不同灌溉方式对日光温室青椒生长及产量的影响

为了确定日光温室内青椒的最适合灌溉技术,在日光温室内分别对青椒进行了滴灌、小管出流和沟灌3种灌溉方式的试验研究,分析了不同灌溉方式对日光温室青椒生长发育的影响。试验结果表明:不同灌溉方式对青椒株高、茎粗均无明显影响;相同阶段所测叶绿素含量,滴灌>小管出流>沟灌,且叶片叶绿素的含量和光合速率呈正相关;用显著性水平α=0.1对各处理产量进行方差分析表明,不同处理对产量有显著影响,青椒产量以滴灌最高,小管出流次之,沟灌最低;通过不同处理比较发现,沟灌、滴灌、小管出流水分生产率分别为16.17、35.13、31.59 kg/m3。故日光温室栽培青椒比较适合采用滴灌方式。     

不同灌溉方式下温室湿度变化及对青椒生长的影响

以土壤含水率下限作为灌水控制指标,即60%~70%占田持,灌水定额为15 mm,研究了小管出流、渗灌、滴灌与沟灌4种灌溉方式下温室内湿度的变化趋势以及对青椒生长情况的影响,并分析了不同灌溉方式下的作物病虫害发病率以及灌溉方式和温室内大气湿度的相关性。结果表明,灌溉方式和温室内大气湿度相关性显著,不同灌溉方式下的湿度差异明显,其中渗灌条件下温室的大气湿度最低。温室内温度和湿度呈异步变化,当温室温度控制在25~28℃范围内,可使温室内的湿度保持在低水平范围内,减少病虫害发生。渗灌条件下作物病虫害的发生率最小,与小管出流较接近,比沟灌降低约35%;而且渗灌条件下青椒的产量最高,为34650 kg/hm2。滴灌、渗灌和小管出流较沟灌增产分别为17%、39%、34%。     

日光温室小管出流条件下甜椒灌溉制度试验研究

通过田间小区试脸研究了日光温室小管出流条件下土壤水分变化对甜椒的长势指标(株高、茎粗、叶面积)、产量和果实品质的影响,并通过综合分析得出甜椒的适宜灌溉制度.研究表明:土壤水分在青椒各生育期内的下限控制范围为苗期50%～60%;田持、开花坐果期60%～70%;田持、结果期70%～80%.田持时,青椒的长势、产量、果实品质及水分利用效率均呈表现优良.青椒在温室中小管出流条件下的适宜灌溉制度为整个生育期的灌水童为200.64 mm;苗期灌水定额为15 mm,灌水2次;开花坐果期和结果期灌水定额为22 mm,灌水8次.     

小管出流条件下树莓适宜灌溉制度研究

为获得树莓的小管出流适宜灌溉制度,在滑动式防雨棚内的测坑中进行小管出流灌水方式下土壤水分对树莓生产的影响试验。采用主成分分析方法综合评价小管出流条件下土壤水分对树莓品质、产量、水分利用效率的影响,结果表明：在树莓整个生育期内,当土壤水分控制在田间持水量的50%～60%时,树莓的产量高、品质好、水分利用效率高,可达到高产、高效、优质的目的。     

垄作沟灌栽培对土壤水热效应和春小麦产量的影响

研究了绿洲灌区垄作沟灌栽培条件下土壤温度和水分的变化及对春小麦的产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,垄作沟灌栽培条件下,0～25cm土层土壤温度日变化以16:00差异最为显著,春小麦拔节前0～10cm平均土壤温度较平作栽培提高1.41℃,并随春小麦生长发育进程的推进,增温效应逐渐弱化。对深层土壤水分的消耗减少,0～20cm土壤含水率低于平作栽培,而20～80cm土壤含水率高于平作栽培。与平作栽培相比,相同灌溉定额下产量增加7.18%～34.97%,水分利用效率提高9.42%～27.34%,节水750m3/hm2。     

渗灌条件下水分胁迫对青椒的节水效应研究

为了探求日光温室渗灌条件下青椒适宜的土壤水分控制下限,采用温室小区试验的方法在青椒全生育期内采用土壤体积含水率作为控制指标,研究了不同土壤水分对青椒的长势、叶绿素、耗水量、产量、水分利用率的影响。结果表明,不同土壤水分对青椒株高无显著影响,对茎粗的影响是5%显著水平和1%极显著水平。相同生育阶段青椒叶绿素含量随土壤水分控制范围降低而增加。在(55%~65%)θf处理下青椒的产量最高,而且水分生产率分别为(65%~75%)θf和(75%~85%)θf处理下的1.2倍和1.4倍。     

