钼诱导反刍动物铜缺乏症发病机理研究进展

反刍动物长期采食过量的钼,引起体内铜贮备迅速耗竭,轻则引起低铜血症(Hy-pocupraemja),重则表现为拉稀、被毛褪色等临床表现,此称为铜病(Hypocupro-sis)。钼诱导反刍动物缺铜,主要是因钼干扰铜在体内的代谢,据目前研究表明其干扰作用主要在以下四个环节发生,即:1.钼与硫在瘤胃内相互作用形成硫钼酸盐,后者则影响铜的吸收。2.硫钼酸盐在血液中影响铜的输送。3。硫钼酸盐在肝脏内影响铜的利用和排泄。4.硫钼酸盐影响铜的排泄作用。     

内蒙古地区健康及患阴道蝇蛆病双峰驼的主要血液指标比较分析

旨在了解内蒙古地区健康及患阴道蝇蛆病双峰驼的主要血液指标之间的差异。从内蒙古阿拉善左旗等地采集健康及患阴道蝇蛆病双峰驼血液样本107份,采用瑞氏染色法和吉姆萨染色法对制备的血液涂片进行染色,观察并比较健康及患病双峰驼血液的红细胞与白细胞的形态特征;利用血液细胞分析仪测定血液样本的血细胞含量,并对相同及不同地区的健康及患病双峰驼的主要血常规指标进行统计学分析;应用比值方法估计血液样本的血浆含量。结果表明,患病驼血液中的嗜碱性粒细胞含量较少,嗜酸性粒细胞含量较多,且血小板含量较健康驼多;来自相同地区的患病驼与健康驼的各种血细胞含量无显著差异（P〉0.05）;不同地区的健康驼血细胞含量趋于平稳,但不同地区的患病驼血细胞含量变化存在较大波动;双峰驼的血浆含量为0.349 0-0.736 5,患阴道蝇蛆病的双峰驼血浆含量普遍高于健康双峰驼。     

不同钼铜水平下肉牛铜需要量的研究

选择年龄、体重相近,健康利木赞×鲁西黄牛杂交一代公牛4头,在不同钼铜水平下,研究肉牛血液铜的代谢规律和铜需要量。试验分低钼(基础日粮钼含量0.27mg/kg)和高钼(基础日粮+钼5 mg/kg)两个水平进行。研究结果表明:低钼水平下,日粮干物质中添加铜10、25和50mg/kg,血液铜水平在0.97～1.18mg/kg之间,各水平间无差异,证明日粮中添加10mg/kg铜即可满足肉牛的需要。高钼水平下,血液铜含量随着铜添加量的增加而变化较大,加10mg/kg铜时血液铜水平在0.8mg/kg以下,不能满足牛的需要;添加铜25和50mg/kg时,血液铜水平上升到1.0mg/kg左右,并能满足牛对铜的需要,而添加25和50mg/kg血液铜无差异,证明高钼时添加25mg/kg才能满足肉牛铜的需要量。本研究还证明,肉牛铜营养状况可用以下回归公式预测:低钼:Y=24.33X4.39(R=0.991,n=3);高钼:Y=61.84X2.58(R=0.923,n=3)。式中:Y-日粮铜水平;X-血液铜水平。     

藏系绵羊钼诱导铜缺乏的研究

自2000年以来,青海省乌兰地区藏绵羊出现以异食、消瘦和贫血为特征的疾病。经分析该地区土壤、牧草和动物的矿物质元素含量,发现在患病区,土壤钼含量为（4.63±1.51）μg/g,牧草为（4.89±1.79）μg/g,极显著高于正常地区。患病动物血液平均铜含量为（0.23±0.07）μg/g,被毛铜平均含量为（3.27±0.71）μg/g,而正常区的动物为（0.97±0.23）μg/g和（6.78±1.57）μg/g,差异极显著;患病动物血液铜最高值为0.53μg/g,血液铜最低值为0.031μg/g。而正常地区藏绵羊血液铜含量最高值为1.33μg/g,血液铜最低值为0.83μg/g。同时患病动物血清铜蓝蛋白显著低于正常动物,并且有小红细胞贫血。结果表明,藏绵羊以异食、消瘦和贫血为特征的营养代谢疾病为钼诱导的次级铜缺乏。     

铜污染草地施钼肥对放牧乌蒙半细毛羊铜代谢的影响

为评价铜污染草地施钼肥对放牧乌蒙半细毛羊铜代谢的影响,探讨铜污染草地的治理方法,在乌蒙山区的威宁县铜污染草地开展草地施肥和放牧试验。用原子发射光谱法分析土壤、牧草和动物组织的矿物质含量,用可见光分光光度法测定血液生化指标。结果表明:草地施钼肥能显著增加混合牧草钼和氮的含量(P0.01),但各施肥组间差异不显著;试验结束时,施钼肥草地放牧的乌蒙半细毛羊肝脏和血液钼含量极显著大于对照组(P0.01),血液和肝脏铜含量极显著低于对照组(P0.01),血液谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶的活力极显著高于对照组(P0.01),血液铜蓝蛋白和丙二醛的含量极显著低于对照组(P0.01)。研究结果显示,铜污染草地施钼肥能显著降低铜污染对乌蒙半细毛羊的毒害性作用,改善乌蒙半细毛羊的健康状况。     

