酶重量法测定鲜食玉米中膳食纤维含量的研究

选取京津主产区不同品种的15份鲜食玉米为试验材料,采用酶重量法测定了其籽粒中的总膳食纤维(TDF)、不溶性膳食纤维(IDF)及可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)的含量。结果表明,15个品种的鲜食玉米的TDF含量变化范围为1.98~3.92 g/100g,平均值为2.82 g/100g;IDF含量的变化范围为1.82~3.56 g/100 g,平均值为2.46 g/100 g;SDF含量的变化范围为0.16~0.54 g/100g,平均值为0.36 g/100g。鲜食玉米中膳食纤维含量较高,以IDF为主,占87%左右。在15个供试品种中,TDF和IDF含量最高的品种是天津武清地区的华奥农科育120,最低的是北京昌平地区的京科糯609。相对标准偏差数据显示,不同品种的鲜食玉米籽粒中TDF、IDF和SDF含量均存在差异,SDF含量差异最大为30.3%。     

脲醛氮肥不影响叶菜的甲醛残留量及食用安全

【目的】研究脲醛氮肥(UF)对生菜、 上海青体内甲醛累积量、 甲醛含量的影响,评价其在叶菜上施用的安全性。【方法】采用3因素4水平完全设计分别进行第一次生菜及上海青盆栽试验。三因素为 50%尿素+50%脲醛[活性系数 (AI)=67%,UF1]、 50%尿素+50%脲醛(AI=57%,UF2)、 100%尿素(U); 施氮量设4个水平,分别是每千克土壤 N0、 100、 200、 300 mg,共 12 个处理,每个处理6个重复。采用4因素3水平完全设计进行第二次生菜盆栽试验,四个因素分别是AI分别为55%的脲醛(UF3)、 63%的脲醛(UF4)、 72%的脲醛(UF5)和100%尿素(U)(含 N 46%); 施氮量设3个水平,分别是每千克土壤 N 0、 200、 300 mg,共 12 个处理,每个处理6个重复。收获后,用乙酰丙酮法测定植株甲醛含量。【结果】无论施氮与否,生菜和上海青体内均能检测到甲醛。无氮对照在第一次生菜和上海青试验中的甲醛累积量分别为 0.21和0.35 mg/pot,在第二次生菜试验的生菜甲醛含量为 1.72 mg/kg。第一次生菜试验施 N 100 mg/kg土 时,U和 U+UF处理的生菜体内甲醛是无氮对照的 2.7~2.8 倍,但施氮处理间(U、 U+UF)无差异。在施 N 200、 300 mg/kg土时,U处理的生菜甲醛累积量明显大于U+UF处理,尿素处理甲醛累积量分别为 0.68、 0.56 mg/pot; 施 N 200 mg/kg土时,U处理的甲醛累积量比 UF1 + U和 UF2 + U 处理分别高出 26%、 33%,N 300 mg/kg土时的相应值是 30%、 24%。第二次生菜试验,两个施氮水平下,U和 UF5处理的甲醛含量最大; 施 N 200 mg/kg土时,UF3和UF4处理的生菜体内甲醛含量与无氮处理的无差异,当施氮量增加到300 mg/kg土时,活性指数为 55%的 UF3 与无氮处理的生菜甲醛含量无差异,活性指数为 63%的UF4的生菜甲醛含量甚至明显低于无氮处理。U和 UF5 处理的生菜甲醛含量范围为 4.97~5.36 mg/kg,UF3和 UF4处理的分别比 UF5处理的降低了68%和 70%,分别比U处理的的降低了69%和 71%。施氮量从 N 100 mg/kg土增加到 300 mg/kg土,均未影响叶菜体内的甲醛残留。【结论】与常规尿素相比,单独施用脲醛氮肥或尿素与脲醛氮肥混合施用,无论脲醛氮肥活性指数从 50%增加到 71%,还是氮肥用量从 100 增加到 300 mg/kg土,均不会增加叶菜体内的甲醛残留量,并且甲醛残留量处于安全范围内。     