河西绿洲林果业灌溉制度研究

通过2014年田间试验,研究了在不同灌水方式(滴管、沟灌、小管出流)、不同灌水定额条件下对干旱地区林果业(葡萄、枸杞、红枣)的土壤水分、株高、茎粗的影响,旨在探讨适宜于干旱地区林果业的灌溉技术模式,以达到节水、增产、高效和优质的目的。试验结果表明:不同灌水量与不同灌水方式对林果土壤水分与株高茎粗的影响,采用80%T1灌水量及N1(沟灌)灌水方式条件下,干旱区林果业影响较为明显,适宜在生产中推广引用。     

微润灌管带埋深对土壤水分及青椒生长的影响

为研究微润灌溉管带埋深对土壤水分及温室青椒生长的影响,采用在微润灌条件下的温室种植试验,对不同管带埋深下青椒根区土壤水分分布及青椒株高、产量、灌溉水生产率进行了研究。结果表明:微润管埋深越深,湿润范围内的土壤平均含水率越低,微润管湿润范围越小。管带埋深为20 cm,青椒株高、产量均为最大,最适宜青椒生长发育。管带埋深对青椒株高增长随时间变化符合Logistic模型,拟合效果良好。管带埋深为20 cm时,青椒灌溉水生产率最高。     

不同灌溉方式下木薯根区水分空间分布及耗水动态变化研究

设置滴灌、小管出流、微喷灌3种灌溉方式,研究不同灌溉方式下木薯根区土壤水分空间分布及其耗水变化规律。结果发现:(1)滴灌灌水集中,土壤水分在根区剖面以根际为中心对称分布;小管出流水分沿支管出口方向入渗,形成斜向下迁移的态势;微喷灌喷洒均匀,根区各层次土壤含水量差异不大。(2)滴灌能有效抑制木薯棵间蒸发,降低水分消耗,提高块根产量,其水分利用效率显著高于其他处理;微喷灌湿润面大,棵间蒸发量较高,其产量和水分利用效率较低;小管出流土壤水分散失量最高,其产量和水分利用效率最低。综上所述,滴灌对木薯的节水增产效应最优。     

不同灌溉方式下冬小麦穗部性状与产量关系的试验研究

采用田间试验,以豫麦69为试验材料,研究了不同水分处理下常规灌溉和一体化垄作沟灌的冬小麦产量与穗部性状的相互关系。结果表明,同常规灌溉方式相比,一体化垄作沟灌方式下,冬小麦的穗粒数、籽粒质量及产量分别增加了5.5356%、7.5489%、7.7454%,但穗数减少了0.4302%。常规灌溉和一体化垄作沟灌方式下,产量与穗数、穗粒数以及籽粒质量均正相关,但一体化垄作沟灌方式下的相关系数较常规灌溉方式大。一体化垄作灌溉有利于改善农田小气候、发挥作物的边行优势和提高小麦产量。     

Yield and water use efficiency of wheat and cotton under alternate furrow and check-basin irrigation with canal and tube well water in Punjab, India

A 4-year field experiment was conducted in a semi-arid area to evaluate the response of each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation in wheat-cotton system using irrigation waters of different qualities in a calcareous soil. Irrigation was applied to each and alternate furrow of bed-planted wheat followed by ridge-planted cotton for comparison with standard check-basin method of irrigation to both the crops. These methods of irrigation were evaluated under three water qualities namely good quality canal water (CW), poor quality tube well water (TW) and pre-sowing irrigation to each crop with CW and all subsequent irrigations with TW (CWpsi + TW). The pooled results over 4 years revealed that wheat grain yield was not affected significantly with quality of irrigation water, but significant yield reduction was observed in alternate bed irrigation under canal water and tube well water irrigations. In cotton, poor quality tube well water significantly reduced the seed cotton yield in all the three methods of planting. The pre-sowing irrigation with canal water and all subsequent irrigations with tube well water improved the seed cotton yield when compared with tube well water alone. However, this yield increase was significant only in alternate furrow irrigation, and the yield obtained was on a par with yield under alternate furrow in CW. When compared to check-basin irrigation, each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation resulted in a saving of 30 and 49% of irrigation water in bed-planted wheat, whereas the corresponding savings in ridge-planted cotton were 20 and 42%, respectively. Reduced use of irrigation water under alternate furrow, without any significant reduction in yield, resulted in 28.1, 23.9 and 43.2% higher water use efficiency in wheat under CW, TW and CWpsi + TW, respectively. The corresponding increase under cotton was 8.2, 2.1 and 19.5%. The implementation of alternate furrow irrigation improved the water use efficiency without any loss in yield, thus reduced use of irrigation water especially under poor quality irrigation water with pre-sowing irrigation with canal water reduced the deteriorating effects on yield and soil under these calcareous soils.     