日粮中不同钼铜水平对肉牛血液生化指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨日粮中不同钼铜水平对肉牛血液生化指标的影响。选用性别一致、年龄、体重相近(340±10)kg的3头健康未去势公牛作为试验动物。试验采用3×3拉丁方设计,分2期进行,第一期日粮钼的水平为0.27 mg/kg DM,第二期钼的水平为5.27 mg/kg DM。每期日粮铜的添加量分别为:10 mg/kg(低铜组),25 mg/kg(中铜组),50 mg/kg(高铜组)3个水平。颈静脉采血测定血铜、血清铜蓝蛋白(ceruloplasmin,Cp)和血浆中过氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的活性。试验结果表明:在同一钼水平下,随铜水平的增加,牛体内血铜含量、血浆中SOD活性和血清Cp的活性逐渐增加。其中钼水平为0.27 mg/kg时,这种变化不显著(P>0.05)。钼水平为5.27 mg/kg时,添加10 mg/kg铜,血铜含量和血浆中SOD活性显著小于其他2个铜水平(P<0.05),Cp活性小于其他2个铜水平,且差异极显著(P<0.01)。在同一铜水平下,低钼组2种酶的活性普遍高于高钼组。日粮钼水平为0.27 mg/kg时,添加10 mg/kg铜可满足机体需要;日粮钼水平为5.27 mg/kg时,添加25 mg/kg铜较适宜:牛在缺铜时,与血浆SOD的活性比较,血清Cp更宜作为评价铜营养缺乏的指标;铜满足机体需要后,血铜、血清Cp和血浆SOD均对铜和钼的变化不敏感。血铜和血清铜蓝蛋白与日粮铜水平呈强相关。     

双峰驼TLR3蛋白的表达与抗体制备及在肾脏的分布

为制备双峰驼Toll样受体3(TLR3)的抗体，分析其在肾脏中的表达特征。用生物信息学分析及原核表达方式，分析、表达和纯化了双峰驼TLR3重组蛋白，并制备多克隆抗体，用间接酶联免疫吸附试验和免疫印迹法测定抗体效价及其特异性，利用制备的多克隆抗体采用免疫组织化学染色观察TLR3在双峰驼肾脏组织中的表达。结果显示，得到的目的蛋白大小与预测结果相符，为74 ku, IPTG最佳诱导浓度为0.2 mmol/L,最佳诱导时间为6 h,重组蛋白主要以包涵体形式表达，抗体效价达1∶64 000;免疫印迹结果显示，原核表达的TLR3蛋白和双峰驼肾脏组织中表达的TLR3蛋白均能被该抗体特异性识别，TLR3在双峰驼肾小管上皮细胞和肾小球系膜细胞均有表达。研究结果为进一步探究双峰驼TLR3在肾脏中发挥作用的机制积累了资料。     

新疆双峰驼产奶性状与体尺、体重及血液理化指标的测定及相关性分析

【目的】揭示双峰驼泌乳期产奶性状、规律及影响因素,分析高、低产双峰驼差异性生长性状及血液和驼乳生理生化指标,为高产驼选育提供基础研究资料。【方法】以准噶尔泌乳双峰驼为研究对象,对产奶量进行监测,绘制哺乳期泌乳曲线,并分析不同胎次的产奶量。测定高、低产双峰驼体尺、体重、血液及驼乳理化指标并进行差异性及相关性分析。【结果】双峰驼挤奶期约10个泌乳月,前3个泌乳月产奶量高,第4～7个泌乳月产奶量呈持续下降,第7～9个泌乳月产奶量略有回升,第10个泌乳月产奶量达到最低,可归纳为4种类型的泌乳曲线。产奶量的高峰期一般在2～6胎,最佳年龄为6～15岁。高产驼组的产奶量极显著高于低产驼组(P<0.01);高产驼组的体重、血尿素氮及血尿素均显著高于低产驼组(P<0.05),而高产驼组血清白蛋白及血清钙含量显著低于低产驼组(P<0.05);高产驼组驼乳的乳脂、乳蛋白显著低于低产驼组(P<0.01);相关性分析结果显示,血液理化指标与产奶性状具有较强的相关性。【结论】双峰驼产奶性能受到机体、泌乳阶段、营养环境等多因素影响,体重、血液及乳成分与产奶量具有一定相关性。结果为进一步提高双...     

双峰驼矿物质营养与抗氧化系统功能的关系

选用肃南县年龄、胎次、营养状况相近的双峰驼24头，随机分为4组，在同等条件下进行试验，探讨矿物质营养与双峰驼抗氧化系统功能的关系.试验期共40天，每隔10天采集血样，测定血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶（CuZn-SOD）、脂质过氧化物丙二醛（MDA）的含量和全血中矿物质元素的含量.结果表明，给双峰驼补铜和硒能提高机体抗氧化系统的功能，提高全血Cu、Se的含量。     

低铜血症双峰驼妊娠及产后初期血,毛微量元素的变化

本文测定了甘肃酒杯地区４０峰成年母双峰驼血、毛６种微量元素和两种常元素的含量。结果表明，该地区双峰驼均患有程度不同的低铜血症。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.