有机无机肥配合对水稻吸收利用红壤性水稻土中不同氮源的影响

用两种红壤水稻土种稻，施用＾１５Ｎ标记豇豆绿肥，红萍和稻草分别与硫铵配合成的肥料。结果表明，配合施肥使低肥土水稻吸收的总氮量下降，肥料氮吸收率平均减低１０％；而熟化土相应指标有增有减，稻谷增产。低肥土对肥料氮利用，以无机肥氮占总吸收量及谷实回收氮的优势；而熟化土两态氮吸收与谷实回收都接近平衡。     

稻田农牧沼生态系统中氮的转化与循环研究

应用15N示踪方法 ,研究了稻田农牧沼生态系统中N的储存、转化、流向及其利用效率。证明猪对紫云英青贮饲料中粗蛋白质的消化率为 53.76 % ,猪粪和猪尿对青贮饲料中N的回收率分别为 39.36 %和 24 .71% ,猪粪尿沼气发酵 ,N的回收率达 97.9% ,水解N含量为发酵前的2 .6倍。绿肥和沼肥与化肥配合施用能促进N向稻谷转移 ,从而有利于产量的提高 ,且肥料N在土壤中的残留量相当于单施化肥的 2～ 2.5倍 ,而气态损失N ,后者为前者的 2.6～ 8.2倍。整个系统的综合经济效益比单纯的肥稻稻增加 3～ 4倍 ,生态效益和社会效益显著     

有机无机肥料对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响研究初报

研究有机无机肥料对土壤肥力及作物产量的影响。５年的定位监测结果表明，施无机Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ结合冬蔬菜残茎叶还田，不但能增加作物产量和提高经济效益，而且还能培肥土壤，而无机肥料加猪粪或冬绿肥还田的增产效果及土壤培肥效果与全无机肥相近，稻秆还田是增加土壤有机质的一项比较明显的有效措施，这一结论得到了再次验证，施用有机肥料可以增加土壤有效态微量元素的含量。     

基于物理指标快速预测猪粪尿肥料成分含量的试验研究

该试验旨在研究家畜粪便的物理指标与其肥料成分含量的关系，用来预测猪粪便肥料成分含量。通过对鲜粪便的理化指标测定的试验数据进行统计分析后提出，电导仪和密度计两种实验室常用仪器可实现对猪粪便中肥料成分氮、磷、钾含量的预测：用电导率这一物理指标可准确预测猪粪、猪尿和粪尿混合物中铵态氮的含量，同时可准确预测猪粪、猪尿和粪尿混合物中钾的含量；用密度这一物理指标可较准确地预测猪粪、猪尿和粪尿混合物中总氮的含量，同时可较准确地预测猪粪尿混合物中磷的含量。分析中发现猪尿中总氮和铵态氮比例基本稳定，由此推想用电导率来预测猪     

红萍在稻田氮素平衡中的作用

应用１５Ｎ示踪法研究了红萍在稻田氮素平衡中的作用。红萍作基肥，当季水稻的１５Ｎ－红萍Ｎ素利用为２７．８％；第二季５．３８％；土壤残留３６．１％。红萍可排出体内１２％以上的氮素。红萍的排氮和吸氮有助于调节稻田的氮素平衡，稻田养萍抑制藻类生长，降低ｐＨ值和ＮＨ浓度，减少ＮＨ３挥发损失，以及减少蓝藻（颤藻）反硝化反应释放的Ｎ２Ｏ，提高化学肥料１５Ｎ的回收率：它比１５Ｎ－尿素不养萍处理１５Ｎ回收率增加４．２５％，比１５Ｎ－尿素追肥不养萍处理１５Ｎ回收率增加８．３５％～２５．１１％。     