亚麻籽饲喂对苏尼特羊肉风味品质的影响

为了提高甘薯加工副产物的利用率,以浙薯13品种甘薯皮为原料,采用亚临界水提取甘薯皮可溶性膳食纤维。在单因素试验的基础上选取料液比、提取温度、提取时间3个因素,应用正交试验对甘薯皮可溶性膳食纤维提取工艺条件进行优化,考察可溶性膳食纤维的物化性质,并以葡萄糖吸附能力、羟基自由基清除能力、DPPH自由基清除能力为指标,评价甘薯皮可溶性膳食纤维功能特性。结果表明,亚临界水提取甘薯皮可溶性膳食纤维得率为10.43%,比无辅助热水、超声和微波辅助提取法分别提高769.17%、27.04%和34.75%。亚临界水提取法中可溶性膳食纤维占总膳食纤维的比例最高（42.26%）,比无辅助热水、超声和微波提取条件下分别提高665.58%、14.43%和19.24%。亚临界水法提取所得可溶性膳食纤维的葡萄糖吸附能力（4.79 mmol/g）、羟基自由基清除能力（54.28%）和DPPH自由基清除能力（69.28%）均高于无辅助热水、超声和微波辅助提取法所得可溶性膳食纤维,总膳食纤维的吸水膨胀性（7.89 mL/g）、持油性（4.74 g/g）和峰值黏度（27.18 mPa/s）显著高于其他方法所提取的总膳食纤维。     

亚临界水提法提高甘薯皮可溶性膳食纤维得率

为了提高甘薯加工副产物的利用率,以浙薯13品种甘薯皮为原料,采用亚临界水提取甘薯皮可溶性膳食纤维。在单因素试验的基础上选取料液比、提取温度、提取时间3个因素,应用正交试验对甘薯皮可溶性膳食纤维提取工艺条件进行优化,考察可溶性膳食纤维的物化性质,并以葡萄糖吸附能力、羟基自由基清除能力、DPPH自由基清除能力为指标,评价甘薯皮可溶性膳食纤维功能特性。结果表明,亚临界水提取甘薯皮可溶性膳食纤维得率为10.43%,比无辅助热水、超声和微波辅助提取法分别提高769.17%、27.04%和34.75%。亚临界水提取法中可溶性膳食纤维占总膳食纤维的比例最高（42.26%）,比无辅助热水、超声和微波提取条件下分别提高665.58%、14.43%和19.24%。亚临界水法提取所得可溶性膳食纤维的葡萄糖吸附能力（4.79 mmol/g）、羟基自由基清除能力（54.28%）和DPPH自由基清除能力（69.28%）均高于无辅助热水、超声和微波辅助提取法所得可溶性膳食纤维,总膳食纤维的吸水膨胀性（7.89 mL/g）、持油性（4.74 g/g）和峰值黏度（27.18 mPa/s）显著高于其他方法所提取的总膳食纤维。     

红枣中的苯甲酸及其膳食暴露评估

本文利用居民日均红枣消费量、红枣苯甲酸含量和苯甲酸每日允许摄入量(ADI,5 mg/kg bw)进行风险评估,结果显示,红枣苯甲酸慢性膳食摄入风险(%ADI)均远小于100%,通常不足50%,甚至低于10%,表明红枣苯甲酸慢性摄入风险可以接受,不会危及消费者健康。     

苹果中乙撑硫脲膳食摄入风险的非参数概率评估

为明确国产苹果中乙撑硫脲残留水平及量化中国居民乙撑硫脲膳食摄入风险。基于渤海湾(辽宁、山东、河北)和西北黄土高原(陕西、山西、河南)两大苹果优势主产区采集的282份苹果样品,运用专业风险评估软件@Risk,尝试构建非参数概率评估模型,对中国居民乙撑硫脲膳食摄入风险进行概率评估。结果表明:参试的282份苹果样品,乙撑硫脲检出率为80.9%,残留量均值为6.1μg/kg,最高残留量为74.1μg/kg,绝大多数苹果样品(占90.4%)乙撑硫脲残留量10.0μg/kg。282份苹果样品中乙撑硫脲残留量的离散程度较大(变异系数达134.6%),不同省份变异系数排序,陕西(150.7%)辽宁(146.8%)河北(91.2%)山东(88.1%)河南(54.9%)山西(51.8%)。不同年龄组人群膳食摄入风险存在明显差异,幼儿(2~6岁)和儿童(7~13岁)乙撑硫脲膳食摄入风险均明显高于青少年(14~17岁)和成年(18~59岁),为重点监控对象。总体而言,不同年龄组人群乙撑硫脲膳食摄入风险均很低,其中慢性膳食摄入风险介于0.35%~13.12%,急性膳食摄入风险介于0.22%~3.94%,均远低于100%;不同省份和不同主产区苹果乙撑硫脲膳食摄入风险虽存在明显差异,但均远低于100%,不同省份和不同主产区苹果乙撑硫脲膳食摄入风险也是可以接受的。基于最大残留限量估计值(estimate maximum residue limit,e MRL),建议中国苹果中乙撑硫脲最大残留限量值设为0.2 mg/kg。本研究可为苹果质量安全监管和今后系统开展果品质量安全风险评估提供有益借鉴和参考。     

