1980—2020年渭河中上游流域土地利用演变及其对径流的影响

[目的] 研究渭河中上游流域不同土地利用情景下径流的响应规律,为渭河中上游流域的发展规划及水资源管理提供科学支撑。[方法] 基于1980—2020年土地利用数据,分析流域40 a的土地利用变化特征,并结合SWAT模型,设置5种历史土地利用情景、两种综合土地利用情景和3种极端土地利用情景,探究径流在不同土地利用情境下的响应。[结果] ①流域40 a间耕地、水域及未利用土地面积逐渐减小,林地、草地和居民用地面积逐渐增加。②1980—2020年共5个时期模拟年均径流深分别为72.24,72.27,72.31,71.86,72.25 mm,退耕还林、退耕还草、耕地型、林地型及草地型模拟年均径流深分别为68.59,69.70,72.60,64.81,66.82 mm。[结论] 40 a间土地利用类型的变化对渭河中上游流域径流的影响小于10%;退耕还林、退耕还草对径流主要起抑制作用。在3个极端土地利用情境下径流大小为：耕地型＞草地型＞林地型,且耕地型与林地型、草地型情境下的差异明显。     

渭河流域蓝绿水对土地利用变化的响应模拟

为深入探讨渭河流域土地利用演变过程对蓝绿水时空变化的影响,该研究基于渭河流域1995、2015年土地利用数据,利用CA-Markov(Cellular Automata-Markov)模型预测渭河流域2035年的土地利用格局;结合SWAT(Soil and Water AssessmentTool)水文模型,设置多种土地利用变化情景,定量分析流域内土地利用变化与蓝绿水量的时空响应关系。结果表明:1)CA-Markov模型模拟2015年土地利用格局效果较好,Kappa系数为0.89,可用于模拟预测;1995-2035年间,耕地主要向建筑用地和草地转移,草地主要向林地和耕地转出,流域内耕地呈减少趋势,单一动态度为-0.27%,建筑用地增速最大,单一动态度达到3.75%。2)1995-2015年间,蓝水量增加了2.38 mm/a,绿水量减少了18.74 mm/a,绿水量减少幅度较大,2015-2035年蓝水量增加了14.82 mm/a,绿水量减少了15.23 mm/a,蓝水量的增加幅度较大;在极端土地利用情景下,退耕还草、还林对蓝水量和绿水量均起减少作用,蓝水量分别减少了9.27、11.37 mm/a,绿水量分别减少了32.94、21.13 mm/a。因此需要合理规划渭河流域耕地、林地和草地,防治水土流失问题,促进流域生态环境的改善。研究结果将对渭河流域土地利用规划和水资源管理提供科学参考。     

修河中上游流域土地利用变化对径流的影响

[目的]土地利用的变化对流域水文过程产生了重要的影响,研究土地利用变化下的水文响应已成为水文学科研究的一个热点。[方法]以修河中上游流域作为主要研究区域,分析了35年来修河中上游流域各种土地利用类型的变化特征,并利用1987—2000年水文气象数据资料,构建了SWAT模型,通过设置1980年、1990年、2005年和2015年4种土地利用情景,定量分析了修河中上游流域土地利用变化对径流的影响。[结果]SWAT模型在研究区具有较好的适用性。1980—2015年,修河中上游流域主要用地类型为林地、耕地和草地,三者面积之和占流域的98%。其中高利用城市用地和耕地对径流的影响系数是正值,说明高利用城市用地和耕地对径流起促进作用;林地、草地对径流的影响系数均表现为负值,说明林地和草地对径流有抑制作用,且草地的抑制作用更加显著。此外,林地和草地在丰水季会减少径流,在枯水季却会增加径流,有类似海绵的作用。[结论]模拟研究土地利用变化对修河中上游流域径流的影响在合理规划水土资源、改善生态环境方面具有十分重要的现实意义。     