日光温室青椒滴灌最佳灌水下限组合试验研究

为探讨日光温室滴灌条件下青椒最佳灌水下限组合,通过小区试验方法分析了滴灌条件下5种不同灌水下限组合对青椒形态、品质、产量及灌溉水利用效率的影响.结果表明:不同灌水下限组合对青椒株高、茎粗、VC含量影响差异显著.对青椒产量的影响差异不显著.采用主成分分析法对各灌水下限组合进行了量化的综合评价.评价得分显示:当青椒苗期、开花着果期及结果期的水分下限分别控制在田间持水量的50%～60%、50%～60%、70%～80%时得分最高,表明该处理下青椒产量最高、品质最佳、灌溉水利用效率最高,其为青椒最佳灌水下限组合.     

秸秆覆盖对沟灌夏玉米根系分布及产量影响

【目的】探究夏玉米根系分布、水分利用效率及产量对沟灌种植下不同秸秆覆盖方式的动态响应。【方法】在河套灌区开展不同耕作模式的小区试验,试验设常规垄覆膜沟灌(FM)、垄覆秸秆沟灌(FLJ)、沟覆秸秆沟灌(FGJ)、垄沟覆秸秆沟灌(FLGJ)4个处理。研究了夏玉米各土层的根长密度、作物耗水量、产量及其相关指标,【结果】沟灌种植模式下不同秸秆覆盖方式显著(P<0.05)影响夏玉米根系分布、产量和水分利用效率,通过沟覆秸秆沟灌可改善夏玉米根系分布,提高水分利用效率,达到高产。沟覆秸秆促进了垄上大于40 cm土层根系发育,根长密度较FM处理增加128.1%,显著提高沟里大于20 cm土层根长密度,促进对深层土壤水分养分吸收利用,提高产量。与FM处理相比,FGJ和FLGJ处理的水分利用效率显著提高了51.9%和54.3%,增产9.3%和9.0%,但FGJ处理的收获指数显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),为0.48。【结论】沟灌种植模式下沟覆秸秆FGJ处理改善深层根系分布效果较好,显著提高夏玉米水分利用效率及产量。     

不同沟灌方式对玉米光合速率和蒸腾速率的影响

交替隔沟灌溉和固定隔沟灌溉玉米的蒸腾速率较常规灌溉明显下降,光合速率有降低但降幅不大。交替隔沟灌溉玉米的叶片水分利用效率最高。随着土壤含水率的增大,不同处理玉米的光合速率和蒸腾速率都趋于增大。交替方式和固定方式玉米的光合速率增幅比常规灌溉大,叶片水分利用效率大于常规灌溉。     

隔沟交替灌溉研究进展

隔沟交替灌溉是以通过改善作物根信号功能、光合作用、蒸腾作用和气孔导度等生理特性,进而提高作物产量为目的的一项高效节水灌溉技术。介绍了隔沟交替灌溉技术发展概况,系统阐述隔沟交替灌溉的作用机理,主要包括根系系统的吸收补偿功能、农田土壤水分消耗和水分利用效率变化3个方面,明确了该技术在作物栽培中的应用效果与发展前景。隔沟交替灌溉可显著提高作物产量和水分利用效率,在优质高产节水型农业生产中具有重要意义。      

基于熵权的模糊物元模型优选夏玉米沟灌方式

为了探究沟灌方式下不同灌水处理对夏玉米主要性状及水资源利用效率的影响,采用基于熵权法的模糊物元模型,以大田夏玉米为试验材料,进行了常规沟灌(conventional furrow irrigation,CFI)和宽垄沟灌(wide-ridge furrow irrigation,WFI)种植下3种灌水水平(土壤水分控制下限分别设置为田间持水量的60%,70%和80%)对夏玉米形态指标(株高、叶面积)、产量性状(穗长、穗粗、百粒质量、产量)以及水资源利用效率(灌溉利用效率、水分生产效率)的影响分析.结果表明:同一水分处理下,夏玉米WFI灌溉组合方案优于CFI灌溉组合方案;对于水资源相对丰富地区建议采用WFI-70%θ灌溉方案,对于水资源相对匮乏地区建议采用WFI-60%θ灌溉方案;基于熵权法的模糊物元模型较CRITIC法的模糊物元模型评价效果更好,基于熵权法的模糊物元模型对沟灌夏玉米主要性状和水资源利用效率方面具有一定的应用价值.该研究为沟灌夏玉米合理灌溉提供了科学依据.     

