胡萝卜超声波预干燥热湿耦合迁移过程的数值模拟

为了探讨超声波对含湿多孔物料内部水分迁移过程的影响,对超声波作用下胡萝卜片预干燥过程进行了试验观测,建立了食品含湿多孔介质超声波预干燥过程热湿耦合传递的数学模型, 推导了超声波作用下含湿多孔介质中水分的有效扩散系数,对胡萝卜超声波预干燥的热湿耦合迁移过程进行了数值模拟,分析讨论了超声声强对样品干燥速率及温度的影响。研究结果表明, 超声波能有效加速胡萝卜的预干燥过程,且样品内水分扩散系数及干燥速率均随超声强度的增加而逐渐增大。当超声强度为 1.5 W/cm2 时,样品干燥速率与无超声波作用时相比提高了约 3     

一维非饱和土热-湿耦合的数值解

非饱和土热-湿耦合普遍存在于路基和大坝等工程中。通过一维热-湿耦合控制方程,采用FlexPDE（Par-tial differential equation）软件对非饱和土热-湿耦合进行分析,研究非饱和土热-湿耦合作用下热传导及含水量分布的特征,探索重力对热-湿耦合的影响。结果表明:耦合效应对含水量分布的作用是明显的,在入渗流量较小时,重力对非饱和土的热-湿耦合的影响非常微弱;等温下气扩散系数对非饱和土热-湿耦合的影响可忽略。     

考虑收缩的爆炒热/质传递过程模拟与验证

为研究爆炒中食品多孔介质热/质传递机制及烹饪成熟和品质变化规律，考虑收缩-水分损失关系，基于多孔介质理论，结合傅里叶定律、牛顿冷却定律和达西定律，构建了爆炒中有蒸发、考虑收缩的食品含湿非饱和多孔介质热/质传递数学模型，开展了爆炒数值模拟。考虑收缩后模拟值与实测温度历史（Least Summation of the squared Temperature Difference for overall target，LSTD=4.40 ℃）、平均含水率（LSTD=1.42%）和体积收缩率（LSTD=1.05%）吻合更为良好。模拟分析了爆炒热/质传递对颗粒表面蒸发、收缩、内部压力、水分和温度分布的影响机理及火候控制手段的作用，结果表明：爆炒强对流传热使颗粒蒸发剧烈造成水分损失；收缩主要由水分损失引起，可以增大传热效率并影响颗粒内部压力变化，由成熟值理论研判，蒸发收缩对烹饪成熟起到促进作用，并有利于提高烹饪品质，是爆炒技术优势的一部分；火候控制手段通过改变颗粒特征尺寸、能量传递速率和流体-颗粒的换热时间/接触面积对颗粒成熟时间和含水率等烹饪品质产生极显著（P<0.01）影响。     

研究土壤热湿迁移特性的非平衡热力学方法

运用非平衡热力学理论分析了土壤非饱和区热湿迁移的热力学“力”和“流”,建立了迁移过程的热力学唯象方程。通过对土壤非饱和区热湿迁移机理的分析,利用扩散定律和气体状态方程推导了热湿迁移唯象方程中的有关唯象系数的数学表达式,分析了温度、含水率及蒸汽分压力对唯象系数的影响。     

生物多孔介质热风干燥数学模型及数值模拟

为了研究生物多孔介质在热风干燥过程中的热质传递机理以及其内部应力应变分布规律,根据生物多孔介质中温度、水分及应力之间复杂的耦合关系,基于菲克扩散定律、傅立叶导热定律和热弹性力学理论,建立了对流干燥条件下,含湿多孔介质内部传热传质过程热-湿-力双向耦合的数学模型。采用有限差分法编制相应的计算程序,对其进行数值计算,数值结果与马铃薯和胡萝卜对流干燥试验结果之间的相对误差均小于5%;进一步分析了干燥特性曲线,以及温度、干基含水率和应力应变的时空分布;最后分析了风温、风速等干燥条件以及多孔介质厚度对干燥过程的影响,结果表明:在一定试验条件下,风温越高,风速越大,切片厚度越薄,干燥时间越短。研究为改善生物多孔介质热质传递现象物理机理的理解提供参考。     

