不同种植模式冬小麦产量与耗水量的模糊综合评判

产量和耗水量是作物节水高产栽培的参考依据。该文采用改进的模糊综合评判模型,从种植方式、灌水处理2个层次和7个指标对冬小麦的耗水量和产量进行了模糊综合评价。结果表明:在宽垄种植、水分处理为70%的控制下限的条件下,小麦的水分生产效率最高,即水分处理为田间持水量70%的宽垄种植方式为最优种植模式。水分处理为田间持水量70%的宽垄种植和水分处理为田间持水量60%的宽垄种植处理的水分生产效率分别为1.91、1.88 kg/m3,两者相差仅为0.03 kg/m3。因此,当水资源较充足时,种植灌溉方式采取水分处理为田间持水量70%的宽垄种植处理模式;当水资源较匮乏时,种植灌溉方式采取水分处理为田间持水量60%的宽垄种植处理模式。模糊综合评判方法得出水分处理为田间持水量70%的宽垄种植方式,冬小麦产能最优,与大田试验得出的结论相吻合,故而模糊综合评判方法可以应用于节水灌溉评价方面。     

基于加权灰色关联模型优选夏玉米沟灌方式

该文建立加权灰色关联综合评价模型,基于夏玉米耗水量、产量及其构成因素（穗长、穗周长、穗粒数、穗行数、百粒质量和产量）对沟灌方式进行优选。结果表明,同一水分控制下限,无论是产量综合评价,还是耗水及水分利用效率综合评价,宽垄沟灌种植模式的灰色关联综合评价均优于常规沟灌种植模式;其中灌水控制下限为田间持水量的70%（field water holding capacity, FC）的宽垄沟灌种植处理在第2层综合评价中耗水评价虽然位次第3,但产量评价和水分利用效率评价位次第1,在第1层综合评价中灰色关联度最大（0.852）,故灌水控制下限为70%（70%FC）最佳;其次为灌水控制下限为60%（60%FC）的宽垄沟灌种植处理,关联度为0.788,60%FC与70%FC二者关联度相差较小。加权灰色关联综合评价模型的评判结果与大田试验结果相吻合。因此,最终方案的最终选定可根据当地水资源状况而定,对于水资源相对丰富地区建议采用W70灌水方式,对于水资源相对匮乏地区建议采用W60灌水方式。研究可为灰色关联度方法在节水灌溉研究中的应用提供参考。     

根系分区交替灌溉对温室甜椒不同灌水下限的响应

依据2006、2007年两年小区试验,对根系分区交替灌溉条件下温室甜椒生长、产量及水分利用效率对不同灌水下限的响应进行了研究.结果表明:占田间持水量60%的灌水下限(T3)处理甜椒叶片光合速率最大,有效地阻止无效蒸腾失水,水分利用效率最高,占田间持水量70%的灌水下限(T4)处理产量达到最高.对甜椒产量、水分利用效率与灌水下限之间的关系进行回归分析,得出30 cm内当灌水下限为田间持水量的70%左右时,甜椒鲜质量小区产量可达最大值;当灌水下限为田间持水量的65%时,甜椒水分利用效率有最大值.综合考虑节水、增产和提高水分利用效率等多种因素,根系分区交替灌溉条件下温室甜椒灌水下限应控制在65%田间持水量左右为宜.     

不同土壤容重条件下水分亏缺对作物生长和水分利用的影响

为探究不同土壤容重和不同程度水分亏缺条件下冬小麦-夏玉米生长指标及产量的变化。采用桶栽土培法,分别设置3种土壤容重(1.2,1.4,1.6 g/cm^3)和3个土壤水分控制下限(低水分50%田间持水量、中水分60%田间持水量和高水分70%田间持水量),研究不同土壤容重和水分亏缺对冬小麦—夏玉米根系、生长指标、耗水量、产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明:随水分亏缺程度的加剧,冬小麦和夏玉米生长指标、生物量、耗水量和产量均呈降低趋势。随土壤容重增加,冬小麦生物量和产量呈先升高再降低的趋势,冬小麦耗水量和水分利用效率呈降低趋势;而夏玉米产量、耗水量和水分利用效率均呈降低趋势。试验中,1.4,1.2 g/cm^3分别为冬小麦和夏玉米生长的最适土壤容重。土壤容重与水分处理互作对夏玉米株高、耗水量和水分利用效率有极显著影响,而对冬小麦和夏玉米生物量及产量无显著影响。研究结果可为黄淮海地区作物绿色增产增效及水土资源高效利用提供理论参考。     

水分调控对冬小麦同化物分配与水分利用效率的影响研究

试验研究 12个灌溉组合方式对冬小麦干物质积累与分配、产量和水分利用效率的影响结果表明 ,地面灌水条件下不同处理的地上部干物质积累量由高至低依次为田间持水量 65%的处理 >50 %的处理 >80 %的处理 ;地下 3 0cm、50cm和 10 0cm灌水条件下田间持水量 80 %的处理 >65%的处理 >50 %的处理。产量以地下 3 0cm灌水× 80 %田间持水量处理最高 ,为 6512 .4kg/hm2 ,地下 50cm灌水× 50 %田间持水量处理产量最低 ,为3 568.1kg/hm2 。保持相同田间持水量的灌水处理 ,随灌溉深度的增加其作物水分利用效率呈增大趋势。地下3 0cm灌水× 80 %田间持水量处理和地下 3 0cm灌水× 65%田间持水量处理是较合理的节水灌溉组合方式     

