基于遥感、GIS的旗县域土地利用变化研究-以内蒙古奈曼旗为例

遥感及 GIS技术是土地利用变化研究的重要手段之一。文章选取位于我国北方农牧交错带的内蒙古奈曼旗为研究对象 ,利用研究区 80年代末 TM影像及 2 0 0 0年 TM影像数据 ,对该区十多年的土地利用变化进行了全面分析。结果表明 :随着土地利用强度的不断增加 ,奈曼旗土地利用产生了显著的变化 ,主要体现为水浇地旱地化、草地退化、耕地及草地沙漠化。     

吉林省近20年土地利用变化及驱动力分析

本文在 GIS平台支持下 ,分析了近 2 0年来吉林省土地利用变化的空间格局 ,阐明了耕地变化的人文驱动力。结果表明 ,1 980 - 2 0 0 0年 ,吉林省土地利用变化主要趋势为草地、林地、未利用地转化为耕地 ,其中草地向耕地的转化占总变化面积的 35 .0 1 % ,动态度最大。人文景观的影响程度有所增强。吉林省土地利用变化空间差异明显 ,西部变化较为剧烈。草地和未利用地转为耕地主要分布在西北部地区 ,林地转耕地多分布在森林边缘地带 ,耕地向城镇用地转化主要分布在中部城市聚集区 ,西部地区部分草地退化导致其向未利用地转化。人口增加、经济发展和宏观政策是该区域土地利用变化的主要驱动力。     

科尔沁沙地的土地利用与沙漠化

根据1985年和2000年的土地利用数据和从相同时期的TM影像上提取的土地沙漠化数据,运用ARC/INFO软件和Access统计软件,分析科尔沁沙地近20年来土地利用和沙漠化土地的构成及变化特点、土地利用与土地沙漠化之间的关系。主要结论草地和耕地是土地利用的主要类型,未利用地面积较大,其它利用类型面积较小;15年来,耕地和林地增加幅度最大,草地减少幅度最大,土地利用转移的主要方向是草地变为耕地和林地。科尔沁沙地沙漠化土地比例大,占一半左右,以中度类型为主;变化趋势是沙化面积增加,程度减轻。在持续强度利用条件下,面积广大的草地和耕地发生退化,由潜在沙漠化土地发展为轻度和中度为主的沙漠化土地;而土地利用方式变化所形成的沙漠化土地面积较小,在新增沙漠化土地中的比例亦很小。所以,草地、耕地等土地利用强度的增大是沙漠化土地面积扩大的最主要原因,而土地利用方式的改变能加快土地沙漠化的进程。     

基于RS和GIS的区域土地利用动态变化及演变趋势分析

以山丹县1985年和2000年TM系列遥感数据为主要数据源,采用国家农委的土地利用现状分类系统,通过GIS空间分析技术,从土地利用类型的面积变化、空间变化和质量变化等方面定量分析了研究区域15年间土地利用的时空变化情况。在此基础上,利用Mark-ov模型,对该区域未来30年内的土地利用动态变化及演变趋势进行了分析。结果表明:15年间研究该区域的土地利用的基本特征表现为:耕地、水域和未利用土地总量增加,其中水域和未利用土地增幅较大;林地、草地、和城乡居住建设用地总量减少,其中草地和林地下降最快,草地植被利用过渡或退化较为严重,水资源利用态势更加严峻,耕地的稳定性较强,其它类型土地的稳定性较差。未来30年内该区域的土地利用变化基本趋势是:耕地、水域面积、未利用土地将持续增加,城乡居住建设用地增长缓慢,林地、草地将持续减少。增加的耕地和未利用土地将主要来源于草地和林地植被的人为减少或自然退化,生态环境将趋于恶化。     

松嫩平原典型盐碱化地区土地利用格局变化研究——以吉林省乾安县为例

基于两期土地利用遥感数据,并结合统计与调查资料,本文使用地理信息系统技术和景观生态学方法,对1945~1996年吉林省乾安县的土地利用格局变化进行了研究。结果表明:1)就乾安县的整体土地利用变化而言,主要表现为景观破碎化,斑块不规则化和景观结构复杂化。2)就各土地利用类型的变化而言,突出表现为草地和湿地大幅减少,景观百分比显著下降,同时耕地和盐碱地大幅增加,景观百分比显著上升。3)就各土地利用类型之间的转换而言,主要表现为草地、林地、盐碱地和湿地向耕地的转化,以及耕地、草地、水域和湿地向盐碱地的转化。4)就各土地利用类型结构的变化而言,突出表现为草地和湿地遭受严重分割,出现严重的破碎化;而耕地和盐碱地斑块日益扩大,连通度上升。5)就土地利用格局变化的环境效应而言,草地和湿地的大幅减少以及盐碱地的显著扩展已经对当地的生存环境构成了严重威胁。     

