不同时期毛苔草对不同水文情势的生长响应研究

 通过幼苗移植、水位控制试验,研究毛苔草对不同水文情势的生长响应,以及不同水文经历下的响应差别。结果表明,毛苔草对不同水文情势及水文经历存在显著生长响应。毛苔草地上、地下以及根茎生物量均在干湿交替条件下最大;鲜重根／茎随水分的增加而降低,干重根／茎则总体上随水分的增加而升高;根茎生物量比重在干旱处理下最大。不同水文经历的毛苔草,其生物量以有干湿交替经历的较大,根／茎及根茎占总生物量的比重则以经历干旱处理的较大;淹没水文情势下,毛苔草生长缓慢,但淹没抑制消除后,其生长过程可以通过根茎萌发得以延续。各生长指标极值的出现,要求在不同的生长阶段提供其所需的水文条件。在湿地恢复与管理过程中,针对生长季内优势植物水文需求的变化,采取不同的水文措施,有助于达到最佳的恢复及管理目标     

水肥耦合对巨能草生长和光合色素的影响

采用盆栽控制实验的方式,利用控水、控肥的实验方法,设计了干旱(25% FC)、对照(75% FC)和水淹(100% FC)3个水分梯度以及低、中、高3个养分水平的完全随机组合实验,研究了不同水肥耦合条件对巨能草生长与光合色素的影响。结果表明,巨能草的地上生物量、地下生物量、生物总量和根冠比都受到了水肥交互作用的显著影响。在正常水分条件下,高肥处理下的分蘖数、株高、地下生物量、地上生物量和生物总量都是最大的,是9种水肥配比中巨能草生物量积累最佳的水肥配比。可见,良好的水肥条件是巨能草获得高产的前提。水淹和干旱都不利于植株的分蘖和高生长,但干旱条件下可通过施肥提高植株的分蘖能力。水淹环境下,不宜施用过多肥料,中等施肥量最有利于巨能草地下生物量的积累,其根冠比显著增大,有利于植物根系适应水淹条件下的缺氧环境。与水淹条件相比,干旱条件更不利于巨能草地上生物量的积累,为了适应干旱环境,巨能草会把更多的同化物质分配给地下部分,进而增大根冠比,从而表现出较高的生理可塑性以适应极端的干旱环境。有趣的是,水分胁迫下的光合色素含量显著高于正常水分,且随着施肥量的增加,光合色素的含量都有所增加,干旱处理下的增加尤为显著。由此可见,在水分胁迫环境下,巨能草会通过其各种形态和生理适应机制来适应环境,表现出一定的耐涝性和抗旱性,且施肥能够在一定程度上降低水分胁迫对植物生长的影响。     

辉河湿地不同草甸植被群落特征及其与土壤因子的关系

湿地土壤影响植物的种类、数量、生长发育、形态和分布,湿地植物又影响土壤中元素的分布与变化。以辉河国家级自然保护区核心区为研究区域,对湿地草甸、沼泽草甸、过渡草甸、成熟草甸和盐碱草甸进行植被群落调查,并且对不同草甸的土壤进行实验室分析,研究辉河湿地不同草甸优势植物群落特征和土壤元素分布特征及其相互关系。研究结果表明,辉河湿地不同草甸植被群落特征受土壤元素分布特征、水文情势和植物生长特性影响,植被Shannon-Wiener和Simpson指数均为成熟草甸最高,盐碱草甸最低; Pielou均匀度指数变化为:成熟草甸<盐碱草甸<湿地草甸<沼泽草甸<过渡草甸;其中,沼泽草甸地上和地下生物量最高,盐碱草甸最低。不同草甸植被对土壤养分的含量及变化具有一定影响,湿地草甸土壤因子对其植被的生长也具有重要的反馈作用。不同草甸植物群落下同种元素含量差异显著,过渡草甸对土壤碳、氮、磷的吸收和滞留能力最强。此外,植被群落Shannon-Wiener指数与土壤含水量呈显著正相关,与土壤速效磷呈极显著负相关;土壤有机质、全氮和铵态氮与植被高度均呈极显著正相关;植被盖度与土壤有机质和全氮呈显著正相关;土壤速效磷与植被地上、地下生物量均呈显著负相关,而土壤铵态氮与植被地上、地下生物量均呈极显著正相关;全磷对植被多样性、生长和生物量影响较小。植被群落特征与土壤因子的冗余分析(RDA)排序表明,辉河湿地不同草甸之间存在一定程度的演替,成熟草甸和湿地草甸可能为演替的初始阶段或者是末阶段,而过渡草甸为中间阶段,而且土壤养分受群落演替的影响显著。     

