美利奴羊对蛇形毛圆线虫获得性免疫的维持

美利奴羊对蛇形毛圆线虫获得性免疫的维持莫重辉安志兴摘译于三科校１引言绵羊的营养状况影响其胃肠道寄生虫感染的病理生理学，也影响宿主对线虫免疫的发展速率。对放牧绵羊来说，其对胃肠道寄生虫免疫的维持和适当增加是很重要的，这有助于减少寄生线早所引起的损失。在...     

辽宁阜新地区绵羊体内外寄生虫种类的调查

为查清危害本地区绵羊寄生虫的种类和主要虫种，因地制宜地制定防治办法，笔者历时几年时间，采用不同调查方法，对当地绵羊和无角美利妈羊寄生虫进行调查，结果表明，当地绵羊体内外寄生虫共有12种；美利奴羊寄生虫共有23种，本地区主要危害虫种是胃肠道线虫，尤以捻转血矛线虫为主。     

山西省牛、羊胃肠道寄生虫调查与综合防控措施

为了弄清山西省牛、羊胃肠道感染主要寄生虫的种类及其感染强度,进而制订合理有效的防控措施,试验采用饱和食盐水漂浮法对山西省大同、朔州和忻州3个地区12个县的牛、羊胃肠道寄生虫感染情况进行了调查。结果表明:在3个地区12个县中,胃肠道寄生虫感染率最高达91%,感染强度最高可达3 646.66个(每克粪便中的虫卵数),且多为数种寄生虫混合感染。不同地区和不同畜种间差别较大,以大同地区牛、羊感染较重,朔州和忻州次之;羊较牛感染严重。牛的细颈线虫、食道口线虫、古柏线虫、球虫检出率较高;羊的捻转血矛线虫、毛圆线虫、仰口线虫、细颈线虫、球虫检出率较高。     

用嗜线虫真菌防治家畜胃肠道线虫病的研究进展

简要论述了嗜线虫真菌种类及其捕捉器官和国内外生物防治家畜胃肠道线虫病的研究进展。国内外防治该病主要是用各种驱虫药物定期驱虫，由此造成寄生虫抗药性、动物组织残留药物、环境污染、线虫反复感染等诸多负作用。用线虫天敌嗜线虫真菌生物防治家畜胃肠道线虫病成为该领域研究的重点课题之一。实验室和野外的大量研究结果证明，嗜线虫真菌在通过动物胃肠道时能不被消化，从而保持活性，在粪便中能有效捕食营自由生活阶段的线虫幼虫，使放牧草场中感染性线虫幼虫明显减少，呈现出良好的生物防治效果。文章重点介绍了嗜线虫真菌Duddingtonia flagrans，对用嗜线虫真菌生物防治家畜胃肠道线虫病的前景充满信心。     

广州地区山羊寄生虫病的调查与防治试验

本次对广州地区某羊场山羊的体内外寄生虫进行了调查,通过体表、粪便检查以及尸体剖检发现;体外寄生虫有山羊蚧螨和山羊毛虱;体内寄生虫有寄生于第四胃和小肠物毛圆科线虫,包括血矛线虫属、毛圆属、奥斯特属、马歇尔属、古柏属多种线虫。采用害获灭和螨净对以上寄生虫进行治疗试验。发现害获灭对山羊螨、虱及胃肠道线虫都有较好的驱杀作用。其中对胃肠道线虫的驱净率达１００％,某此螨病较为严重的山羊采用害获灭肌注,同时配合     

“驱虫多”对羊体内多种寄生虫驱除试验

我国寄生于羊体的寄生虫常见的有肝片吸虫和胃肠道的捻转胃虫、结节虫、钩虫、毛圆线虫、细颈线虫、鞭虫,其次是肺线虫和绦虫。而现有的驱虫药,能驱除肝片吸虫的,不能驱除胃肠道线虫,能驱除胃肠道线虫的,又不能驱除肝片吸虫,或者对绦虫效果不好,或者对肺线虫效果不佳。总之,目前还没有一种驱虫药能同时驱除上述4大类多种常见寄生虫。为此,我们研制了“驱虫多”,于1989年1～     

阿维菌素在防治猪寄生虫病中的应用

1 驱虫范围 阿维菌素具有同时驱除猪内、外寄生虫的优点,它对内寄生虫的胃肠道线虫,如猪蛔虫、猪胃圆线虫、猪食道口线虫（结节虫）、猪毛首线虫（鞭虫）等的成虫和大部分的第四期幼虫以及肺线虫的猪后圆线虫（肺丝虫）、猪冠尾线虫（猪肾虫）的成虫都具有驱杀作用．但对它们的卵没有杀灭作用，阿维菌素对吸虫和绦虫、结肠小袋纤毛虫、猪球虫等没有作用。     

硝氯酚与左咪唑复合疗法驱除牛多种寄生虫

吉林省各地区牛普遍遭受肝片吸虫、胃肠道线虫和肺线虫等多种寄生虫的侵袭,危害比较严重。特别是延边、吉林、通化三地区危害更大,是当前牛只瘦弱、爬窝、死亡的重要原因之一。过去驱治这些寄生虫多用     

哈萨克羊胃肠道线虫感染情况调查

胃肠道线虫病是对绵羊危害较严重的主要寄生虫病之一,严重影响养羊业的发展,为了摸清伊犁地区哈萨克羊胃肠道线虫感染情况,有效地指导防治工作。笔者采用硫酸镁饱和液漂浮法和尼龙筛兜淘洗法对本地区内哈萨克羊进行了初步抽检调查。调查结果表明:该地区哈萨克羊胃肠道线虫感染率为100%,所获寄生虫8种,即食道口线虫、捻转血矛线虫、细颈线虫、毛圆线虫、古柏线虫、夏伯特线虫、毛首线虫和类圆线虫,并多数羊只混合感染。     

张家川县羊寄生虫调查

为了查清张家川县山头寄生虫感染情况，进行了多次调查。共剖检山、绵羊62只，诊断性驱虫1433只，粪检1575只，体表检查126只，血片镜检438只，结果检出寄生虫59种，隶属于5纲、11目、20科、34属，其中危害严重的有胃肠道线虫、肺线虫、扩展莫尼茨绦虫、羊狂蝇、山头泰勒虫等。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.