温度24.80℃，pH6.73条件下为理论最佳液态发酵培养条件。为便于生产，得出该菌株SZCY200812在SDY培养液中最佳的培养条件为：装液量101/250mL、pH6.7、摇床转速179r/min以及温度25℃，第120h每10mL液相发酵生物产量达0.8637g。综合以上结果，影响莱氏绿僵菌SZCY200812液相发酵的因素由强至弱依次为pH（D）、温度（C）、摇床转速（B）和装液量（A）。