三江平原沼泽湿地芦苇种群生产与分配的季节动态

三江平原芦苇湿地在5～10月的生长季节中,种群不同构件生物量季节动态变化存在明显差异.研究结果表明:叶鞘和叶的生物量最大值分别出现在6月、7月;而茎秆生物量和芦苇种群地上部生物量最大值则出现在8月;地下部根状茎的生物量变化与上述截然相反,最大值出现在生长季节始、末期,7月生物量最小;不定根生物量在8月达到最大值;同化器官和非同化器官生物量的比值具有明显的季节动态变化.相关分析表明,芦苇种群地上部生物量和地下部生物量呈负相关关系.     

扎龙湿地恢复过程中物种组成及其多样性比较

为了了解扎龙湿地实施长效补水机制后生态系统恢复现状,揭示生态系统恢复过程中的内在机制,试验采用单位面积取样方法,对扎龙湿地干湿交替带不同演替系列过程中典型群落的物种组成及其多样性进行比较。结果表明:扎龙湿地干湿交替带沿高低梯度分布6种群落类型,群落中物种数量、生活型、所属科均存在一定差异并表现出一致的规律性;物种丰富度指数在杂类草群落最高,芦苇群落中最低;物种均匀度指数在单优的羊草群落、芦苇群落中较低,在非单优种群落中较高;辛普森、香农-威纳多样性指数在杂类草群落最高,芦苇群落中最低。物种数量、物种丰富度指数、辛普森和香农-威纳多样性指数在各演替系列间均较好地符合y=a+bx(P0.01)直线关系。说明实施长效人工补水后,湿地缺水现象得到根本缓解,以中旱生植物(羊草)为优势种的群落将逐渐被以水生植物(芦苇)为优势种的群落所代替,群落中物种的组成和多样性具有明显的干湿更替过程。     

交替灌溉对紫花苜蓿生物量分配与水分利用效率的影响

交替灌溉是一种节水灌溉技术,广泛用于籽实作物和园艺作物的生产灌溉管理.本研究采用田间试验,分析了交替灌溉对紫花苜蓿地上生物量及其构成要素,根系生物量,地下地上生物量比和水分利用效率的影响,以期为紫花苜蓿生产中应用交替灌溉技术提供科学依据.结果表明,交替灌溉显著提高了紫花苜蓿水分利用效率,但没有显著影响紫花苜蓿的地上生物量;交替灌溉虽然增加了紫花苜蓿单株分枝数,但减少了单株叶片数;交替灌溉增加了0~20 cm土层的根系生物量,降低了20~60 cm 土层根系的生物量,整体上增加了0~60 cm 土层根系的总生物量;交替灌溉增加了紫花苜蓿的地下地上生物量比,提高了紫花苜蓿植株适应干旱的能力.上述结果说明,交替灌溉能够提高紫花苜蓿水分利用效率而不减产,一方面通过增加紫花苜蓿根系发育能力而提高其耐旱性,另一方面增加了单株分枝数,因此交替灌溉能够适用于收获营养体的紫花苜蓿生产的灌溉管理.     

水分梯度对三江平原典型湿地植物小叶章地上生物量的影响

通过野外调查,研究不同水分梯度下三江平原典型湿地植物小叶章个体地上生物量季节动态、干鲜比(DW/FW)及生物量在构件中的分配特征.结果表明,小叶章个体地上生物量在小叶章群落中最大;各水分带小叶章地上生物量的时间动态呈双峰型变化特征,峰值出现时间随积水深度的增加而提前.生长季内,DW/FW随水分的增加而具有波动性,小叶章群落变化最大;灌丛一小叶章群落总体较低;常年积水的3个群落,不同生长期波动变化.小叶章地上生物量分配比:茎>叶>鞘;茎生物量比重,无常年积水群落大于常年积水群落;叶和鞘的生物量比重与茎相反.而水分梯度的直接作用以及各水分梯度下土壤环境条件是不同水分梯度带小叶章生长分异的主要原因.     