不同季节蛋鸡饲料养分浓度的研究

在高温夏季，用６种不同配方的日粮饲喂处于相同生境的６组２３－３６周龄罗曼蛋鸡。按罗曼公司推荐的饲养标准配制第１组日粮；对第２－６组日粮养分浓度作适当调整，饲养结果表明：各组间罗曼蛋鸡率、饲料转化率和产蛋饲料成本有显著或极显著差异。其中，第５组鸡产蛋率和饲料转化率均为最高，比第１组鸡产蛋率和饲料转化率分别提高６．３６％和５．７７％；第５组鸡产蛋饲料成本比第１组鸡产蛋饲料成本降低１４．５１％。第５组日     

玉米苗期硝酸离子吸收动力学参数的研究

采用了溶液培养方法研究了玉米苗期ＮＯ６＾－３吸收动力学参数。结果表明，苗龄１５天的春玉米和苗龄３０天夏玉米的Ｋｍ值分别为０．５１和０．５３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；Ｆｍａｘ值分别为５１．８１和２５．３２ｍｍｏｌ／ｃｍ＾２．ｈ；Ｃｍｉａｎ分别为接近于零和０．０３０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。结果也表明了在低ＮＯ＾－３浓度范围内玉米对Ｈ２ＰＯ４＾－的吸收速率随ＮＯ３＾－浓度的增加而增加，以后基本趋于稳定。     

生物质炭和秸秆长期还田对红壤团聚体和有机碳的影响

生物质炭和秸秆还田是提高土壤有机碳含量和改良土壤团聚体结构的有效方法,但在长期尺度上生物质炭与秸秆还田改良土壤的效率仍不清楚。本研究针对中亚热带第四纪红黏土发育的红壤,基于等碳量不同碳源投入的5 a田间定位试验,包括对照、单施化肥、秸秆还田、秸秆–猪粪配施和生物质炭还田5个处理,采用干筛和湿筛法分析了不同施肥处理对土壤团聚体组成、稳定性和有机碳分布的影响。研究表明:施用等碳量的不同有机碳源5 a后显著增加了土壤有机碳含量,其增幅顺序为:生物质炭还田秸秆–猪粪配施秸秆还田。干筛法分析结果表明:与单施化肥处理相比,秸秆–猪粪配施和生物质炭还田处理显著增加0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量(R0.25)和平均重量直径(mean weight diameter,MWD);秸秆还田和生物质炭还田处理显著增加了0.25~2 mm团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率。湿筛法分析结果表明:与单施化肥处理相比,秸秆还田和秸秆–猪粪配施处理显著增加R_(0.25)和MWD,但生物质炭还田处理和单施化肥处理相比差异不显著;秸秆还田和秸秆–猪粪配施处理显著降低团聚体破坏率(PAD),生物质炭还田处理显著增加了PAD;秸秆配施猪粪处理和秸秆还田处理显著增加了2 mm团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率。总体上,秸秆配施猪粪协同提高团聚体有机碳含量和团聚体稳定性的作用比秸秆还田和生物质炭还田要强。     

混合固氮菌剂-水稻联合体系的固氮特性

应用＾１５Ｎ示踪技术研究敢南京土壤条件下混合固氮菌剂－水稻联合体系的固氮特性。结果表明，紫香糯稻接种混合菌剂后，稻株利用的固氮量为１．０３ｋｇ／６６６．７ｍ＾２，固氮率６．７％；拔节期－齐穗期是固氮高峰期，日平均固氮量达２４．３１ｍｇ／ｍ＾２·ｄ，这阶段固氮量占整个生育期固氮量的４０．９％；拔节期－成熟期的固氮量占整个生育期固氮量的７０％以上；节肥能力为每６６６．７ｍ＾２ １１３．３ｋｇ硫铵；稻谷     

稻草还田对水稻的增产效应及对土壤肥力的影响

５年不同肥料培肥定位试验表明：稻草和猪粪及化肥合理配施，对水稻具有一定增产作用，比稻草配合施化肥增产４．７４％；比单施化肥增产１０．１５％；比不施肥增产５６．７５％；其差异显著性达到极显著水平。改善土壤环境，提高土壤肥力，利于作物生长，增产效益为佳。     

