日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)孵化前后复眼发育的超微结构研究

利用电镜技术研究日本沼虾孵化前后复眼发育的超微结构,结果显示:(1)复眼内小眼折光系统包括角膜、角膜细胞及晶锥,晶锥周围有虹膜色素细胞分布。从产卵后第16 d到第Ⅰ期状幼体,小眼角膜厚度和晶锥直径逐渐增大,角膜细胞内细胞器数量逐渐增多;晶锥内电子致密颗粒区域由6块融合为4块,晶锥末端附近出现第8个小网膜细胞。(2)小眼感光系统由8个小网膜细胞组成,小网膜细胞伸出微绒毛组成“十足目型”感杆束,感杆束周围围绕一层较薄细胞质,胞质内外可见胞饮小泡及膜下储泡囊。随着胚胎发育,感杆束直径逐渐增大,小网膜细胞内线粒体、内质网等细胞器数量逐渐增多,并出现多囊体、板膜体、色素颗粒等结构。(3)胚胎发育过程中,小网膜细胞分化过程如下:产卵后第16 d,感杆束周围7个小网膜细胞间空隙较大,中间被第8个小网膜细胞4个分叶隔开,细胞内出现远端色素颗粒;第Ⅰ期状幼体,第8个小网膜细胞位置上升,其它7个小网膜细胞相互间排列紧密,细胞内出现大量近端色素颗粒。     

印度谷螟成虫复眼的外部形态及显微结构观察

利用扫描电镜和石蜡切片技术观察研究了印度谷螟[Plodia interpunctella(Hübener)]成虫复眼的外部形态和明暗适应对其内部显微结构的影响.结果显示:(1)该蛾复眼半球形,位于头部两侧,略成“八”字形排列,单个复眼的小眼数约为1 950;(2)每个小眼主要由角膜、晶锥、小网膜细胞柱、视杆和基膜组成,其中角膜、晶锥、小网膜细胞周围环绕着由初级虹膜色素细胞分泌的初级虹膜色素颗粒和由6个次级虹膜色素细胞分泌的次级虹膜色素颗粒,基膜处分布有基膜色素颗粒,且密集的气管穿过基膜进入网膜区;(3)明适应时,大部分次级虹膜色素颗粒向视杆远心端移动,覆盖整个小网膜细胞柱区域;暗适应时,次级虹膜色素颗粒逐渐向晶锥方向聚集,分布在各晶锥周围和小网膜细胞柱的远心端.结果表明:印度谷螟成虫复眼为典型的重叠像眼,其主要通过色素颗粒发生纵向位移来调节对光的吸收,以适应外界光环境的变化.     

华山松大小蠹成虫复眼的外部形态及显微结构

【目的】对华山松大小蠹雌雄成虫复眼的外部形态和内部结构进行研究,为进一步探索华山松大小蠹感光和光选择机制提供理论基础。【方法】应用扫描电镜与透射电镜对华山松大小蠹复眼的形态结构进行观察。【结果】华山松大小蠹复眼呈长椭圆形,位于头部两侧;眼表面光滑平坦,小眼间隙被覆有感觉毛。华山松大小蠹雌、雄成虫复眼的小眼组成数目分别为238~250和187~202;雌性小眼间隙着生有角膜乳突;复眼中心区域小眼呈正六边形,边缘区域的小眼为不规则的四边形或六边形。华山松大小蠹成虫复眼具有典型的无晶锥并列像眼。华山松大小蠹成虫复眼由1个角膜、1个晶锥体、2个初级色素细胞、8个小网膜细胞和其特化的视杆、若干个次级色素细胞和基膜构成。视杆属于半集中型视杆。【结论】华山松大小蠹雌雄成虫复眼具有相同的内部结构,但雌性成虫复眼分辨能力和可见距离稍优于雄性成虫。     

日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)胚胎及幼体复眼发育的研究Ⅰ.外形和组织结构研究

用光镜研究了日本沼虾胚胎及幼体复眼外形和组织结构发育过程.外形发育研究结果表明:受精卵发育到第8 d,胚胎中出现点状复眼色素;9～11 d,点状色素逐渐连成线状,厚度逐渐增加;12～13 d,色素区明显,经戊二醛固定复眼区为桔红色;第14 d,小眼开始出现,随着胚胎发育,色素区越来越明显,小眼数量也越来越多,至第1期氵蚤状幼体,复眼内小眼发育已较完善.组织结构研究结果表明:受精卵发育第8 d,胚胎内复眼原基区可见两层细胞,表层为眼基细胞,内部为神经细胞;9～10 d,眼基细胞开始纵向分裂,形成放射状细胞簇;第16 d,复眼内小眼结构已十分复杂,小眼由角膜、角膜细胞、晶锥、晶锥细胞、虹膜色素细胞、小网膜细胞等组成.     