扎龙自然保护区不同生境芦苇过氧化物酶同工酶分析

为了解扎龙湿地芦苇在干旱、盐碱等不同逆境条件下过氧化物酶同工酶(POD)谱产生的适应性变化,以及从同工酶水平来初步探讨不同生境芦苇之间是否存在种内差异,试验采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,按照不同的水分与盐碱梯度设置旱生、湿生和水生3个样地,分析了3种生境芦苇的过氧化物酶同工酶谱特征。结果表明:在干旱和盐碱条件下酶谱产生了一定的适应性变化,环境中特高浓度的盐碱诱导湿生生境芦苇茎在迁移率(Rf)为0.032,0.081,0.496处产生了3条特有酶带,抑制其在Rf=0.523,0.873处产生酶带;干旱诱导旱生和湿生生境芦苇叶在Rf=0.048处产生酶带,酶谱带总数湿生>水生>旱生,与3种生境盐碱梯度呈正相关;酶带相似性系数在0.625～0.933之间,种内存在分化。说明湿生生境土壤中特高含量的盐碱导致酶谱与其他两种生境的相似性程度较低。     

干旱胁迫对‘早钟6号’枇杷幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以盆栽‘早钟6号’枇杷实生苗为试材,在4个水分梯度胁迫下,对其生长特性、根系形态、光合特性及其逆境相关生理指标进行研究。结果表明：随着土壤水分含量的减少,‘早钟6号’枇杷幼苗生物量显著下降;气孔导度、蒸腾速率、光合速率下降;叶片和根系内超氧阴离子自由基迅速积累,膜脂过氧化加重,丙二醛含量显著升高;过氧化氢酶活性在轻度干旱胁迫下显著增高,而后显著降低。且随着干旱胁迫的加重,地上部生物量的变化比地下部敏感;叶片内脯氨酸、MDA和超氧阴离子自由基3者的变化也比根系快。轻度干旱胁迫增加了枇杷幼苗的总根尖数、根冠比、水分利用效率和过氧化氢酶活性,说明枇杷对轻度干旱有一定的适应能力。因此,栽培中可以通过轻度干旱增加‘早钟6号’枇杷的抗逆性,但不能过度干旱。     

松嫩平原芦苇的生物学和生态学特征

芦苇(Phragmites australis)在松嫩平原生存的历史久远而且分布广泛, 通过查阅文献, 本文分析了芦苇在松嫩平原特有的气候、土壤环境下形成的一系列生物学和生态学及遗传学特征, 具体表现在形态解剖结构和光合、抗性生理特征, 根茎的多种生物功能, 抵抗盐碱、干旱和低温的能力, 基因流, 克隆间、种群间的遗传差异, 表型可塑性、繁殖策略的可塑性以及生长调节和物质分配策略等方面。     

景电灌区次生盐渍化土地枸杞林的土壤特征研究

为评价种植枸杞对改良次生盐渍化土壤的效果,实现次生盐渍化土地资源的持续利用,对次生盐渍化土地不同利用方式的弃耕地、不同种植年限枸杞地和小麦地的土壤理化性质进行了调查研究。结果表明,与弃耕地相比,枸杞地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量显著增加;水溶性盐离子除HCO₃^-显著增加、Ca²⁺降低不明显外,K⁺、Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、全盐量、电导率均显著降低,离子组成中Na⁺降幅最大,达70.1%~82.9%,全盐量降低70.9%~82.8%;砂砾含量降低、粉粒和粘粒含量升高,CaCO₃含量升高,pH值降低,容重先降低后升高,孔隙度先升高后降低。枸杞地Na⁺和全盐量比小麦地分别高118.1%~282.3%和84.0%~211.5%,其他土壤理化指标和小麦地没有差异。这些说明种植枸杞改善了次生盐渍化土壤质量,除占盐分主导地位的Na⁺含量明显较高外,其他土壤性状恢复至与盐渍化程度低的传统农耕地相当。种植枸杞的前4年间土壤理化性质发生了迅速变化,之后变化速度很缓慢。土地利用方式的变化对次生盐渍化土壤性状具有重要影响。     