15N标记羊粪和稻草还田氮素的转化和效应的研究

本工作通过田间微区试验，研究了＾１５Ｎ标记羊粪和稻草单独施用或分别与尿素配合施用作为水稻基肥时，肥料氮的命运及共对水稻产量的影响。     

Fate and Transformation of Nitrogen from 15N-Labelled Rice Straw After Feeding Goat

Three goats were fed with ^15N-labelled rice straw to study the characteristics of digestion,assimilation,transformation and excretion of C and N compounds from rice straw.It was shown that the amount of ^15N transformed into the bodies of the two slaughtered goats accounted for 38.5 and 23.6% of the total amount of ^15N deposition of the experimental diet taken by each goat.The ^15N excreted through the feces and urine for the three goats accounted for 34.8,33.2 and 33.9% of the total amount of ^15N deposition in the feed of the 3 goats.The recovery of total ^15N for the two slaughtered goats were 73.3 and 57.5%,with the corresponding rates of ^15N loss 26.7 and 42.5% respectively.The digestibilities of total amino acids for Goats 1 and 3 were 68.7 and 54.0%,and the digestibilties of carbohydrates for the two goats were 74.8 and 67.7% respectively.     

绿肥还田在稻作生态系统的效应分析及研究展望

绿肥种植利用是中国传统农业技术的精华,也是绿色生态循环农业发展的关键性举措,为中国粮食稳定和绿色增效发挥着十分重要的作用。水稻栽种之前的绿肥还田耕作模式就是将绿肥植物体直接耕翻于稻田中作为肥料或是将绿肥植物体沤堆成肥再施用于稻田土壤,这不仅能够培肥稻田土壤、增强土壤供肥能力和减少稻季化学肥料施用,而且能够减少稻田周年化学养分供给、减轻稻田营养物质流失、提高养分资源利用效率,是轻简种植、绿色高效的农作制度模式。本文概述了绿肥还田对稻田土壤质量、资源利用效率和温室气体排放等方面的影响,展望了绿肥在稻田资源利用中的潜力,为绿肥高效种植和合理还田提供参考。     

Green manure application improves rice growth and urea nitrogen use efficiency assessed using 15N labeling

ABSTRACT

Green manure is an efficient nitrogen (N) source when used as an alternative to chemical fertilizer. However, the N taken up by rice derived from green manure, chemical fertilizers or soil native N in complex nutrient systems is unclear. A pot experiment with partial substitution of urea with Chinese milk vetch (a green manure) implemented with ¹⁵N-labeled urea and Chinese milk vetch was set up to study the sources of N in rice and the fate of the fertilizers. The dry weights, N contents, N uptake, and urea N use efficiency were notably higher (by 15–16%, 4–13%, 22–30% and 182%-203%, respectively) in the Chinese milk vetch applied with urea treatment than in the urea alone treatment. The uptake of N from Chinese milk vetch and the use efficiency of Chinese milk vetch N were increased with reductions in the urea input amount. The application of Chinese milk vetch substantially changed the fate of urea: higher amounts of urea N were taken up by rice (approximately 29%) and remained as residue in the soil (approximately 15%) in the related treatments than in the treatment with urea alone (10% and 9%). More urea N than Chinese milk vetch N was taken up by rice (29% vs 20%, respectively) and lost (56% vs 14%, respectively), but less urea N than Chinese milk vetch N remained as residue in the soil (15% vs 66%, respectively). The partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with green manure is an effective method of promoting rice growth by supplying N for rice uptake and promoting more efficient N use.     