小碎石与细土混合介质的导水特性

含碎石土壤的导水性质研究有利于这种多孔介质水分运动的模拟。本文采用室内定水头法和离心机法分别测定两种质地土壤(壤土、黏壤土)和三种岩性小粒径(2~10 mm)碎石构成的土石混合介质的饱和导水率和水分特征曲线,采用van Genuchten-Mualem模型计算各土石介质的非饱和导水率,分析碎石对土壤导水能力的影响。试验结果显示,风化程度低的碎石对黏壤土具有明显的增大饱和导水率的作用,且碎石含量愈高,增加的效果愈明显;而风化程度高的碎石对土壤结构无明显的改善作用,且对黏壤土具有减小饱和导水率的作用。风化程度低碎石介质的非饱和导水率随土壤水吸力的增加呈现了先大于土壤和土石介质的后迅速减小到低于土壤和土石介质的变化过程。风化程度低的河卵石和风化程度高的粉泥页岩碎屑分别构成的土石介质的非饱和导水率较土壤的低,而风化程度中等的片麻状花岗岩碎块构成的土石介质的非饱和导水率较土壤的高。近饱和状态下,碎石含量高的土石介质的非饱和导水率也相应的高,而较大的土壤水吸力下,土石介质的非饱和导水率呈现随碎石含量的增大而减小变化趋势。试验结论可为含碎石土壤水分平衡研究提供参考。     

多孔介质干燥过程传热传质研究

该文根据非平衡态热力学和相平衡理论，建立了多孔介质对流干燥内部传热传质过程的二维数学模型，该模型充分考虑了传热与传质之间的相互耦合，用控制容积积分法采用全隐格式对该模型进行分析求解，并与玉米干燥实验数据进行对比。结果表明，表面对流换热系数、干燥介质温度和湿度的变化对热、湿迁移过程均有较大影响，而表面对流传质系数对湿迁移过程影响不大，温度和湿度梯度的耦合产生“局部增湿”现象。     

热敏性物质的载体干燥

热力干燥方法被广泛应用在生物制品的脱水过程，但生物制品在高温和高湿的作用下，可能会引起产品品质的严重破坏，为了降低干燥过程对其质量的破坏，采用一种新的干燥技术，即吸湿性的多孔介质作为载体干燥方法。详细地讨论了生物制品多孔载体干燥过程中的干燥动力学、质量降解动力学、及质量保护参数等。在实验室振动流化床干燥器上进行正交实验，提出了影响品质保持的过程参数。试验结果分析表明：采用多孔载体方法干燥，产品的最终品质与常规热力干燥后的品质有了显著的改善。     

生物膜和土壤矿物对人工纳米颗粒在饱和多孔介质传输的影响

本文探究了人工纳米颗粒(NPs)在饱和多孔介质中的传输规律和影响机制，重点阐明生物膜和土壤矿物对纳米颗粒传输的影响及其机制。结果表明，在干净的石英砂介质中，不同种类和粒径NPs的传输效率具有明显差异，不同种类NPs传输效率表现为ZnO> CeO2>Fe2O3；对于报告粒径在20～100 nm之间的CeO2 NPs，粒径的增加有助于其在多孔介质的传输。溶液离子强度的增大会降低Zn O NPs的传输，而NPs浓度的增大不利于其在饱和多孔介质的传输，传统的DLVO理论能够很好地解释NPs在无涂层饱和多孔介质中的传输。生物膜和土壤矿物均能抑制纳米颗粒在饱和多孔介质的传输，其主要通过对纳米颗粒的吸附和异质聚集作用影响纳米颗粒的传输，非DLVO相互作用以及介质涂层的表面特性对增强纳米颗粒沉积有很大贡献。     

