低碳绩效测度与动态效应研究——以山东省种植业为例

温室效应的加剧已经严重影响到人类社会的生存与发展,根据IPCC数据显示,农业温室气体占全球人为排放的13.5%,鉴于山东省农业在我国的重要地位,本文以在农业产值中占比最高的种植业为样本,对山东省低碳绩效展开研究,为山东省种植业低碳发展之路提供参考。本文在测算山东省种植业碳排放量、碳汇量、碳排放强度以及碳排放边际减排成本的基础上,运用DEA-Malmquist模型测算了种植业低碳绩效水平,接着研究了低碳驱动与约束对山东省种植业低碳绩效的动态影响效应。通过研究发现,2000年到2018年山东省种植业碳排放总量和碳汇总量年均增幅分别为0.26%和1.74%,而碳排放强度和减排成本年均降低6.12%和2.10%。低碳绩效指数增长较慢,年均增长速度为3.00%,其主要驱动来源于技术进步。低碳约束目标与低碳驱动手段是种植业低碳绩效变动的直接原因,种植业碳排放强度对种植业低碳绩效具有一定的抑制作用,低碳驱动手段对种植业低碳绩效具有正向促进作用,且低碳驱动手段对种植业的低碳绩效贡献更大。进而提出了制定种植业低碳法律法规与提升财政支持有效性的低碳发展建议。     

安徽省城镇化与耕地利用集约化的动态响应关系

为分析城镇化与耕地利用集约化的动态关系,促进新型城镇化与农业现代化协调发展,该文在构建城镇化与耕地利用集约化动态响应关系理论框架的基础上,基于传统农区安徽省1998—2014年相关数据,建立向量自回归(vector autoregression VAR)模型,检验两者之间的协整关系,并在此基础上运用脉冲响应分析和方差分解分析城镇化与耕地利用集约化的互馈关系。结果表明,复种指数对城镇人口比例冲击的响应先为负向后为正向,贡献率为14.4%;对二三产业比例和土地城镇化则均产生负向响应,并呈先增加后减少的趋势,贡献率分别为10.4%、15.6%。化肥投入对城镇人口比例的冲击产生正向的响应,贡献率为12.1%;对二三产业比例有正向和负向响应,反应强度先增加后减少,解释水平为1.2%;对土地城镇化产生先增加后趋于平稳的负向响应,贡献率为22.3%。农业机械总动力对城镇人口比例的反应为正向的先增加后趋于平稳,贡献率为20.3%;对二三产业比例的负向响应的解释水平为2.4%;对土地城镇化的冲击呈现负向增加的响应,且贡献率高达66.3%。总体来看,城镇化水平的提高对耕地利用集约化有正向推动作用,但集约化需要适度发展,过快的城镇化不利于可持续集约化的实现;耕地利用集约化对城镇化的影响程度相对较低,说明耕地集约利用水平的提高仅可在一定程度上支持城镇化的发展。     

河南省农业碳排放时空特征及影响因素研究

基于农业生产中6个主要的碳源,测算了1998—2011年间河南省农业碳排放量和碳排放强度。发现自1998年以来,河南省农业碳排放呈现出阶段性上升态势,大致可分为增速放缓、快速增长和增长下降三个阶段,并分析了每个阶段形成的原因。测算了河南省各地市的碳排放情况,发现河南省农业碳排放总量较高的地区主要为耕地面积较大、农业在区域经济发展中所占比重较高的区域,碳排放强度较高的区域主要位于经济发展较好,区内地形平坦的区域。并利用Kaya恒等式变形对河南省农业碳排放影响因素进行了分析,发现效率因素、结构因素和劳动力因素对河南省农业碳排放有抑制作用,而农业经济发展是造成河南省农业碳排放量增加的主要因素。最后,给出了促进河南省农业碳减排的建议。     

天津市产业碳排放的影响因素及贡献

[目的] 综合考虑“水—土—能—碳”相互关系，研究产业碳排放的影响因素及贡献，为天津市减排决策制定提供一定依据。[方法] 对天津市产业碳排放进行测算，将水土资源因素引入Kaya恒等式，运用LMDI模型计算产业碳排放各影响因素的贡献。[结果] 2004—2018年天津市各产业碳排放均呈现上升趋势；整体来看，水资源经济产出、人口数量促进天津市各产业碳排放，且前者为主要促进因素，水土资源因素抑制各产业碳排放，碳排放强度促进农业碳排放，而抑制其他产业碳排放，人均用地面积抑制农业碳排放，而促进其他产业碳排放；水土资源因素对各产业碳排放影响的变化与水土资源匹配度变化有较好的一致性，单位用地面积用水量越多，其对碳排放的促进作用越大。[结论] 为实现节能减排，应发展节水产业，优化城市水土资源开发利用，发挥水土资源因素对碳排放的抑制作用。     