内蒙古农牧交错带土地利用转型生态环境效应及分异机制——基于三生空间主导功能判别视角

农牧交错带生态环境脆弱，探究其土地利用转型生态环境效应有利于改善该地区生态环境，推动该地区城市的可持续发展。基于遥感数据和ArcGIS空间分析技术，采用土地利用转移矩阵、生态环境质量指数、生态贡献率及地理探测器模型，探讨了内蒙古农牧交错带“三生空间”视角下的土地利用转型生态环境效应及空间分异驱动因素。结果表明：1) 2000-2020年，内蒙古农牧交错带基于“三生空间”的土地利用转型主要表现为生产空间的缩减，生态空间的稳定以及生活空间的扩张。2)2000-2020年，内蒙古农牧交错带生态环境经历了先恶化后改善的变化过程，各期质量指数分别为0.582、0.580、0.583,导致生态环境质量改善和恶化的转换类型主要是耕地、未利用土地和草地之间的转化。3)影响内蒙古农牧交错带生态环境质量空间分异的核心因子是耕地面积占比，关键因子是坡度、地形起伏度和降雨量，因子之间的交互作用主要呈双因子和非线性增强的关系特征。4)内蒙古农牧交错带在推进退耕还林工程的同时还应加强生态安全屏障保护力度，加快构建以国家公园为主体的自然保护体系。     

近40 a三江源地区土地利用变化动态分析及预测

针对三江源草地退化、水土流失及环境恶化等问题,根据三江源1980—2015年7期1∶100 000土地利用数据集,运用Arc GIS 10.0空间统计分析工具,定性与定量相结合的方法分析了该区土地利用时空动态变化及未来变化趋势,结果表明:(1)研究期土地利用变化显著,分为3个时期:前15 a(1980—1995年)草地退化,中间5 a(1995—2000年)土地利用变化缓慢,后15 a(2000—2015年)退化草地恢复。(2)从土地利用结构看,1980—2015年,低、高覆盖度草地、水域、建设用地波动上升,未利用地明显减少,减少了17.61%,中覆盖度草地和林地基本不变,草地总面积增加了13.45%,主要由未利用土地转化而来。(3)从土地利用类型转化看,以低中高覆盖度草地、未利用土地与水域之间的转化为主。(4)据CA-Markov模型预测:水域基本保持不变,高、低覆盖度草地、未利用土地、耕地和建设用地面积不断增加,林地面积减少。(5)人口、经济结构变化及政策的实施是土地利用变化的主要原因,生态资产的供需平衡是驱动因子。因此提出加强基础文化建设、保护天然草地、优化土地利用生产模式,使土地得到合理利用,促进该区可持续发展。     

新疆和田地区土地利用时空变化特征分析

本文基于GIS平台,以新疆各县市统计资料及Landsat TM影像解译得到的三期土地利用数据为基础,结合统计分析工作,对和田地区1996~2004年土地利用数量、类型及其变化进行了分析。分析得出,前后2个4年间,和田地区耕地是先增加后减少,草地则是先减少后增加。在8年尺度上土地利用总的动态特征是,园地、草地、水域及建设用地面积增加,而耕地、林地及未利用土地面积减少。8年尺度和田地区综合土地利用动态度为0.21,前4年综合土地利用动态度为0.06,建设用地、耕地及园地的年变化率较大,草地、水域及未利用土地的年变化率较低。后4年和田地区综合土地利用动态度为0.19,园地与耕地的年变化率较大,林地、水域及未利用土地的变化率较低,后4年变化程度比前4年明显。最后引入单一土地利用类型相对变化率反映出和田地区土地利用变化存在明显的区域差异。     

松嫩平原西部土地利用变化及其盐渍化效应研究--以大安市为例

利用1986年、1996年和2000年的遥感图像数据,对松嫩平原西部典型盐渍化区大安市的土地利用变化转换矩阵和空间格局指数进行计算,分析探讨了监测期间土地利用变化和分布特征及它们对盐渍化的影响。结果表明:大安市耕地、草地和碱斑地相互转化发生剧烈的地区主要分布在中部和南部地区,其中中覆盖草地变化最为剧烈;碱斑地分离度、分维数逐渐减小,面积不断扩大,占大安市总面积比由原来的23. 3%上升到32. 4%。耕地和草地是其面积变化的主要贡献者,其中草地对于碱斑地面积净增加和净减少的贡献分别达到48%和70%,其贡献远大于耕地。草地退化的主要原因是农业人口数和草原载畜量的不断增加,因此,合理的开发利用和保护草地资源将有助于盐碱化土地的防治。     