Influence of 90 Years of Protection From Grazing on Plant and Soil Processes in the Subalpine of the Wasatch Plateau,USA

Human communities in the Intermountain West depend heavily on subalpine rangelands because of their importance in providing water for irrigation and forage for wildlife and livestock. In addition, many constituencies are looking to managed ecosystems to sequester carbon in plant biomass and soil C to reduce the impact of anthropogenic CO₂ on climate. This work builds on a 90-year-old grazing experiment in mountain meadows on the Wasatch Plateau in central Utah. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of 90 years of protection from grazing on processes controlling the input, output, and storage of C in subalpine rangelands. Long-term grazing significantly reduced maximum biomass in all years compared with plots within grazing exclosures. For grazed plots, interannual variability in aboveground biomass was correlated with July precipitation and temperature (R² = 0.51), while there was a weak correlation between July precipitation and biomass in ungrazed plots (R² = 0.24). Livestock grazing had no statistically significant impacts on total soil C or particulate organic matter (POM), although grazing did increase active soil C and decrease soil moisture. Grazing significantly increased the proportion of total soil C pools that were potentially mineralizable in the laboratory, with soils from grazed plots evolving 4.6% of total soil C in 1 year while ungrazed plots lost 3.3% of total soil C. Volumetric soil moisture was consistently higher in ungrazed plots than grazed plots. The changes in soil C chemistry may have implications for how these ecosystems will respond to forecast climate change. Because grazing has resulted in an accumulation of easily decomposable organic material, if temperatures warm and summer precipitation increases as is anticipated, these soils may become net sources of CO₂ to the atmosphere creating a positive feedback between climate change and atmospheric CO₂.     

The effect of different dietary levels of sodium and chloride on performance and blood parameters in goslings (1–28 days of age)

A total of 702 1-day-old male Jiangnan White goslings were used to study the effects of varying levels of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ on their growth performance and blood parameters. In this experiment, goslings were randomly allotted to nine treatments, with six pens per treatment in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement, and fed diets with three concentrations of added Na⁺ (0.10%, 0.15% and 0.20%) and three concentrations of added Cl⁻ (0.15%, 0.20% and 0.25%). The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the sensitivity of goslings to Na⁺ and Cl⁻ during brooding to determine the appropriate levels of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in their feed. The results are as follows: (a) Different levels of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in the diet, especially low Na⁺ and Cl⁻, significantly affected the body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and feed/gain ratio (F/G) of the 28-day-old goslings (p < .05). But Na⁺ × Cl⁻ has no significant effect on water consumption (p > .05). (b) Serum concentrations of urea increased linearly with Na⁺ content (p < .05). Serum concentrations of creatinine (CR) and uric acid (UA) increased linearly with Cl⁻ content (p < .05). (c) Na⁺ × Cl⁻ has a significant impact on the serum sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl; p < .05). The content of serum Na and Cl increased linearly with increasing levels of Na⁺ and Cl⁻. These results show that low levels of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ had significant adverse effects on the growth of 1- to 28-day-old goslings. The results of the experiment support a recommendation to supplement the diet of goslings with 0.20% Cl⁻ and not <0.15% Na⁺.     