吴起县农业生态经济系统耦合态势演变的驱动力

为了进一步研究吴起县农业生态经济系统耦合态势演变的内在驱动机制,利用吴起县统计年鉴(1990年、1999-2006年)数据,运用主成分分析方法对其进行了分析.结果表明:人为经济发展因素是农业生态经济系统演变的主要驱动力(贡献率为72.8499%),人口压力驱动因子次之(贡献率为11.5695%),而自然生态环境是影响吴起县农业生态经济系统耦合过程的基础(贡献率为8.1681%).针对目前吴起县农业生态经济系统耦合的内在驱动机制及其面临的问题,提出调整产业结构、发展林草及其相关产业链等措施来保证农业生态经济系统的稳定.     

中国畜牧业碳排放量变化的影响因素分解及空间分异

畜牧业温室气体排放占人类活动温室气体排放总量的18%,已成为全球温室气体排放的重要贡献部门。运用全生命周期评价法全面测度了2000-2014年中国大陆31个省区的畜牧业碳排放,采用对数平均迪氏指数分解法,将畜牧业碳排放分解为畜牧业生产效率、农业生产结构调整、单位农业人口农业生产收益、城镇化和总人口增长5大因素,从时空2个层面揭示了畜牧业碳排放的驱动效应。结果表明:1)2000-2014年,中国畜牧业碳排放总量由1.374×10~8 t增长到1.506×10~8 t,年均增速0.654%,其中畜禽胃肠发酵和粪便管理系统产生的碳排放是其主要来源,两者占畜牧业碳排放总量比例达65.58%~73.23%。2)无论从时间还是空间层面看,畜牧业生产效率都是抑制中国畜牧业碳排放持续增长的最重要因素,单位农业人口农业生产效益则是导致中国畜牧业碳排量持续增长的最重要因素,这一因素对草原畜牧业区和农耕畜牧业区的畜牧业碳排放促进作用非常明显,而对经济发达地区较为有限;总人口增长是促使畜牧业碳排放增长的另一重要因素,尤其是对人口大量流入的经济发达地区和计划生育政策宽松的广大西部少数民族地区更为明显。3)2000-2014年,城镇化是有效抑制畜牧业碳排放的第二大因素,而农业结构调整对畜牧业碳排放变化呈现由正向驱动转为负向驱动的变化特征,这一特征在中国畜牧业较为发达的中东部地区表现较为明显。     

中国耕地低碳利用效率时空演变及其驱动因素

探究耕地低碳利用效率演变规律及其驱动因素对实现耕地利用高效低碳、助力农业绿色发展具有重要意义。该研究构建耕地低碳利用效率评价体系，采用超效率SBM模型测度1998-2018年中国30个省级行政区耕地低碳利用效率，分别采用核密度估计、可视化制图和总体分异测度指数刻画耕地低碳利用效率时序特征、空间格局和区域差异，进而采用地理探测器模型识别耕地低碳利用效率演变驱动因素并剖析各因素驱动机制。研究结果表明：1）研究期内中国耕地低碳利用效率逐步提高并呈现"西高东低、北高南低"的空间格局，空间分布由分散转向集中。2）中国耕地低碳利用效率区域差异水平较低且逐步缩小，耕地低碳利用效率总体分异测度指数由0.185 4下降至0.141 8。不同地区耕地低碳利用效率区域差异程度为中部>东部>西部。其中，东部地区、中部地区和西部地区区域差异分别呈现"W"形波动式下降、"U"形先降后升和持续下降趋势，总体分异测度指数分别由0.159 8、0.261 1和0.131 6降至0.154 1、0.198 3和0.075 0。3）耕地低碳利用效率受自然环境条件、耕地资源禀赋、经济发展水平和农业生产条件共同影响。其中，复种指数、农村居民人均纯收入和灌溉指数驱动力分别由0.367 2、0.374 5和0.469 8降至0.339 4、0.129 1和0.397 7，人均耕地面积驱动力由0.302 4升至0.403 1。各因素交互作用类型均为双因子增强或非线性增强，交互作用正向强化了单因素对耕地低碳利用效率演变的驱动力。研究结果对于深化耕地利用效率研究具有指导意义，也可为推动耕地可持续利用和农业绿色发展提供决策支撑。     