N2 fixation in two Sesbania species and its transfer to rice (Oryza sativa L.) as revealed by 15N technology

Summary We used ¹⁵N technology to investigate N₂ fixation by Sesbania speciosa and Sesbania rostrata and its transfer to a lowland rice crop after incorporation of the Sesbania spp. into soil as green manure. During the first 50 days after establishment in November–December 1989, S. speciosa and S. rostrata produced 1126 and 923 kg dry matter ha^-1 respectively. They gathered 31 and 23 kg N ha^-1 respectively, of which 62%±5% and 55%±3% respectively, came from N₂ fixation. Both these species produced a greater biomass during September–October 1989, with S. rostrata producing more than S. speciosa. These results reflected differential responses by the plants to different day lengths at different times of the year. Furthermore, the dry matter yield and %N of ¹⁵N-labelled S. speciosa were smaller than those of the unlabelled plants, possibly due to inhibition of N₂ fixation in root nodules by the chemical N fertilizers added during labelling. These differences were not so pronounced in the stem-nodulated S. rostrata. The increased grain yield of rice fertilized with N in the form of chemical fertilizer or green manure was a result of an increased number of panicles per hill. The rice crop manured with S. speciosa produced a lower grain yield, with a lower grain weight than that manured with S. rostrata. This was due to a low uptake of soil N by rice manured with S. speciosa. Recovery of N from the green manure in rice straw with S. speciosa was significantly higher than from rice manured with S. rostrata, because of the higher applied N uptake by rice manured with the former.     

Uptake of 15N by wetland rice in response to application of 15N-labelled Sesbania rostrata and urea

 Pot experiments were carried out to evaluate the response of rice to Sesbania rostrata green manure N as compared to urea fertilizer N under flooded conditions. After growing S. rostrata for 21 days with a ¹⁵N-labelled N source, the labelled Sesbania was applied to wetland rice as a green manure and the uptake of ¹⁵N from this substrate was compared to that from labelled urea. Rice was cultivated twice in the same pots. The rice was grown for a period of 49 days in each case, separated by a period of 21 days when the soil was allowed to dry. The ¹⁵N content of the soil and shoots and roots of rice was determined and ¹⁵N balances established. The total N content of the shoots and roots of rice was determined by a non-tracer method. The percentage recovery of ¹⁵N from shoot material which was derived from urea N was more than twice that from S. rostrata. The recovery of ¹⁵N from the pots receiving both green manure and urea was low, and not significantly different from that recovered from the green manure treatment. As much as 64.5–73.5% and 40.1–41% of the ¹⁵N remained in the soil which had received green manure or urea, respectively. The overall recoveries of ¹⁵N varied between 86.5% and 94.4%. At the second harvest, the oven-dry weight of shoots was significantly (P<0.05) higher in green-manure treated pots, but the total N content did not differ significantly. Labelled N remaining in the soil after amendment with the green manure was much more available to the rice crop than that remaining after the addition of urea-N. The total recovery of labelled N (shoots plus roots) amounted to 65.5% and 74%, respectively of the residual labelled N in the two S. rostrata treatments (i.e. 19.55 mg ¹⁵N pot^–1 and 39.10 mg ¹⁵N pot^–1) and 23.2% and 23.2% of the residual labelled N in the two urea treatments (i.e. 19.55 mg ¹⁵N pot and 39.10 mg ¹⁵N pot^–1), respectively. Received: 8 December 1997     

Performance of Sorghum Grown on a Salt Affected Soil Manured with Dhaincha Plant Residues Using a 15N Isotopic Dilution Technique

A field experiment was conducted on a salt-affected soil to determine the effect of application of three types of Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata Pers.) residues (R, roots; L, shoots; L+R, shoots plus roots) on the performance of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) using the indirect ¹⁵N isotopic dilution technique. Results indicated that sesbania residues (L and L+R), used as green manures, significantly increased grain yield, dry matter production, N uptake, and water use efficiency of sorghum. Percentages of nitrogen (N) derived from residues (%Ndfr) in sorghum ranged from 6.4% to 28%. The N recoveries in sorghum were 52%, 19.6% and 19.7% of the total amount contained in sesbania roots, shoots and roots plus shoots, respectively. The beneficial effects of sesbania residues are attributed not only to the additional N availability to the plants, but also to effects on the enhancement of soil N uptake, particularly in the L+R treatment. The findings suggest that the use of Sesbania aculeata residues, as a green manure, can provide a substantial portion of total N in sorghum. In addition, the use of sesbania green manure in salt-affected soils, as a bio-reclaiming material, can be a promising approach for enhancing plant growth on a sustainable basis.     