基于SWAT模型的丹江流域土地利用变化对径流影响研究

为定量分析土地利用类型变化对径流的影响,基于SWAT模型,通过分析丹江流域近20年来的土地利用变化,并设置3种不同土地利用情景模式,探究了土地利用类型对流域径流的影响作用。结果表明:SWAT模型率定期和验证期的决定性系数R²和纳什效率系数NS分别为0.8,0.73和0.86,0.78,适用于丹江流域径流模拟。2000—2020年,丹江流域土地利用变化引起的径流变化为-0.18%; 情景1中,把林地、草地全变为耕地的情况下,模拟的年均径流变化率为61.65%,情景2中,把耕地和草地全转换为林地的情况下,模拟的年均径流变化率为-12.69%,情景3中,把耕地和林地全转换为草地的情况下,模拟的年均径流变化率为24.24%。耕地对径流深度的影响系数为0.26 mm/hm²,林地对径流深度的影响系数为-13.35 mm/hm²,草地对径流深的影响系数为-0.01 mm/hm²。由此得出,耕地对产流起促进作用,草地和林地对产流起抑制作用。为维护丹江流域生态环境,增强丹江流域径流供给,应科学开发耕地资源。     

基于SWAT模型的张家口清水河流域土地利用情景变化对径流影响研究

土地利用是区域气候和环境变化的重要影响因素。以3S技术为依托,分析25年来张家口清水河流域土地利用类型变化特征,建立了流域SWAT模型并评价了其在张家口清水河流域的适用性,通过设置5种土地利用变化情景,定量分析了张家口清水河流域主要土地利用类型对流域径流的影响。结果表明:SWAT模型在张家口清水河流域具有很好的适用性。1990—2015年,张家口清水河流域的土地利用类型以林地、草地和耕地为主,3种土地利用类型面积总和均占流域总面积的96%以上。其中林地对径流量的影响系数为1.908 m~3/(km~2·h),草地对径流量的影响系数为1.836 m~3/(km~2·h),说明林地和草地都具有截留径流的作用,且林地的作用大于草地;耕地对径流量的影响系数为3.168 m~3/(km~2·h),说明耕地对径流起增加作用。因此,合理开发耕地资源,保护林草资源有利于促进张家口清水河流域生态环境质量的改善。     

不同土地利用变化情景下的洪汝河流域水文响应

[目的]研究洪汝河流域土地利用变化对水文过程的影响,为当地水资源的合理规划和利用提供依据和参考。[方法]本研究以土壤水体评价模型(soil and water assessment tool,SWAT)为基础,通过设计多种土地利用情景模式模拟洪汝河流域水文情景,首先利用数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM),土地利用数据、土壤数据以及日气象数据建立模型;其次选用2006—2008年的水文观测数据进行模型率定,并进行敏感性和不确定性分析;最后,设置4种土地利用情景模式进行水文模拟。[结果]退耕还林情景下径流减少4.23%;而在耕地增加,城镇用地增加和以城镇用地、林地草地增加为主的复杂土地利用变化这3种情景下,径流分别增加3.01%,4.91%和1.50%。[结论]退耕还林增加了可涵养水源的森林,使得径流减少,而增加耕地开垦或城市建设用地则会增加地表径流。     

闽江流域不同土地利用情景下的径流响应研究

通过构建适用于闽江流域的SWAT分布式水文模型，结合情景设置法，分别模拟研究区内不同土地利用情景下的径流过程，以定量分析土地利用变化对流域径流影响。结果表明：（1）经过参数率定的SWAT模型，率定期和验证期的评价指标R²>0.9，NSE>0.8，|PBIAS|<10%，符合模型径流模拟要求，在闽江流域具有良好的适用性；（2）相比闽江流域现状土地利用情景，耕地储备、建设开发情景下流域年均径流量分别增加12.41%，22.89%；植被恢复、分区调控情景下流域年均径流量减少4.09%，1.61%，林地和草地类型能有效减缓地表径流，减小径流年际变化量，而耕地、建设用地类型产流作用明显；（3）结合涵养指数值及丰、枯水期月均径流模拟结果分析，研究流域内林地和草地类型涵养水源、调节径流功能显著，耕地和建设用地类型径流调节能力较差，但前者水源涵养能力相对优于后者；（4）以"闽西北区合理开发耕地，保护森林，闽东北区推广坡度工业"为依据设置的分区调控情景，既能有效减缓与调节流域径流，又能保证区域粮食产量与促进经济发展，实现生态效益与经济效益统一，为闽江流域科学高效、可持续的土地利用规划提供参考。     