河南种植业碳排放时空特征、脱钩效应及其驱动因素

基于2001-2021年河南省以及18个地市历年农资投入和农作物种植两大类碳源,构建种植业碳排放测算体系,评估研究期内河南省种植业碳排放量,分析省域种植业碳排放空间格局;运用Tapio脱钩模型探讨河南省种植业碳排放量与经济发展之间的相互作用,并通过LMDI模型探究种植业碳排放的主要驱动因素。结果表明：（1）河南省种植业碳排放量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,碳排放强度整体呈现逐年递减趋势;（2）农用化肥是种植业碳排放最主要的排放源;（3）河南省种植业碳排放量逐渐呈“南部高,北部低”的特点;同时,各地市的种植业碳排放强度均为递减态势,空间差异也逐步减小;（4）研究期内仅出现强负脱钩、弱脱钩、扩张负脱钩和强脱钩四种脱钩特征;（5）经济增长和城镇化水平对种植业碳排放具有正向影响,生产效率、生产结构和劳动力规模则表现出负向影响。未来应加强创新引领、坚持分类施策并优化种植结构,以实现河南省种植业低碳化高质量发展。     

张掖绿洲耕地和建设用地变化驱动力比较研究

基于张掖绿洲1998-2007年土地利用和自然、社会、经济数据,采用数理统计分析方法,定量综合探讨耕地和建设用地变化驱动力.结果表明,社会经济因子对耕地、建设用地变化驱动方向和大小表现出差异性;其次,主分量驱动因素的影响作用方向和大小也不同,即对于耕地面积的变动来说,经济发展水平和经济结构都是负向驱动,而对于建设用地面积变动都是正向驱动;相同驱动因素的影响敏感性也表现出差异性.     

退耕还林(草)工程对吴起县农村经济发展的驱动力分析

以陕西省吴起县为例,在实地调杏的基础上,通过对退耕还林(草)工程实施后农村就业结构变化、基本农田种植结构及种植方式的改变、后续产业的发展与农民收入和农村经济进行相关性分析及灰色关联度分析,结果表明:非农行业就业人数占总人数的比例、农业中间物质消耗以及作为后续产业代表的肉类产量四个驱动因素对农村经济总收入提高的相对贡献率分别为:33.64%,32.17%,34.19%.对农民年收入提高的相对贡献率分别达到了33.30%,33.24%,33.46%.退耕还林(草)工程对农村经济的发展起到了巨大的驱动作用.     

Absorption and transport of Na and Cl in rice cultivars differing in their tolerance to salinity: An examination of the effects of ammonium and potassium salts

The absorption and transport of Na and Cl from 0.1 mM and 10 mM ²²Na labelled NaCl or ³⁶Cl labelled KCl were examined in 15 days old seedlings of 3 cultivars of rice differing in their tolerance to salinity. Furthermore, the effects of 10, 100 and 1000 ppm (N)₂S on their uptake were studied. It was found that in general, the salt‐tolerant cultivars BR and PNL‐1 absorbed more Na and translocated a lesser proportion of it to the shoot, compared to the salt‐sensitive IR‐8, from 0.1 mM NaCl. The presence of (N)₂S reduced the uptake of Na in all the cultivars. It was also found that the presence of 100 ppm K, KN or NNreduced Na absorption from 0.1 mM NaCl significantly in all the cultivars, and the translocation to shoot in BR‐ Chloride transport from 0.1 mM NaCl was reduced by (N)₂S in all the cultivars. The 3 cultivars differed significantly in the rates of absorption and transport of Na and Cl. The results indicate that PNL‐1 which is a cross of IR‐8 X BR, has inherited the salt tolerance trait from BR. Lower rates of Na translocation to the shoot can be used as an index of salt tolerance in rice.     