新疆和田河流域土地利用及其生态服务价值变化

土地利用结构决定土地生态系统服务价值,生态服务价值也反映了土地利用结构的生态优劣.基于遥感和GIS技术及数理统计学方法,利用1990年、1999年、2002年和2005年遥感影像解译得到的4期土地利用数据,对和田河流域1990-2005年土地利用变化进行定量分析,估算出研究区15年间的生态服务价值变化量.结果表明:①耕地、林地和城乡建设用地面积增加,草地、水域和未利用地面积减少;研究区土地利用处于发展时期,土地利用综合程度日益提高;优势度没有发生明显的变化,未利用地一直最高.②土地生态系统服务价值量有所增加,土地利用总体生态效应趋良.但环境也存在着局部恶化,主要表现在上游山地生态系统冰川退缩、天然植被退化;中游绿洲生态系统耕地扩张迅速,土壤盐渍化,人工渠、水库增加显著;下游荒漠生态系统植被退化,水资源严重不足,土地沙漠化.     

Interactive effects of wind speed,vegetation coverage and soil moisture in controlling wind erosion in a temperate desert steppe,Inner Mongolia of China

The rapid desertification of grasslands in Inner Mongolia of China poses a significant ecological threaten to northern China. The combined effects of anthropogenic disturbances(e.g., overgrazing) and biophysical processes(e.g., soil erosion) have led to vegetation degradation and the consequent acceleration of regional desertification. Thus, mitigating the accelerated wind erosion, a cause and effect of grassland desertification, is critical for the sustainable management of grasslands. Here, a combination of mobile wind tunnel experiments and wind erosion model was used to explore the effects of different levels of vegetation coverage, soil moisture and wind speed on wind erosion at different positions of a slope inside an enclosed desert steppe in the Xilamuren grassland of Inner Mongolia. The results indicated a significant spatial difference in wind erosion intensities depending on the vegetation coverage, with a strong decreasing trend from the top to the base of the slope. Increasing vegetation coverage resulted in a rapid decrease in wind erosion as explained by a power function correlation. Vegetation coverage was found to be a dominant control on wind erosion by increasing the surface roughness and by lowering the threshold wind velocity for erosion. The critical vegetation coverage required for effectively controlling wind erosion was found to be higher than 60%. Further, the wind erosion rates were negatively correlated with surface soil moisture and the mass flux in aeolian sand transport increased with increasing wind speed. We developed a mathematical model of wind erosion based on the results of an orthogonal array design. The results from the model simulation indicated that the standardized regression coefficients of the main effects of the three factors(vegetation coverage, soil moisture and wind speed) on the mass flux in aeolian sand transport were in the following order: wind speedvegetation coveragesoil moisture. These three factors had different levels of interactive effects on the mass flux in aeolian sand transport. Our results will improve the understanding of the interactive effects of wind speed, vegetation coverage and soil moisture in controlling wind erosion in desert steppes, and will be helpful for the design of desertification control programs in future.     

An estimation method of soil wind erosion in Inner Mongolia of China based on geographic information system and remote sensing

Studies of wind erosion based on Geographic Information System(GIS) and Remote Sensing(RS) have not attracted sufficient attention because they are limited by natural and scientific factors.Few studies have been conducted to estimate the intensity of large-scale wind erosion in Inner Mongolia,China.In the present study,a new model based on five factors including the number of snow cover days,soil erodibility,aridity,vegetation index and wind field intensity was developed to quantitatively estimate the amount of wind erosion.The results showed that wind erosion widely existed in Inner Mongolia.It covers an area of approximately 90×104 km2,accounting for 80% of the study region.During 1985–2011,wind erosion has aggravated over the entire region of Inner Mongolia,which was indicated by enlarged zones of erosion at severe,intensive and mild levels.In Inner Mongolia,a distinct spatial differentiation of wind erosion intensity was noted.The distribution of change intensity exhibited a downward trend that decreased from severe increase in the southwest to mild decrease in the northeast of the region.Zones occupied by barren land or sparse vegetation showed the most severe erosion,followed by land occupied by open shrubbery.Grasslands would have the most dramatic potential for changes in the future because these areas showed the largest fluctuation range of change intensity.In addition,a significantly negative relation was noted between change intensity and land slope.The relation between soil type and change intensity differed with the content of Ca CO3 and the surface composition of sandy,loamy and clayey soils with particle sizes of 0–1 cm.The results have certain significance for understanding the mechanism and change process of wind erosion that has occurred during the study period.Therefore,the present study can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of wind erosion in Inner Mongolia.     