日本沼虾（Macrobrachium rtipportertse）胚胎及幼体复眼发育的研究Ⅰ．外形和组织结构研究

用光镜研究了日本沼虾胚胎及幼体复眼外形和组织结构发育过程。外形发育研究结果表明：受精卵发育到第8d，胚胎中出现点状复眼色素；9—11d。点状色素逐渐连成线状，厚度逐渐增加；12—13d，色素区明显。经戊二醛固定复眼区为枯红色；第14d，小眼开始出现，随着胚胎发育，色素区越来越明显，小眼数量也越来越多，至第1期溞状幼体，复眼内小眼发育已较完善。组织结构研究结果表明：受精卵发育第8d，胚胎内复眼原基区可见两层细胞，表层为眼基细胞，内部为神经细胞；9—10d，眼基细胞开始纵向分裂，形成放射状细胞簇；第16d，复眼内小眼结构已十分复杂，小眼由角膜、角膜细胞、晶锥、晶锥细胞、虹膜色素细胞、小网膜细胞等组成。     

印楝素诱导黑腹果蝇复眼发育异常的形态学研究

将果蝇置于含印楝素2 mg/kg的昆虫培养基中产卵,待卵孵化发育至不同虫态,运用光学显微镜及扫描电镜研究果蝇新羽化成虫复眼外观,发现复眼明显萎缩并呈现不规则状,表面粗糙,出现异常凹陷,刚毛缺失或增生,排列不规则或弯曲;运用透射电镜研究复眼超微结构,结果表明,3龄末期幼虫复眼组织细胞中染色质高度聚集成小体、小体分散,吞噬泡数量明显增多,核膜皱缩、界限模糊,蛹和新羽化成虫复眼中感光细胞丢失.这些结果确证了印楝素诱导果蝇复眼发育异常,为寻找新型昆虫生长发育调节剂提供了可能的新靶标.     

美棘蓟马复眼的外部形态及内部超微结构

【目的】研究美棘蓟马雌雄成虫复眼的外部形态和内部超微结构,为探索缨翅目成虫复眼与其他全变态类昆虫复眼之间的进化关系提供依据。【方法】应用扫描与透射电子显微镜,对美棘蓟马成虫复眼的外部形态和内部超微结构进行观察。【结果】美棘蓟马复眼呈肾形,位于头部两侧的触角基部。雌、雄成虫复眼的小眼数量分别为70~76和68~75个;小眼呈椭圆形,表面光滑,外凸,小眼之间排列疏松,有分布不规律的感觉毛。成虫复眼类型属于并列像眼,每个小眼由1个叠层的角膜、1个真晶锥体、8个视网膜细胞、1对初级色素细胞、数个次级色素细胞和基膜组成,晶体周围、视网膜色素细胞内和基膜处均含有丰富的色素颗粒。【结论】美棘蓟马雌、雄成虫复眼在小眼数量上略有差异,雌虫略多于雄虫,小眼的大小及排列方式均无明显差异;雌、雄成虫复眼的内部超微结构无明显差异。     

棉铃虫及其优势种天敌草蛉感光、趋光机制的研究进展

在明暗适应条件下,从复眼状态变化、结构,成虫行为反应,电生理反应及光学几方面,对棉铃虫及其优势种天敌草蛉的感光、趋光机制进行了综合评述.     

柑橘木虱趋光行为及复眼结构分析

【目的】研究柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama对不同光波的趋光性,探索其复眼结构及在光适应和暗适应下的结构变化并阐明其趋光机制,为发展柑橘木虱非化学防控技术奠定基础。【方法】选用趋光反应装置测定柑橘木虱成虫对不同光波的趋光率,利用扫描电镜技术和组织切片方法对成虫复眼形态和结构进行观察。【结果】柑橘木虱成虫对不同波长光的趋光率不同,对紫外光(365～370 nm)的趋光率为66.62%～71.38%,蓝光(470～475 nm)为47.17%～50.88%,绿光(520～525 nm)为39.37%～44.26%,黄光(590～592 nm)为28.18%～31.32%,红光(620～630 nm)为14.68%～18.33%。成虫复眼呈半球形,位于头部两侧触角基部,表面光滑无辅助结构,属于典型的并列相眼。小眼由角膜、晶锥、视网膜细胞、基膜和色素细胞组成,位于复眼中心区域的小眼呈六边形,边缘区域的小眼呈近圆形。雌、雄成虫每个复眼的小眼数分别为225～254和238～252个。【结论】柑橘木虱成虫对紫外光、蓝光和绿光的趋光率显著高于白光,雌雄成虫在复眼结构和形态方面没有明显的差异。研究结果为阐明柑橘木虱趋光行为的机制提供了理论基础。     