Increased moisture and methanogenesis contribute to reduced methane oxidation in elevated CO2 soils

Awareness of global warming has stimulated research on environmental controls of soil methane (CH₄) consumption and the effects of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) on the terrestrial CH₄ sink. In this study, factors impacting soil CH₄ consumption were investigated using laboratory incubations of soils collected at the Free Air Carbon Transfer and Storage I site in the Duke Forest, NC, where plots have been exposed to ambient (370 μL L⁻¹) or elevated (ambient + 200 μL L⁻¹) CO₂ since August 1996. Over 1 year, nearly 90% of the 360 incubations showed net CH₄ consumption, confirming that CH₄-oxidizing (methanotrophic) bacteria were active. Soil moisture was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the 25–30 cm layer of elevated CO₂ soils over the length of the study, but soil moisture was equal between CO₂ treatments in shallower soils. The increased soil moisture corresponded to decreased net CH₄ oxidation, as elevated CO₂ soils also oxidized 70% less CH₄ at the 25–30 cm depth compared to ambient CO₂ soils, while CH₄ consumption was equal between treatments in shallower soils. Soil moisture content predicted (p < 0.05) CH₄ consumption in upper layers of ambient CO₂ soils, but this relationship was not significant in elevated CO₂ soils at any depth, suggesting that environmental factors in addition to moisture were influencing net CH₄ oxidation under elevated CO₂. More than 6% of the activity assays showed net CH₄ production, and of these, 80% contained soils from elevated CO₂ plots. In addition, more than 50% of the CH₄-producing flasks from elevated CO₂ sites contained deeper (25–30 cm) soils. These results indicate that subsurface (25 cm+) CH₄ production contributes to decreased net CH₄ consumption under elevated CO₂ in otherwise aerobic soils.     

Sulfur dioxide inhibition of photosynthesis at different CO2 and O2 concentrations in relation to photorespiration

The mechanism of SO₂ inhibition of photosynthesis in intact leaves of tomato and maze was studied to evaluate SO₂ inhibition of photorespiration. Leaf tissues were fumigated with SO₂ under photorespiratory (low CO, and/or high O, concentrations) and non-photo-respiratory conditions. When tomato leaf disks were fumigated with 10 ppm SO₂ at 2, 21 and 100° o O., SO₂ inhibited photosynthesis at 2% O₂ in the same degrees as at 21% O₂. SO₂ inhibition of photosynthesis was depressed at higher CO₂ concentrations when the disks were fumigated with SO₂ at different CO₂ concentrations. High CO₂ concentrations also reduced the photosynthesis inhibition of maize leaf disks. These results suggest that SO₂ inhibits photosynthesis through other mechanisms than photorespiration inhibition and confirm the view that SO₂ competes with CO₂ for the carboxylating enzymes in photosynthesis     

Influence of Pre-Plant Micronutrient Mixes and Ammonium to Nitrate Ratios in Fertilizer Solution on Growth and Micronutrient Contents of Marigold in Plug Culture

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this work was to determine the effects of pre-plant micronutrient mixes and various ammonium/nitrate (NH₄ ⁺/NO₃ ^?) ratios in a fertilizer solution on growth and the nutrient uptake of French marigold ‘Orange Boy’ in a plug culture. Two kinds of granular glass frits containing six micronutrients were produced and incorporated into peatmoss+vermiculite (1:1, v/v) substrate at a rate of 0.3 g · L^{? 1}. The five NH₄ ⁺/NO₃ ^? ratios in fertilizer solution were 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, and 100/0, each giving a total nitrogen (N) supply of 80, 100, and 120 mg · L^{? 1}in the root substrate during stages 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The plants produced a significantly higher fresh and dry matter yield at 35 days after sowing when grown in 25/75 N nutrition in micronutrient fertilizer 1 (MF1) and 50/50 in micronutrient fertilizer 2 (MF2) than in the other NH₄ ⁺/NO₃ ^? ratios tested. Treatments of the highest accumulation of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B) in plants were 25/75, 50/50, 50/50, 25/75 and 50/50 in MF1 and 50/50, 25/75, 50/50, 50/50, 50/50 in MF2, respectively. The trends in accumulations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B in plants were quadratic (Q), linear (L) and Q, L and Q, L and Q, and Q, respectively, in MF1. Those in MF2 were Q, Q, Q, L and Q, and Q, respectively.     