诺敏河流域土地利用与覆被变化及其对水文过程的影响

流域土地利用/覆被变化及其水文效应是当前全球变化研究的重要内容.为正确认识大兴安岭森林采伐对水文过程的影响,以诺敏河流域为例,在遥感和地理信息系统技术支持下,结合地形图和卫星遥感影像数据,获取1954-2005年诺敏河流域5期土地利用/覆被数据,在GIS空间分析模块下分析诺敏河流域土地利用/覆被变化过程,并探讨土地利用/覆被变化对水文过程的影响.结果表明,近50 a诺敏河流域土地利用方式发生了明显变化,林地和草地分别减少1 940.1 km2和748.99 km2,与林草地的大面积减少相对应,耕地面积增加2 741.7 km2.自1998年实施大兴安岭天然林保护工程以后,林地采伐和耕地开垦速率明显降低;土地利用/覆被变化影响年径流量,林地大规模减少、耕地明显增加的后期土地利用较前期径流量有所增加,且随着降雨的增多,土地利用变化对径流的影响效应随之增强.同一降雨条件下土地利用/覆被变化对径流的影响在生长季具有明显差异.     

基于SWAT模型的湘江流域土地利用变化情景的径流模拟研究

土地利用变化对径流产生重要影响, 显著影响到流域生态的可持续发展。本文应用流域分布式水文模型SWAT, 对湘江流域内5个水文站点(湘潭、株洲、衡山、衡阳、归阳)的月径流进行了模拟。选取1998~2002年作为模型校准期, 以Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数(NSI)和决定系数(R²)为评价指标, 率定出7个模型敏感参数, 并用2003~2007年的月径流进行模型验证。研究表明, 除归阳站点外, 其余4个站点月径流模拟的R²和NSI都高于0.82, 有的甚至达到0.92, 说明模拟效果较好。在此基础上, 以《湖南省土地利用总体规划(2006-2020)》为依据, 设置了3种土地利用情景模式, 以研究不同土地利用方式对径流的影响程度。结果显示, 土地利用变化对水文过程影响比较显著, 情景1中, 随着165.40 km²的耕地转为林地以及793.91 km²的耕地转为草地, 径流深模拟输出减小1.28 mm; 情景2中, 随着8 173.96 km²的林地转为耕地以及337.56 km²的耕地转为建设用地, 径流深模拟输出增加15.61 mm; 情景3中, 随着500.02 km²的未利用地转为耕地, 径流深模拟输出增加1.16 mm。因此, 增加林地和草地面积将减少径流, 而耕地和建设用地的增加导致径流的增加。在对湘江流域进行土地利用规划时需要综合考虑水文效应和经济效益, 充分认识人类活动对水资源的影响。     

基于SWAT模型和SUFI-2算法的石羊河流域月径流分布式模拟

[目的]揭示石羊河流域径流量对土地利用变化的响应机制,为旱区水资源的合理配置和优化利用提供理论依据。[方法]利用石羊河流域DEM、气象、土壤、1995与2000年2期土地利用等数据,结合RS和GIS技术,构建SWAT分布式水文模型。基于SWAT模型及SUFI-2算法,对石羊河流域1980—2009年的月径流过程进行模拟。[结果]流域内1995与2000年土地利用均以耕地、林地、城乡工矿居民用地面积显著增加,草地、水域、未利用地减少为主;影响SWAT模型模拟效果前3位的参数分别是CN2,Alpha_Bf,Timp;校正期和验证期月流量的模拟值和实测值拟合较好,其Nash Suttcliffe系数Ens和相关系数R2均大于0.8,相对误差|Re|均小于10%。[结论]采用SUFI-2算法的SWAT模型在石羊河流域月径流模拟中具有一定程度的适宜性。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.