青甘韭和贺兰韭营养器官解剖结构的抗旱性分析

抗旱性是植物长期生长在缺水环境下形成的,主要表现在结构与功能的相关性方面.本研究结构表明:青甘韭和贺兰韭根的解剖结构均由表皮、皮层和维管柱3个部分组成.皮层比例为青甘韭大于贺兰韭,青甘韭的皮层厚度、导管的口径小于贺兰韭;茎的解剖结构均由表皮,同化组织、基本组织和维管束组成.茎表皮细胞角质层厚度、维管束数和直径大小为青甘...     

橘小实蝇成虫复眼结构及感光机制

【目的】研究橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis成虫复眼外部形态、内部显微结构和光感受机制。【方法】利用扫描电镜观察橘小实蝇成虫复眼外部形态,组织切片研究成虫复眼内部显微结构及在不同光环境下小眼结构的变化。【结果】橘小实蝇成虫复眼位于头部两侧,正面观呈半球形,表面光滑平坦;小眼间隙有感觉毛,单个小眼由角膜、晶锥、网膜细胞及其特化的视杆、基膜等构成,晶锥、视杆周围和色素细胞内均含有大量的色素颗粒。不同单色光处理后,小眼内的附属色素细胞色素颗粒沿小眼纵轴移动。白光、绿光和黄光处理后,附属色素细胞色素颗粒沿小眼纵轴均匀分布;紫光、蓝光和红光处理后,附属色素细胞色素颗粒主要集中在视网膜细胞远端和角膜的近端。【结论】橘小实蝇雌、雄成虫复眼在外形和内部结构上无差异,均属于并置像眼,屏蔽色素颗粒的移动是其复眼适应外界光环境变化的重要机制,该研究结果为筛选橘小实蝇成虫敏感光波并对其进行灯光诱杀提供了理论依据。     

Visual receptor potential: modification by injected current in the limulus lateral eye

The latent period of the light-evoked receptor potential was increased by hyperpolarizing currents injected directly into doubly impaled retinular cells. Indirect hyperpolarization of these cells by injection of hyperpolarizing current into the eccentric cell or other intraommatidial retinular cells either shortened or did not change the latent period. The modification of the latent period may depend upon the direction of current flow across some regions of the membrane system constituting the rhabdomere. The reduction in magnitude of the receptor potential obtained with strong hyperpolarizing currents may also depend upon the direction of current flow. The results support the conclusion that the receptor potential originates in retinular cells within the membrane system of the rhabdomere.     

Mechanism of polarized light perception

As background for a report on our current selective adaptation experiments in decapod crustaceans, the various facts and hypotheses generally relevant to intraretinal sensitivity to polarized light in arthropods as well as cephalopods have been marshaled. On the basis of this review, the following working hypotheses have been made. 1) One ommatidium in the compound eye is the functional unit in image perception but contains in its component retinular cells subunits which can work independently in detecting other visual parameters, such as polarization. 2) Single retinular cells do respond differentially to light polarized in various planes. 3) Light sensitivity, including e-vector detection, is localized in the rhab domeres, which comprise closely packed arrays of microvilli protruding axially from retinular cells; the dichroism of the photopigment molecules, which are contained within the microvilli, provides the molecular basis of e-vector detection. 4) The visual pigment molecules have their major dichroic axis aligned predominantly parallel to the long axis of the microvillus containing them; typically all microvilli in a single rhab domere are closely parallel to one another, thus comprising at the cellular level a unit dichroic analyzer with maximum optical density to photons vibrating in the direction parallel to these microvillous protrusions. 5) In most decapod crustaceans, in cephalopods, and in some insects the microvilli in all rhabdomeres of a retinula are oriented in only two directions, perpendicular. to each other. Therefore, e-vector perception must depend at the retinular level on a two channel system consisting of a pair of dichroic analyzers with their major transmitting axes fixed at a 90 degrees angle determined by the two directions of microvillus orientation. Our new results on selective adaptation in the eye of Cardisoma provide direct experimental evidence for such a two-channel analyzer in which the pair of functional units have their maximum sensitivity to polarization in the same retinal directions as the rhab dom microvilli observed in electron micrographs. In turn, these directions correspond with the vertical and horizontal axes of the animal's normal spatial orientation. In e-vector detection the seven retinular cells of a single decapod ommatidium thus form two operational subgroups of four and three cells, respectively (39). The correspondence of the electrophysiological evidence for a dual polarization analyzer with the perpendicular directions shown by the microvilli in a single rhabdom strengthens the idea that one ommatidium is enough for detecting e-vector orientation. On this evidence we may conclude that the model developed above for a two-channel polarization analyzer effectively accounts for the relevant spectrophotometric, fine-structural, electrophysiological, and behavioral data currently available for a considerable number of arthropods and cephalopods.     