土壤容重对野生香根草幼苗根系形态及其生物量的影响

香根草因其具有发达的根系而被许多国家用于水土保持,但紧实土壤影响根系的生长,而土壤容重与土壤紧实度密切相关。为了掌握粤西野生香根草对紧实土壤的适应状况,用人工土柱研究了容重分别为1.20 g/cm³ (D_1.20)、1.35 g/cm³ (D_1.35)和1.58 g/cm³ (D_1.58)的土壤对其根系形态和生物量的影响。结果表明：1）随容重增大,根系和地上部生物量下降,根冠比降低,植株的根表面积、根长密度和根体积密度减小,而平均根直径增大。2）容重影响根系的空间分布,D_1.20和D_1.35处理的根系在上、下层分布较多,中间层分布少,表明粤西野生香根草具有深根型特性;高容重阻止根向下延伸,D_1.58处理的根系主要分布0～6 cm的土层内。3）D_1.20和D_1.35土壤的平均根直径随土层加深减小,而D_1.58的则增加。本实验结果说明粤西野生香根草能耐较紧实（D_1.35）的土壤,高紧实土壤（D_1.58）虽然限制其生长,但对表土层根系的分布影响小。并就容重对粤西野生香根草固土护坡的影响进行了讨论。     

Investigation into the durability of washed rice straw for equine bedding and the repetitive use of washing water

The present experiment investigated durability during the repetitive use of washed rice straw, as bedding material, and washing water as a model study. Residual nitrogen levels, elasticity, and water suction rates for washed rice straw‐adhered urea were measured. In addition, outflow levels of nitrogen and mineral ions (Na⁺, NO₂^‐ + NO₃^‐, SO₄^2?, PO₄^3?, Cl^‐) for washing water were measured to determine durability. Nitrogen levels of rice straw significantly (P < 0.05) decreased after two washings. There was no significant change in elasticity of repetitively used rice straw. Suction rates of rice straw after the second and third washings increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared to the first time. With regard to the number of washings, the mineral ion outflow level in the washing water for nitrogen, Na⁺, NO₂^‐ + NO₃^‐ and PO₄^3? after each washing was not significant. However, nitrogen outflow level tended to decrease after the third washing. SO₄^‐ and Cl^‐ did significantly decrease (P < 0.05) with the number of washings. In this study, it was considered that rice straw and washing water could be used repetitively three times. Furthermore, in order to maintain effluent standards, washing water from the first washing needs to be processed in a septic tank.     

Influence of copper sulphate on the water and electrolyte balance of the freshwater snail Bulinus (Bulinus) tropicus

The water and electrolyte balance of Bulinus (Bulinus) tropicus, a freshwater pulmonate, was determined when subjected to different sublethal concentrations of copper sulphate. It was found that the lethal dose (LD₅₀), which is the dose lethal to 50% of the snails, is 1,0 ppm in water of pH 8,5. Increasing dosages disturb the ionic and water balance. Haemolymph concentrations of Na ⁺ , Ca²⁺ and Cl^- decrease markedly. The rates of ion influx and efflux for Ca²⁺ , Na ⁺ , Cl^- and ³H₂0, measured With their corresponding radioisotopes, were drastically changed. The results indicate that the physiological effects of copper are not limited to particular organs or tissues but probably occur throughout the snail body. The possible effect of copper sulphate on the in- tegumental exchange mechanisms for Ca²⁺, HCO3^-, Na⁺ , K⁺ and Cl^- are discussed.     

Effects of aerobic and anaerobic fluid collection on biochemical analysis of peritoneal fluid in healthy horses and horses with colic

Objective: To determine whether in healthy horses and those with colic, exposure of peritoneal fluid to room air affects values obtained on biochemical analysis. Study Design: Prospective study. Animals: Adult horses with a primary complaint of acute abdominal pain (n=29) and 12 healthy horses. Methods: Peritoneal fluid was aseptically collected under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. After collection, pH, PCO₂, PO₂, HCO₃^?, Na⁺, ionized Ca²⁺, K⁺, lactate, and glucose were immediately measured using a commercial blood gas analyzer. Biochemical variables were compared between aerobically and anaerobically obtained samples using a paired t‐test. Results: In healthy horses, peritoneal fluid samples collected under anaerobic conditions had higher PCO₂ and ionized Ca²⁺ and lower PO₂, HCO₃^?, and pH compared with samples exposed to air. No differences were observed for K⁺, Na⁺, glucose, and lactate. In horses with colic, samples collected anaerobically had higher PCO₂, ionized Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and glucose and lower PO₂, HCO₃^?, and pH value compared with samples exposed to air. No differences were observed for K⁺ and lactate. Conclusion: Exposure of peritoneal fluid to room air had a significant effect on pH, PCO₂, PO₂, and variables associated or dependent on changes in pH such as HCO₃^? and ionized Ca²⁺. Interpretation of biochemical analysis of peritoneal fluid may be influenced by sample collection method.     