Changes in natural 15N abundance in paddy soils under different,long-term soil management regimes in the Tohoku region of Japan

Abstract

Long-term temporal changes in natural ¹⁵N abundance (δ¹⁵N value) in paddy soils from long-term field experiments with livestock manure and rice straw composts, and in the composts used for the experiments, were investigated. These field experiments using livestock manure and rice straw composts had been conducted since 1973 and 1968, respectively. In both experiments, control plots to which no compost had been applied were also maintained. The δ¹⁵N values of livestock manure compost reflected the composting method. Composting period had no significant effect on the δ¹⁵N value of rice straw compost. The δ¹⁵N values increased in soils to which livestock manure compost was successively applied, and tended to decrease in soils without compost. In soils to which rice straw compost was successively applied, the δ¹⁵N values of the soils remained constant. Conversely, δ¹⁵N values in soils without rice straw compost decreased. The downward trend in δ¹⁵N values observed in soils to which compost and chemical N fertilizer were not applied could be attributed to the natural input of N, which had a lower δ¹⁵N value than the soils. Thus, the transition of the δ¹⁵N values in soils observed in long-term paddy field experiments indicated that the δ¹⁵N values of paddy soils could be affected by natural N input in addition to extraneous N that was applied in the form of chemical N fertilizers and organic materials.     

Nitrogen interactions and crop uptake from fresh and composted 15N-labelled poultry manure

¹⁵N-labelled poultry excrement was obtained by feeding chickens with ¹⁵N-labelled barley grain. The excrement produced was tested for uniformity of ¹⁵N-labelling; only small variations in the ¹⁵N content were found, indicating uniform labelling. The excrement was mixed with straw to produce manures which were used in a pot experiment measuring uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by ryegrass from the mixture in both a fresh form and after a period of composting. Interactions of N pools differed between the two materials. Addition of composted manure to soil caused a larger uptake of unlabelled N by ryegrass, whereas fresh manure caused a smaller plant uptake of unlabelled N. The proportion of plant N coming from labelled N from fresh manure was 25.7% and from composted manure 3.8%. However, the contributions of the two manures to plant uptake of total N were 15.5% and 13.8%, respectively. The fresh manure, being a mixture of excrement and straw, is considered as a two-component material, whereas composted manure is considered as a single component. It was concluded that the increase or decrease in the quantity of unlabelled, soil-derived N in plants after manure addition was related to the amount of energy available in the different manures.     

The use of 15N labelling to study the turnover and utilization of ruminant manure N

 An improved understanding of the cycling of animal manure N is a prerequisite for making better use of this N source. A sheep was fed ¹⁵N-labelled grass in order to study the fate of ¹⁵N-labelled ruminant manure N in the plant-soil system. The uniformity of labelling was found to be satisfactory when an appropriate feeding strategy was used. The mineralization of labelled faecal N was compared to the mineralization of labelled feed N and indigestible feed N by measuring residual labelled organic N in unplanted topsoil in the field. After 18 months, 61% of both faecal N and feed N was recovered in organic form in the topsoil, while 94% of the indigestible feed N was still present in the soil. The influence of slurry distribution in soil on the crop uptake of labelled faecal N in slurry was studied in a sandy and a sandy loam soil. The crop uptake of labelled faecal N was compared with the uptake of ¹⁵N-labelled mineral fertilizer in a reference treatment. The uptake was 28–32% of that of the reference treatment with simulated slurry injection, 13–25% with incorporated slurry and 18–19% with slurry on the soil surface. The mineralization of faecal N in the autumn after application in spring was low irrespective of the slurry distribution in soil. The results demonstrate that the contact between animal manure and the soil matrix significantly influences the short-term turnover and availability of faecal and ammonium N in slurry, especially in fine-textured soils. Received: 31 October 1997