非饱和土壤水一维流动的数值计算

非饱和土壤水的流动是指土壤中水分未充满全部孔隙时的水分移动而言的,是多孔介质中流体运动的一种重要形式。由于它在土壤科学、水文学、农田灌溉和排水、水资源评价等方面甚为重要,所以愈为人们所重视。     

Modeling finger development and persistence in initially dry porous media

The mechanism for the growth and persistence of gravity-driven fingered flow of water in initially dry porous media is described. A Galerkin finite element solution of the two-dimensional Richards equation with the associated parameter equations for capillary hysteresis in the water retention function is presented. A scheme for upstream weighting of internodal unsaturated hydraulic conductivities is applied to limit smearing of steep wetting fronts. The growth and persistence of a single finger in an initially dry porous media is simulated using this numerical solution scheme. To adequately simulate fingered flow, it was found that the upstream weighting factor had to be negative, meaning that the internodal unsaturated hydraulic conductivities were weighted more by the downstream node. It is shown that the growth and persistence of a finger is sensitive to the character of the porous media water retention functions. For porous media where the water-entry capillary pressure on the main wetting function is less than the air-entry capillary pressure on the main drainage function, a small perturbation will grow into a finger, and during sequential drainage and wetting the finger will persist. In contrast, for porous media where the water-entry capillary pressure on the main wetting function is greater than the air-entry capillary pressure on the main drainage function, the same small perturbation will dissipate by capillary diffusion. The finger widths derived from the numerical simulation are similar to those predicted by analytical theory.     

A review on recent developments in soil water retention theory: interfacial tension and temperature effects

Study of soil physical processes such as water infiltration and redistribution, groundwater recharge, solute transport in the unsaturated zone, compaction and aeration in variably saturated soil hardly is possible without knowledge of the capillary pressure of the soil water as a function of the degree of saturation. Pore space topology, interfacial tension, and temperature probably are the most important physical factors affecting the capillary pressure at a given water content. Despite intensive research in the past decades on the water retention characteristics of soils, our knowledge of their response to varying ambient conditions is far from being complete. Current models of soil water retention as well as of hydraulic conductivity for unsaturated porous media often still use the simplified representation of the pore system as a bundle of cylindrical capillaries. Physical effects, like surface water film adsorption, capillary condensation and surface flow in liquid films, as well as volumetric changes of the pore space are often ignored. Consequently, physical properties of the solid phase surfaces, and their impact on water adsorption and flow, are often not considered. The objective of this contribution is to review various interfacial properties with possible application to the conventional water content — matric potential relation of soils. The ignoring of inter‐facial effects on the water retention of soils is widespread in the literature. The motivation of this paper is therefore to point out some of the more significant deficiencies of our current knowledge on the interaction of solid particle surfaces and the liquid phase in soil. We will first emphasize the impact of the wetting angle on the wetting of dry soil and to present the impact of interfacial tension of the liquid phase in the three‐phase system. At low water content, the transition from capillary‐bound water to adsorbed water and to wetting films is discussed separately, because of its impact on the rewetting process of dry soil. Finally, we discuss the impact of temperature on interfacial tension and water retention of soil as a second important interfacial process affecting directly the water retention of porous media.     

Processes in Pathogenic Biocolloidal Contaminants Transport in Saturated and Unsaturated Porous Media: A Review

There are several classes of subsurface colloids, abiotic and biotic. Basically, small particles of inorganic, organic and pathogenic biocolloids variety exist in natural subsurface system. Transport of these pathogenic biocolloidal contaminants (Viruses, bacteria and protozoa) pose a great risk in water resources and have caused large outbreaks of waterborne diseases. Biocolloid transport processes through saturated and unsaturated porous media is of significant interest, from the perspective of protection of groundwater supplies from contamination, assessment of risk from pathogens in groundwater and for the design of better water treatment systems to remove biocolloids from drinking water supplies This paper has reviewed the large volume of work that has already been done and the progress that has been made towards understanding the various basic multi-processes to predicting the biocolloid transport in saturated and unsaturated porous media. There are several basic processes such as physical, chemical and biological processes which are important in biocolloid transport. The physical processes such as advection, dispersion, diffusion, straining and physical filtration, adsorption and biological processes such as growth/decay processes and include active adhesion/detachment, survival and chemotaxis are strongly affected on biocolloid transport in saturated and unsaturated porous media. The unsaturated zone may play an important role in protecting aquifers from biocolloidal contamination by retaining them in the solid phase during their transport through the zone. Finally, author here highlighted the future research direction based on his critical review on biocolloid transport in saturated and unsaturated porous media.     