Greenhouse gas emissions in response to straw incorporation,water management and their interaction in a paddy field in subtropical central China

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of combination of straw incorporation and water management on fluxes of CH₄, N₂O and soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) in a paddy field in subtropical central China by using a static opaque chamber/gas chromatography method. Four treatments were set up: two rice straw incorporation rates at 0 (S1) and 6 (S2) t ha^?1 combined with two water managements of intermittent irrigation (W1, with mid-season drainage) and continuous flooding (W2, without mid-season drainage). The cumulative seasonal CH₄ emissions for the treatments of S1W2, S2W1 and S2W2 increased significantly by 1.84, 5.47 and 6.63 times, respectively, while seasonal N₂O emissions decreased by 0.67, 0.29 and 1.21 times, respectively, as compared to S1W1 treatment. The significant increase in the cumulative Rh for the treatments S1W1, S2W1 and S2W2 were 0.54, 1.35 and 0.52 times, respectively, in comparison with S1W2. On a seasonal basis, both the CO₂-equivalents (CO₂e) and yield-scaled CO₂e (GHGI) of CH₄ and N₂O emissions increased with straw incorporation and continuous flooding, following the order: S2W2>S2W1>S1W2>S1W1. Thus, the practices of in season straw incorporation should be discouraged, while mid-season drainage is recommended in paddy rice production from a point view of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.     

Glucose additions to aggregates subjected to drying/wetting cycles promote carbon sequestration and aggregate stability

Biogeochemical mechanisms at microscale regions within soil macroaggregates strengthen aggregates during repeated DW cycles. Knowledge of additional biogeochemical processes that promote the movement of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) into and throughout soil aggregates and soil aggregate stabilization are essential before we can more accurately predict maximum carbon (C) sequestration by soils subjected to best management practices. We investigated the spatial distribution of ¹³C-glucose supplied to individual soil macroaggregate surfaces and subjected to multiple drying and wetting (DW) cycles. Subsequent distribution of added glucose-C, CO₂ respiration, increased microbial community activity and concomitant changes in soil aggregate stabilization were monitored. Moist macroaggregates were treated with no DW cycles and zero glucose C (Control), 5 DW cycles and zero glucose (DW0G), and 5 DW cycles with additions of 250 μg glucose-¹³C/g soil during each cycle (DW+G). Repeated additions of glucose-C to aggregate surfaces reduced the mineralization of pre-existing soil C by an average of 45% and established concentric gradients of glucose-derived C. It is concluded these increasing gradients promoted the diffusion of soluble C into interior regions and became less available to microbial respiration. Spatial gradients of glucose-derived C within aggregates influenced a shift in the abundance of unique ribotypes spatially distributed within aggregates. Rapid decreases in the mineralization rates of glucose-C during repeated DW cycles suggested greater C sequestration by either physical restriction of microbes or chemical sorption of new C that diffused into aggregates. Aggregate stability decreased significantly following 2-3 DW cycles, when glucose-C was not added. Additions of glucose-C with each DW cycle maintained soil aggregate stability equal to the moist but not cycled control throughout the 5 DW cycles of this study. These data simulate the strengthening of soil aggregates in no tillage agroecosystems which provides continuous additions of DOC compounds generated by decomposing plant residues on the soil surface, and root exudates and decomposition, as well as the mineralization of POM materials within nondisturbed soil profiles.     

Response of wheat genotypes to zinc fertilization for improving productivity and quality

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of zinc (Zn) fertilization on yield potentiality and quality of promising wheat varieties during winter seasons of 2013–14 and 2014–15 at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Among genotypes, HD 2967 genotype proved as best in realizing the highest grain yield (4.89 Mg ha^?1), net returns and benefit–cost ratio besides increased protein (13.4%) and wet gluten (29.4%) content in grain. Highest grain Zn concentration and recovery efficiency (RE) recorded in HD 2851 and HD 2687, respectively. HD 2932 registered lowest grain hardiness index (GHI) followed by PBW 343, indicating their better bread-making quality. With respect to Zn fertilization, application of 1.25 kg Zn Zn–ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (Zn–EDTA) + 0.5% foliar spray at maximum tillering and booting stages resulted in the highest yields, grain Zn concentration and RE followed by 2.5 kg Zn (ZnSO₄·7H₂O) + 0.5% foliar spray at both stages. These treatments are also superior most with respect to grain quality parameters such as protein, wet gluten and starch content. From profitability viewpoint, 2.5 kg Zn (ZnSO₄·7H₂O) + 0.5% two foliar sprays were most remunerative with maximum net returns and benefit–cost ratio.     