Prescribed Fire,Soil, and Plants: Burn Effects and Interactions in the Central Great Basin

Pinyon and juniper expansion into sagebrush ecosystems results in decreased cover and biomass of perennial grasses and forbs. We examine the effectiveness of spring prescribed fire on restoration of sagebrush ecosystems by documenting burn effects on soil nutrients, herbaceous aboveground biomass, and tissue nutrient concentrations. This study was conducted in a central Nevada woodland and included control and burn treatment plots sampled before and after a prescribed fire. Six native understory plant species (Crepis acuminata, Eriogonum umbellatum, Eriogonum elatum, Poa secunda secunda, Festuca idahoensis, and Lupinus argenteus) important for native sagebrush obligate foragers were chosen to represent the understory plant community. L. argenteus is also important for system nutrient cycling and nitrogen fixation. Plants were collected from three microsites (under tree canopy, under shrub canopy, and interspace) common in transitional woodlands during peak growth the summer before a spring prescribed burn and each of two summers following the burn. Soils were collected from corresponding locations at two depth intervals (0–8 and 8–52 cm) to determine the relationships between soil and plant nutrients following fire. Microsite affected soil nutrients but did not influence plant tissue concentrations with the exception of F. idahoensis. Burning resulted in increases in soil surface NH+4, NO₃⁻, inorganic N, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Zn²⁺. Increases in NO₃⁻, inorganic N, and Zn²⁺ were also observed in deeper horizons. Burning did not affect aboveground plant biomass or nutrient concentrations in the first year with the exception of F. idahoensis, which had increased tissue P. By the second year, all species had statistically significant responses to burning. The most common response was for increased aboveground plant weight and tissue N concentrations. Plant response to burning appeared to be related to the burn treatment and the soil variables surface K⁺, NO₃⁻, and inorganic N.     

Ouabain-sensitive respiration and protein synthesis in duodenal mucosa and liver in rats fed increasing levels of pea fibre or protein and housed in 18 or 28°C environments

Seventy‐two Wistar rats were used in two studies to investigate the effect of environmental temperature (18 or 28°C), and increasing levels of dietary fibre (low, 68 g/kg dry matter (DM); medium 110 g/kg DM; high, 157 g/kg DM) and protein (low, 91 g/kg DM; medium, 171 g/kg DM; high, 262 g/kg DM) on respiration attributable to Na⁺,K⁺‐ATPase activity and protein synthesis in duodenal mucosa and liver of rats. In vitro O₂ consumption in tissues was measured polarographically using a Clark‐style YSI biological O₂ monitor. Whole‐body O₂ consumption was measured with two open‐circuit respiration chambers. Whole‐body O₂ consumption was higher (p < 0.05) at 18°C than at 28°C. Rats fed the low protein diet had significantly higher (p < 0.05) whole‐body O₂ consumption than those fed the medium or high protein diet. Compared with 28°C, the environmental temperature of 18°C caused an increase (p < 0.05) in total O₂ consumption and O₂ consumption attributable to Na⁺,K⁺‐ATPase activity in duodenal mucosa. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of environmental temperature on total O₂ consumption, Na⁺,K⁺‐ATPase activity attributable to protein synthesis dependent on O₂ consumption in the liver. Total O₂ consumption and O₂ consumption attributable to Na⁺,K⁺‐ATPase activity increased (p < 0.05) in duodenal mucosa in rats fed the low level of dietary fibre compared with rats fed the medium level of dietary fibre. In vitro O₂ consumption determined in duodenal mucosa and in liver did not always correspond to whole‐body O₂ consumption. This may indicate that respiration in the duodenum and liver adapts differently and may not reflect changes in whole‐body respiration in response to dietary modification and changes in thermal environment.