口虾蛄促雄腺的形态结构研究

[目的]对口虾蛄的形态结构进行观察。[方法]利用组织切片技术观察雄性口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)促雄腺的形态结构特征。[结果]口虾蛄促雄腺1对,乳白色,呈椭圆形,分别位于第三步足的交接肢基部内侧,包埋于肌肉、肝胰腺之间,通过组织膜附着在输精管表面。腺体发育分为3个时期:增殖期、合成期和分泌期。腺体的分泌方式为全浆式。[结论]该研究结果可为丰富口虾蛄繁殖生物学的研究提供基础资料。     

长兴岛周边海域夏季渔业资源现状初步调查

于2010年6月和8月采用底拖网对长兴岛周边海域的渔业资源进行了调查。结果表明：该海域有游泳动物38种,其中鱼类21种,虾类7种,蟹类6种,头足类4种;6月优势种为焦氏舌鳎、口虾蛄、日本蝇、长蛸、许氏平鱼由和大泷六线鱼,8月优势种为矛尾嘏虎鱼、口虾蛄、黄鲅鲸、日本蜉、焦氏舌鳎、葛氏长臂虾、斑纹蛳子鱼和细纹鲫子鱼。生物多样性评价结果表明,物种多样性指数从1992年的2．53降到现在的1．83,渔业资源群落结构发生了较大变化,种类减少,种的均衡性变差。     

东海海鳗摄食习性的季节变化及随生长的变化

2008年8月-2009年2月,对东海区渔业资源大面积调查所捕获和渔获市场购买等多种渠道获得的海鳗样品,进行食性的季节和生长变化研究。研究表明海鳗以游泳动物和底栖动物为主食,春季海鳗摄食食物种类有35种（包含未鉴定到种的种类）,以鲐鱼、长手隆背蟹、口虾蛄、双斑蟳、紫隆背蟹和黄鲫为主;夏季44种,以小黄鱼、不可辨认鱼、口虾蛄和带鱼为主;秋季36种,以口虾蛄和龙头鱼为主;冬季28种,以口虾蛄、小黄鱼和龙头鱼为主。海鳗各个生长阶段均主要摄食鱼类,但是食物组成存在差异,随着海鳗的生长,食物中鱼类和短尾类的%IRI值趋于增加,而口足类的%IRI值趋于降低。     

Red-absorbing visual pigment of butterflies

Noninvasive photochemical and physiological experiments with intact butterflies of 17 species showed that nine species have a rhodopsin absorbing maximally at 610 nanometers, contained in retinular cells that are maximally sensitive at 610 nanometers. This is the longest-wavelength visual pigment known for an invertebrate. Eight species of butterflies lack the 610-nanometers rhodopsin. All species possess a rhodopsin absorbing maximally in the green region of the spectrum.     

Coherent optical control of the quantum state of a single quantum Dot

Picosecond optical excitation was used to coherently control the excitation in a single quantum dot on a time scale that is short compared with the time scale for loss of quantum coherence. The excitonic wave function was manipulated by controlling the optical phase of the two-pulse sequence through timing and polarization. Wave function engineering techniques, developed in atomic and molecular systems, were used to monitor and control a nonstationary quantum mechanical state composed of a superposition of eigenstates. The results extend the concept of coherent control in semiconductors to the limit of a single quantum system in a zero-dimensional quantum dot.     

Retinoscopy and eye size

Retinoscopy was performed on animals with different sized eyes, all of whom appeared hypermetropic. The data were well fitted by an equation of the form y = kx(-2) where y is refractive error in diopters, and x is the corneo-retinal length of the eye. Apparent hypermetropia may be due to the reflection from the inner surface of the retins.