Winter soil CO2 efflux and its contribution to annual soil respiration in different ecosystems of a forest-steppe ecotone, north China

Most soil respiration measurements are conducted during the growing season. In tundra and boreal forest ecosystems, cumulative winter soil CO₂ fluxes are reported to be a significant component of their annual carbon budgets. However, little information on winter soil CO₂ efflux is known from mid-latitude ecosystems. Therefore, comparing measurements of soil respiration taken annually versus during the growing season will improve the accuracy of ecosystem carbon budgets and the response of soil CO₂ efflux to climate changes. In this study we measured winter soil CO₂ efflux and its contribution to annual soil respiration for seven ecosystems (three forests: Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation, Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation and Betula platyphylla forest; two shrubs: Rosa bella and Malus baccata; and two meadow grasslands) in a forest-steppe ecotone, north China. Overall mean winter and growing season soil CO₂ effluxes were 0.15-0.26 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and 2.65-4.61 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively, with significant differences in the growing season among the different ecosystems. Annual Q₁₀ (increased soil respiration rate per 10 °C increase in temperature) was generally higher than the growing season Q₁₀. Soil water content accounted for 84% of the variations in growing season Q₁₀ and soil temperature range explained 88% of the variation in annual Q₁₀. Soil organic carbon density to 30 cm depth was a good surrogate for SR₁₀ (basal soil respiration at a reference temperature of 10 °C). Annual soil CO₂ efflux ranged from 394.76 g C m⁻² to 973.18 g C m⁻² using observed ecosystem-specific response equations between soil respiration and soil temperature. Estimates ranged from 424.90 g C m⁻² to 784.73 g C m⁻² by interpolating measured soil respiration between sampling dates for every day of the year and then computing the sum to obtain the annual value. The contributions of winter soil CO₂ efflux to annual soil respiration were 3.48-7.30% and 4.92-7.83% using interpolated and modeled methods, respectively. Our results indicate that in mid-latitude ecosystems, soil CO₂ efflux continues throughout the winter and winter soil respiration is an important component of annual CO₂ efflux.     

Conversion of forest to agricultural land affects the relative contribution of bacteria and fungi to nitrification in humid subtropical soils

Land-use and management practices can affect soil nitrification. However, nitrifying microorganisms responsible for specific nitrification process under different land-use soils remains unknown. Thus, we investigated the relative contribution of bacteria and fungi to specific soil nitrification in different land-use soils (coniferous forest, upland fields planted with corn and rice paddy) in humid subtropical region in China. ¹⁵N dilution technique in combination with selective biomass inhibitors and C₂H₂ inhibition method were used to estimate the relative contribution of bacteria and fungi to heterotrophic nitrification and autotrophic nitrification in the different land-use soils in humid subtropical region. The results showed that autotrophic nitrification was the predominant nitrification process in the two agricultural soils (upland and paddy), while the nitrate production was mainly from heterotrophic nitrification in the acid forest soil. In the upland soils, streptomycin reduced autotrophic nitrification by 94%, whereas cycloheximide had no effect on autotrophic nitrification, indicating that autotrophic nitrification was mainly driven by bacteria. However, the opposite was true in another agricultural soil (paddy), indicating that fungi contributed to the oxidation of NH₄⁺ to NO₃^?. In the acid forest soil, cycloheximide, but not streptomycin, inhibited heterotrophic nitrification, demonstrating that fungi controlled the heterotrophic nitrification. The conversion of forest to agricultural soils resulted in a shift from fungi-dominated heterotrophic nitrification to bacteria- or fungi-dominated autotrophic nitrification. Our results suggest that land-use and management practices, such as the application of N fertilizer and lime, the long-term waterflooding during rice growth, straw return after harvest, and cultivation could markedly influence the relative contribution of bacteria and fungi to specific soil nitrification processes.     

Water Management Influencing Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Rice Field in Relation to Soil Redox and Microbial Community

Abstract

Methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from an irrigated rice field under continuous flooding and intermittent irrigation water management practices in northern China were measured in situ by the static chamber technique during May to October in 2000. The intermittent irrigation reduced total growing‐season CH₄ emission by 24.22% but increased N₂O emission by 23.72%, when compared with the continuous flooding. Soil Eh and four related bacterial groups were also measured to clarify their effects on gaseous emissions. Three ranges of soil redox potential were related to gas emissions: below ?100 mV with vigorous CH₄ emission, above +100 mV with significant N₂O emission, and +100 to ?100 mV with little CH₄ and N₂O emissions. Intermittently draining the field increased soil oxidation, with a decrease in CH₄ emission and an increase in N₂O emission. In general the mid‐season drainage slightly increased the populations of methanotrophs, nitrifiers, and denitrifiers but decreased that of methanogens.