燕麦麸膳食纤维脱色工艺及对产品特性的影响

为了改善燕麦麸膳食纤维色泽,提高产品质量,该文采用双氧水进行燕麦麸膳食纤维的氧化脱色研究,并对产品的营养成份和功能性质进行分析。确定脱色的较佳工艺条件为:4%H2O2、pH11、40℃、4h。在此条件下燕麦麸膳食纤维的白度由5.6%增加到36.2%,效果明显。脱色前后燕麦麸膳食纤维的主要成分变化不大,其中总膳食纤维、β-葡聚糖含量略有增高,蛋白质、脂肪含量略有降低。脱色后燕麦麸膳食纤维的膨胀力由2mL/g增加到4mL/g,持水力由3.12%增加到3.77%,结合水力由1.3%增加到2.5%。     

木瓜蛋白酶对苜蓿总膳食纤维含量测定的影响

通过对苜蓿总膳食纤维含量测定中木瓜蛋白酶用量和酶解时间2个因素4个水平的条件试验,发现2个因素对测定结果的影响为:酶解时间＞木瓜蛋白酶用量,最佳酶解条件为木瓜蛋白酶用量75 uL、酶解时间为10 min。通过国家标准物质(BCR-383四季豆)进行验证,测定值为12.10 g/100 g,符合范围(11.6±0.6) g/100 g。该条件可减少蛋白酶用量,缩短酶解时间,降低检测成本,可用于苜蓿膳食纤维的常规检测。     

58个不同品种甘薯茎叶营养与功能成分的研究

为了明确不同品种甘薯茎叶的营养与功能成分组成,本试验系统比较了58个不同品种甘薯茎叶中的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、膳食纤维、维生素、多酚类物质、黄酮类物质含量及抗氧化活性。结果表明,甘薯茎叶富含粗蛋白(9.35~38.45 g·100 g^-1 DW)、粗脂肪(1.36~12.30 g·100 g^-1 DW)、总膳食纤维(35.30~45.0 g·100 g^-1 DW)、维生素C(1.47~131.64 mg·100 g^-1 DW)、β-胡萝卜素(6.75~59.35 mg·100 g^-1 DW)及维生素E(0.39~23.30 mg·100 g^-1 DW);湛薯01-2品种甘薯茎叶中总酚含量(21.39 g CAE·100 g^-1 DW)及抗氧化活性(40.28 g TE·100 g^-1 DW)最高。抗氧化活性与营养成分之间的相关性分析结果表明,甘薯茎叶中主要的抗氧化活性物质为多酚类物质(R²=0.748)。本研究为甘薯茎叶的合理开发利用提供了一定的指导。     

银耳蒂头粉对面条蒸煮特性、营养品质及风味成分的影响

银耳蒂头是银耳加工的副产物。为探讨银耳蒂头粉对面条品质与风味成分的影响,本研究以小麦面粉为基体,辅助添加不同比例(0%、5%、8%、11%、14%、17%)的银耳蒂头粉,制作银耳小麦复合面条,测定分析复合面条的蒸煮特性、质构、色泽、感官、营养成分及风味化合物。研究发现,随着银耳蒂头粉的质量分数从0%增加到17%,面条的熟断条率从0%上升到8.33%,烹调损失率从2.02%上升到5.52%,白度指数从80.127下降到76.213,咀嚼硬度从543.835 g下降到322.576 g;银耳蒂头粉添加量为11%时,复合面条的感官品质最佳;与普通面条相比,银耳复合面条的氨基酸总量(12.27 g·100 g^-1)无显著变化,膳食纤维含量从3.3 g·100 g^-1上升到10.0 g·100 g^-1,镁、锌、钙和铁矿物质总量从540.637 mg·kg^-1上升到603.02 mg·kg^-1;银耳蒂头粉对面条的挥发性成分含量影响不明显,但增加了庚醛、己酸、7-甲基十七烷等10种挥发性风味化合物。本研究结果为银耳蒂头的利用和营养功能性面条的开发提供了理论依据。     