原料配比对无土复合栽培基质水分参数的影响

为了研究不同原料配合比例对基质水分物理性质的影响,用压力膜法和土柱法测定了18种栽培基质的不同水吸力下的基质持水量及速效水含量,及不同处理的基质容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、毛管水上升高度、渗透速率等水分物理指标,用单因子及互作逐步回归方法分析了蛭石、河沙及锯末三种原料不同配比对以上水分指标的影响。结果表明原料的组成与配比对无土栽培基质的各项水分参数有密切的相关性,原料配比对水分参数的影响可以用回归方程的形式量化和表达。     

Modeling 2D Multispecies Reactive Transport in Saturated/Unsaturated Porous Media with the Eulerian–Lagrangian Localized Adjoint Method

In the present paper, the Eulerian–Lagrangian localized adjoint method (ELLAM) formulation developed by Younes et al. (Advances in Water Resources 29:1056–1074, 2006) is combined with the sequential noniterative approach to accurately simulate 2D multicomponent reactive transport in saturated/unsaturated porous media. The performance and accuracy of the developed model, named ELLAM_REACT, are compared against those of an existing numerical model based on a combination of discontinuous Galerkin and multipoint flux approximation methods (DGMPFA_REACT). Three studied test cases, dealing with reactive transport in saturated and unsaturated porous media and involving chemical reactions with only aqueous species or both fixed and aqueous species, show the superiority of the ELLAM_REACT model compared to the DGMPFA_REACT model.     

Performance of the theta probe ML2 in the presence of nonuniform soil water profiles

An attempt is made to investigate the soil permittivity regime which is predicted by ML2 theta probe in cases where a nonuniform soil moisture profile prevails. Our investigation was performed in laboratory columns, under temperature-controlled conditions for a number of different porous media. Five distinct cases, where the moisture regime could be established in a predesigned manner were tested. These are: (a) Air over a water or ethanol layer of changing thickness. (b) Air over a saturated porous material of changing thickness and the same in the reverse order. (c) Dry porous material over the same but saturated porous material of changing thickness and vice versa. (d) Gradual wetting from the top surface of initially dry soils. (e) Initially saturated vertical soil profiles, left to gradually dry by evaporation from both open surfaces (top and bottom).From our experimental investigations it is shown that the bulk dielectric constant predicted by the ML2 probe in nonuniformly wet profiles irrespective of their layer thickness is closely described by the arithmetic averaging scheme. This fact makes the water content predictions from the manufacturer calibration equations for these cases, seriously overestimated. A comparison of the actual water contents with those predicted with the calibration equations of Robinson et al. [Robinson, D.A., Jones, S.B., Blonquist, J.M., Friedman, S.P., 2005. A physical derived water content/permittivity calibration model for coarse–textured layered soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 69 (5), 1372–1377] gives very satisfactory results.     

Bestimmung einiger Parameter des kapillaren Feuchtigkeitstransports in porösen Baustoffen. Teil 1: Herleitung der Stoffparameter

Determining some parameters of capillary moisture transport in porous building materials. Part 1: Deriving the material parameters Various relevant material parameters were defined and their mutual correlations pointed out. By means of simple mathematical approaches, one can calculate several characteristic data such as e.g. water absorption and water penetration coefficients, water capacity, capillary rise maximum, velocity of the rising liquid front and post-suction time.