夏玉米污水灌溉时水分与氮素利用效率的研究

用田间实验研究污水灌溉条件下夏玉米水分与氮素的利用效率。试验设置了高、中、低3个不同灌水水平下的9个对比处理，结果表明：灌水量、灌溉水质、施肥量对夏玉米叶面积指数、株高和产量的影响很小；不同灌溉水量条件下，污水灌溉夏玉米的耗水规律与清水灌溉的耗水规律十分接近，且累积耗水量随灌溉水量的增大而增加；水分利用效率与灌溉水质和施肥无关，仅随灌溉水量的增加而减少。清水灌溉处理玉米的吸氮量高于污水灌溉处理玉米的吸氮量；氮的利用效率与灌水量和施肥无关，仅与灌溉水质有关，且污水灌溉氮的利用效率高于清水灌溉氮的利用效率。     

浅埋滴灌土壤水分变化特征及作物耗水规律

为探明玉米节水增粮的浅埋滴灌灌溉模式，于2021年在内蒙古通辽市开展田间种植试验。按作物各生育期设置低水(W1=125.4 mm)、中水(W2=153.6 mm)、高水(W3=166.8 mm)不同定额灌水水平，以滴灌100%水量为对照(CK=179.8 mm),分析不同处理下土壤水分变化特征及对作物耗水量、水分利用率及植株生长的影响。结果表明：0—60 cm耕作土层土壤含水率随灌水量增加而变化明显；随着生育期的推进，在拔节期至灌浆期，土壤含水量均呈下降趋势。玉米作物耗水量整体存在差异，表现为CK>W3>W2>W1。玉米生长特征变化趋势差异较大，W2处理的株高、茎粗和叶面积指数最高；各生育期玉米耗水量总体变化呈波动变化趋势，在拔节期—抽雄期达到峰值。玉米产量不随灌水量增大而增加，处理W2玉米产量最高，较CK处理增产5.65%,且水分利用率最大，为3.48 kg/m³。在进一步优化节水技术之前，浅埋滴灌W2处理为灌水最佳方案。研究结果可为我国半干旱地区玉米节水灌溉提供参考。     

耕作和灌水处理对冬小麦-夏玉米水分利用及产量的影响

为探索华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米复种连作合理耕层构建的技术途径和技术指标,于2015―2016年在河南新乡实施了深松(ST)、深松+秸秆还田(ST+RS)和常规旋耕(RT)3种耕作方式,在不同耕作方式中根据土壤湿润层有效含水量各设置3种灌水控制下限,高灌水控制下限为60%(H)、中灌水控制下限为50%(M)和低灌水控制下限为40%(L),通过对土壤和作物生长指标及产量的测定,分析各处理作物产量和水分利用效率的变化规律。结果表明,ST和ST+RS处理均能降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度、田间持水量和饱和含水量,且以深松+秸秆还田处理效果最佳;与RT相比,ST和ST+RS处理0～40 cm平均土壤容重降低5.0%和6.0%,土壤孔隙度增加6.9%和8.0%,田间持水量增加6.2%和12.8%,饱和含水量增加6.2%和5.7%。耕作方式与灌水处理互作显著增加了冬小麦-夏玉米复种连作周年0～100 cm土层的储水量。ST和ST+RS处理0～100 cm土层储水量较RT分别增加11.0%和15.8%,高水分、中水分处理较低水分处理分别增加18.1%和11.1%。耕作方式对冬小麦、夏玉米产量和水分利用效率(WUE)影响显著,其中,ST和ST+RS处理周年产量较RT分别平均增加9.2%和15.5%,WUE平均提高11.2%和15.3%;灌水处理同样对冬小麦、夏玉米的产量和水分利用效率(WUE)影响显著,产量随灌水控制下限的增加而增加,即高水分中水分低水分,而WUE则以中水分处理最高。因此在该地区土壤和气候条件下,深松秸秆还田辅以适宜灌水控制下限是较为理想的栽培措施,有利于土壤耕层合理构建,并提高水分利用效率和作物产量。     

加气滴灌提高大棚甜瓜品质及灌溉水分利用效率

为揭示加气频率和滴灌带埋深等对甜瓜产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响,以甜瓜(陕甜一号)为研究对象,采用追加正交试验设计,研究不同加气频率、地下滴灌带埋深及灌水控制上限对大棚甜瓜果实形态、产量、品质及灌溉水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:对果实形态、品质及产量影响的大小顺序依次为加气频率、滴灌带埋深和灌水控制上限。对水分利用效率的影响大小顺序依次为灌水控制上限、加气频率和滴灌带埋深。根区加气能够显著改善果实产量及品质,滴灌带埋深为25 cm,每天加气1次品质及果实形态指标最好,产量最高。灌水量控制在田间持水量的80%时,果实可溶性固形物含量最高,但灌水量为70%田间持水量时,可溶性总糖、产量、水分利用效率最高。综合考虑,最优处理组合为滴灌带埋深25 cm,每天通气一次,灌水控制上限为70%田间持水量。     

不同水分条件和覆盖处理对夏玉米籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响

采用二因素完全随机试验设计,研究了3种水分条件(75%、65%、55%田间持水量)下无覆盖(CK)、地膜覆盖(PM)和秸秆覆盖(SM)处理对夏玉米籽粒灌浆特性、产量、耗水量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,不同水分条件下,各处理夏玉米籽粒增重进程符合Logistic生长曲线。相对于无覆盖处理,地膜和秸秆覆盖处理提高了夏玉米的灌浆速率、产量和水分利用效率。其中,中水分(65%田间持水量)条件下地膜和秸秆覆盖处理夏玉米产量及水分利用效率(WUE)增幅最大,增产率分别为21.99%和35.86%,水分利用效率增加幅度分别为16.41%和16.79%;其次为低水分(55%田间持水量)处理,高水分(75%田间持水量)处理增幅最小。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.