Effect of irrigation methods,management and salinity of irrigation water on tomato yield,soil moisture and salinity distribution

The increasing demand for irrigation water to secure food for growing populations with limited water supply suggests re-thinking the use of non-conventional water resources. The latter includes saline drainage water, brackish groundwater and treated waste water. The effects of using saline drainage water (electrical conductivity of 4.2–4.8 dS m⁻¹) to irrigate field-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv Floradade) using drip and furrow irrigation systems were evaluated, together with the distribution of soil moisture and salt. The saline water was either diluted to different salinity levels using fresh water (blended) or used cyclically with fresh water. The results of two seasons of study (2001 and 2002) showed that increasing salinity resulted in decreased leaf area index, plant dry weight, fruit total yield and individual fruit weight. In all cases, the growth parameters and yield as well as the water use efficiency were greater for drip irrigated tomato plants than furrow-irrigated plants. However, furrow irrigation produced higher individual fruit weight. The electrical conductivity of the soil solution (extracted 48 h after irrigation) showed greater fluctuations when cyclic water management was used compared to those plots irrigated with blended water. In both drip and furrow irrigation, measurements of soil moisture one day after irrigation, showed that soil moisture was higher at the top 20 cm layer and at the location of the irrigation water source; soil moisture was at a minimum in the root zone (20–40 cm layer), but showed a gradual increase at 40–60 and 60–90 cm and was stable at 90–120 cm depth. Soil water content decreased gradually as the distance from the irrigation water source increased. In addition, a few days after irrigation, the soil moisture content decreased, but the deficit was most pronounced in the surface layer. Soil salinity at the irrigation source was lower at a depth of 15 cm (surface layer) than that at 30 and 60 cm, and was minimal in deeper layers (i.e. 90 cm). Salinity increased as the distance from the irrigation source increased particularly in the surface layer. The results indicated that the salinity followed the water front. We concluded that the careful and efficient management of irrigation with saline water can leave the groundwater salinity levels unaffected and recommended the use of drip irrigation as the fruit yield per unit of water used was on average one-third higher than when using furrow irrigation.     

Soil water distribution, uniformity and water-use efficiency under alternate furrow irrigation in arid areas

Soil water distribution, irrigation water advance and uniformity, yield production and water-use efficiency (WUE) were tested with a new irrigation method for irrigated maize in an arid area with seasonal rainfall of 77.5–88.0 mm for 2 years (1997 and 1998). Irrigation was applied through furrows in three ways: alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), fixed furrow irrigation (FFI) and conventional furrow irrigation (CFI). AFI means that one of the two neighboring furrows was alternately irrigated during consecutive watering. FFI means that irrigation was fixed to one of the two neighboring furrows. CFI was the conventional method where every furrow was irrigated during each watering. Each irrigation method was further divided into three treatments using different irrigation amounts: i.e. 45, 30, and 22.5 mm water for each watering. Results showed that the soil water contents in the two neighboring furrows of AFI remained different until the next irrigation with a higher water content in the previously irrigated furrow. Infiltration in CFI was deeper than that in AFI and FFI. The time of water advance did not differ between AFI, FFI and CFI at all distances monitored, and water advanced at a similar rate in all the treatments. The Christiansen uniformity coefficient of water content in the soil (CU_s) was used to evaluate the uniformity of irrigated water distribution and showed no decrease in AFI and FFI, although irrigation water use was smaller than in CFI. Root development was significantly enhanced by AFI treatment. Primary root numbers, total root dry weight and root density were all higher in AFI than in the FFI and CFI treatments. Less irrigation significantly reduced the total root dry weight and plant height in both the FFI and CFI treatments but this was less substantial with AFI treatments. The most surprising result was that AFI maintained high grain yield with up to a 50% reduction in irrigation amount, while the FFI and CFI treatments all showed a substantial decrease of yield with reduced irrigation. As a result, WUE for irrigated water was substantially increased. We conclude that AFI is an effective water-saving irrigation method in arid areas where maize production relies heavily on repeated irrigation. Received: 16 October 1999