Glucosinolates and fatty acid, sterol, and tocopherol composition of seed oils from Capparis spinosa Var. spinosa and Capparis ovata Desf. Var. canescens (Coss.) Heywood

Seed oils of 11 samples of Capparis ovata and Capparis spinosa from different locations in Turkey were characterized with regard to the composition of fatty acids, tocopherols, and sterols as well as the content of glucosinolates. The oil content of the seeds ranged from 27.3 to 37.6 g/100 g (C. spinosa) and from 14.6 to 38.0 g/100 g (C. ovata). The dominating fatty acid of both species was linoleic acid, which accounted for 26.9-55.3% in C. ovata seed oils and for 24.6-50.5% in C. spinosa seed oils. Oleic acid and its isomer, vaccenic acid, were both found in the seed oils in concentrations between 10 and 30%, respectively. The seed oils of both species were rich in tocopherols with the following composition: gamma-tocopherol, 124.3-1944.9 mg/100 g; delta-tocopherol, 2.7-269.5 mg/100 g; and alpha-tocopherol, 0.6-13.8 mg/100 g. The concentration of total sterols ranged from 4875.5 to 12189.1 mg/kg (C. ovata) and from 4961.8 to 10009.1 mg/kg (C. spinosa), respectively. In addition to sitosterol, which amounted to approximately 60% of the total amount of sterols, campesterol and stigmasterol accounted for 16 and 10% of the total sterols, respectively. The seed oils showed remarkably high contents of Delta5-avenasterol (between 138.8 and 599.4 mg/kg). The total content of glucosinolates of C. ovata and C. spinosa samples was determined as 34.5-84.6 micromol/g for C. ovata and 42.6-88.9 micromol/g for C. spinosa, respectively, on a dry weight basis, with >95% as glucocapperin.     

Improving zinc content and antioxidant activity in transgenic tomato plants with expression of mouse metallothionein-I by mt-I gene

Metallothioneins (MTs), as a family of low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich, and metal-binding proteins, show potential for utilization in functional food. Tomato plants were transformed with gene constructs that contained mt-I encoding the mouse MT-I, similar in sense orientation with the constitutively active double 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus. Three independent transformants, which had copies of the gene in their genomes, were obtained. In these transgenic lines, high-level expression of MT-I, high zinc content, and some antioxidant enzyme activities were detected in leaves. The average zinc content in transgenic tomato leaves was 32.7 mg/100 g FW, which about 1.6 times higher than that in wild-type. The superoxide dismutase activity was also higher (68.6, 66.9, and 66.1 U/g FW in the three transformants) than that in wild-type (57.4 U/g FW). In particular, the levels of superoxide free radical scanvenging in the three transformants were 14.2%, 14.6%, and 13.7%, respectively, which about 1.5 times higher than that in control (5.6%). Transgenic MT tomato may potentially be used as an antioxidant and for zinc supplementation.     

Quantitation of fatty acids, sterols, and tocopherols in turpentine (Pistacia terebinthus Chia) growing wild in Turkey

The chemical composition (fatty acids, tocopherols, and sterols) of the oil from 14 samples of turpentine (Pistacia terebinthus L.) fruits is presented in this study. The oil content of the samples varied in a relatively small range between 38.4 g/100 g and 45.1 g/100 g. The dominating fatty acid of the oil is oleic acid, which accounted for 43.0 to 51.3% of the total fatty acids. The total content of vitamin E active compounds in the oils ranged between 396.8 and 517.7 mg/kg. The predominant isomers were alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, with approximate equal amounts between about 110 and 150 mg/kg. The seed oil of P. terebinthus also contained different tocotrienols, with gamma-tocotrienol as the dominate compound of this group, which amounted to between 79 and 114 mg/kg. The total content of sterols of the oils was determined to be between 1341.3 and 1802.5 mg/kg, with beta-sitosterol as the predominent sterol that accounted for more than 80% of the total amount of sterols. Other sterols in noteworthy amounts were campesterol, Delta5-avenasterol, and stigmasterol, which came to about 3-5% of the total sterols.     

The influence of cereal and dairy consumption on the Irish diet: implications for developing food-based dietary guidelines

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the intakes of cereal and dairy products and their contribution to nutrient intakes in men and women from the Republic of Ireland with a view to formulating food-based dietary guidelines. DESIGN: The North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey established a database of habitual food and drink consumption using a 7-day food diary. From this database all cereal and dairy products from recipes and identifiable sources were identified and a new database was generated from which analysis of the role of cereal and dairy products in the diet was carried out. RESULTS: Almost 100% of the population consumed cereal and dairy products over the course of the survey week. In general, men consumed significantly more cereal and dairy products than did women (P<0.05). Cereal products made an important contribution to the mean daily intakes of energy (26%), protein (21%), fat (13%), carbohydrate (41%), fibre (45%), iron (43%) and folate (27%). Dairy products also contributed largely to the mean daily intakes of energy (11%), protein (14%), fat (17%), calcium (48%), phosphorus (24%) and vitamin A (27%). Analysis of nutrient intakes across tertiles of cereal and dairy consumption showed that high consumers of wholemeal bread, breakfast cereals, reduced-fat milk and yoghurt had lower fat and higher carbohydrate, fibre and micronutrient intakes than low consumers of these foods. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from the present study could be used to develop effective health strategies to implement changes in cereal and dairy consumption that could alter fat, fibre and micronutrient intakes in the diet.     

Does the diet of the Balearic population, a Mediterranean-type diet, ensure compliance with nutritional objectives for the Spanish population?

OBJECTIVES: To assess the dietary habits of Balearic Islands' consumers who are successful in meeting current nutritional recommendations, to find clues for the development of future food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) that would be relevant to this population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional nutritional survey carried out in the Balearic Islands between 1999 and 2000. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Dietary habits were assessed by means of 24-hour recall (two non-consecutive days: warm and cold season) and a food-frequency questionnaire in a random sample (n=1200, aged 16-65 years) living in private households. Differences in percentage of compliers with the intermediate nutritional objectives for the Spanish population and differences in food consumption patterns between genders and between high (above the upper quartile of intake) and low (below the lower quartile of intake) consumers of fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), fibre, and fruit and vegetables were analysed. RESULTS: Gender differences were observed in nutrient and energy intakes, as well as in attainment of the recommendations. Less than 25% of the population reached the intermediate nutritional recommendations for iodine, fruit, carbohydrates, SFA, fibre and vegetables. Low fat/SFA and high fruit and vegetables/fibre consumers kept a diet in line with the traditional Balearic diet and prevailing dietary pyramids, which ensured better compliance with the nutritional goals. CONCLUSIONS: The intermediate nutritional objectives for the Spanish population could be achieved through maintenance of the traditional Balearic diet, a Mediterranean-type diet in the Balearic population. Therefore, this dietary model could be used to develop FBDG relevant to this population.     

Chemical Composition and Starch Hydrolysis of Acacia colei and Acacia tumida Seeds

Acacia seed is a promising famine food due to its ability to thrive in dry zones of the world. In this study, some chemical compounds of nutritional importance as well as starch hydrolysis in three cultivars of Acacia tumida and A. colei were determined. The crude protein was 20.6–23.0%, while extractable protein was 11.5–17.5%. Total dietary fiber (TDF) (28.5–32.7%) and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) (2.2–5.8%) were higher than values reported for most legumes. Reducing sugar range was 31.0–54.5 mg/g, while total sugar range was 137–161 mg/g. The starch content of the seed was 25.6–32.3%. The samples did not contain any alkaloid but did contain saponins. Phytate and trypsin inhibitor contents were low; oxalate was fairly high (2.2–2.6 g/100 g), but tannin was on the high side 66.0–86.7 mg/g) compared with legumes. In vitro starch digestibility was highest in A. tumida (III). Using a first‐order kinetic equation, A. colei showed the highest initial rate of starch hydrolysis (t_1/2 = 411.56 and 1,893.4 min), followed by A. tumida (III) (539.25 and 1,738.1 min); the lowest vales were for A. tumida (II) (1,764.99 and 4,249.8 min) for both methods of starch digestion.     

Oxalate content of cereals and cereal products

Detailed knowledge of food oxalate content is of essential importance for dietary treatment of recurrent calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Dietary oxalate can contribute considerably to the amount of urinary oxalate excretion. Because cereal foods play an important role in daily nutrition, the soluble and total oxalate contents of various types of cereal grains, milling products, bread, pastries, and pasta were analyzed using an HPLC-enzyme-reactor method. A high total oxalate content (>50 mg/100 g) was found in whole grain wheat species Triticum durum (76.6 mg/100 g), Triticum sativum (71.2 mg/100 g), and Triticum aestivum (53.3 mg/100 g). Total oxalate content was comparably high in whole grain products of T. aestivum, that is, wheat flakes and flour, as well as in whole grain products of T. durum, that is, couscous, bulgur, and pasta. The highest oxalate content was demonstrated for wheat bran (457.4 mg/100 g). The higher oxalate content in whole grain than in refined grain cereals suggests that oxalic acid is primarily located in the outer layers of cereal grains. Cereals and cereal products contribute to the daily oxalate intake to a considerable extent. Vegetarian diets may contain high amounts of oxalate when whole grain wheat and wheat products are ingested. Recommendations for prevention of recurrence of calcium oxalate stone disease have to take into account the oxalate content of these foodstuffs.     

包膜尿素对玉米和小麦的生物学与环境效应

应用渗滤池研究了褐潮土不同用量包膜尿素(POCU)和普通尿素对小麦玉米轮作条件下作物生长发育和地下水污染的影响。结果表明,施用包膜尿素可以显著提高玉米的产量、吸氮量和氮肥利用率;小麦收获期土壤残留氮也明显高于普通尿素处理。玉米的氮肥利用率(55%～140%)明显高于小麦(29.96%4～5.26%)。在每季作物施尿素和包膜尿素N.1002～25.kg/hm2的条件下,地下水淋溶损失的硝态氮量只占施肥量的0.43%1～.12%,表明在目前施肥水平下,中国北方实行的小麦玉米轮作制,一般不存在化肥氮素的淋溶损失。     

Distribution of ascorbic acid in potato tubers and in home-processed and commercial potato foods

HPLC was used to analyze the content of ascorbic acid (AA) in tubers of four Korean potato cultivars (Chaju, Sumi, Deso, and Dejima), in a series of baked, boiled, braised, fried, microwaved, pressure-cooked, and sauteed potato slices from the Dejima cultivar and in 14 commercial Korean and 14 processed potato foods sold in the United States (chips, snacks, mashed potatoes, fries). The AA content for the four cultivars ranged from 16 to 46 mg/100 g of fresh weight. The distribution of AA in each of the eight potato slices (sticks, plugs) cut horizontally from the stem end of the Dejima potato ranged from 6.8 to 19.3% of the total. The corresponding distribution in seven sticks cut vertically was much narrower, ranging from 11.7 to 17.5% of the total. Losses of AA in water (pH 5.2) were significantly greater than in 5% metaphosphoric acid (pH 1.0). Less degradation occurred in water solutions of the vitamin stored at 1 degree C than at 25 degrees C. Losses of AA observed during home-processing of three varieties with low (Dejima, 16 mg/100 g), intermediate (Sumi, 32 mg/100 g), and high (Chaju, 42 mg/100 g) AA contents were as follows: boiling in water, 77-88%; boiling in water containing 1-3% NaCl, 61-79%; frying in oil, 55-79%; sauteing, 61-67%; pressure-cooking in water, 56-60%; braising, 50-63%; baking, 33-51%; and microwaving, 21-33%. The content of the Korean foods ranged from trace amounts to 25 mg/100 g and that of the U.S. foods from 0.4 to 46 mg/100 g. These results permit optimization of the vitamin C content of the diet by (a) using high-vitamin C potato varieties such as Chaju, (b) selecting sticks cut horizontally for frying, (c) baking or microwaving rather than boiling or frying, and (d) selecting commercial potato foods with a high vitamin C content.