Effects of converting natural grasslands into planted grasslands on ecosystem respiration: a case study in Inner Mongolia,China

With increasingly intensifying degradation of natural grasslands and rapidly increasing demand of high quality forages, natural grasslands in China have been converted into planted grasslands at an unprecedented rate and the magnitude of the conversion in Inner Mongolia is among the national highest where the areal extent of planted grasslands ranks the second in China. Such land-use changes(i.e., converting natural grasslands into planted grasslands) can significantly affect carbon stocks and carbon emissions in grassland ecosystems. In this study, we analyzed the effects of converting natural grasslands into planted grasslands(including Medicago sativa, Elymus cylindricus, and M. sativa+E. cylindricus) on ecosystem respiration(F_(eco)) in Inner Mongolia of China. Diurnal F_(eco) and its components(i.e., total soil respiration(F_(ts)), soil heterotrophic respiration(F_(sh)) and vegetation autotrophic respiration(F_(va))) were measured in 2012(27 July to 5 August) and 2013(18 July to 25 July) in the natural and planted grasslands. Meteorological data, aboveground vegetation data and soil data were simultaneously collected to analyze the relationships between respiration fluxes and environmental factors in those grasslands. In 2012, the daily mean F_(eco) in the M. sativa grassland was higher than that in the natural grassland, and the daily mean F_(va) was higher in all planted grasslands(i.e., M. sativa, E. cylindricus, and M. sativa+E. cylindricus) than in the natural grassland. In contrast, the daily mean F_(ts) and F_(sh) were lower in all planted grasslands than in the natural grassland. In 2013, the daily mean F_(eco), F_(ts) and F_(va) in all planted grasslands were higher than those in the natural grassland, and the daily mean F_(sh) in the M. sativa+E. cylindricus grassland was higher than that in the natural grassland. The two-year experimental results suggested that the conversion of natural grasslands into planted grasslands can generally increase the F_(eco) and the increase in F_(eco) is more pronounced when the plantation becomes more mature. The results also indicated that F_(sh) contributed more to F_(eco) in the natural grassland whereas F_(va) contributed more to F_(eco) in the planted grasslands. The regression analyses show that climate factors(air temperature and relative humidity) and soil properties(soil organic matter, soil temperature, and soil moisture) strongly affected respiration fluxes in all grasslands. However, our observation period was admittedly too short. To fully understand the effects of such land-use changes(i.e., converting natural grasslands into planted grasslands) on respiration fluxes, longer-term observations are badly needed.     

CO_2,CH_4 and N_2O flux changes in degraded grassland soil of Inner Mongolia,China

The main purpose of this study was to explore the dynamic changes of greenhouse gas(GHG)from grasslands under different degradation levels during the growing seasons of Inner Mongolia, China.Grassland degradation is associated with the dynamics of GHG fluxes, e.g., CO_2, CH_4 and N_2O fluxes. As one of the global ecological environmental problems, grassland degradation has changed the vegetation productivity as well as the accumulation and decomposition rates of soil organic matter and thus will influence the carbon and nitrogen cycles of ecosystems, which will affect the GHG fluxes between grassland ecosystems and the atmosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to explore how the exchanges of CO_2,CH_4 and N_2O fluxes between soil and atmosphere are influenced by the grassland degradation. We measured the fluxes of CO_2, CH_4 and N_2O in lightly degraded, moderately degraded and severely degraded grasslands in Inner Mongolia of China during the growing seasons from July to September in 2013 and 2014. The typical semi-arid grassland of Inner Mongolia plays a role as the source of atmospheric CO_2 and N_2O and the sink for CH_4. Compared with CO_2 fluxes, N_2O and CH_4 fluxes were relatively low. The exchange of CO_2, N_2O and CH_4 fluxes between the grassland soil and the atmosphere may exclusively depend on the net exchange rate of CO_2 in semi-arid grasslands. The greenhouse gases showed a clear seasonal pattern, with the CO_2 fluxes of –33.63–386.36 mg/(m·h), CH_4 uptake fluxes of 0.113–0.023 mg/(m·h) and N_2O fluxes of –1.68–19.90 μg/(m·h). Grassland degradation significantly influenced CH_4 uptake but had no significant influence on CO_2 and N_2O emissions. Soil moisture and temperature were positively correlated with CO_2 emissions but had no significant effect on N_2O fluxes.Soil moisture may be the primary driving factor for CH_4 uptake. The research results can be in help to better understand the impact of grassland degradation on the ecological environment.     

Research on wind erosion processes and controlling factors based on wind tunnel test and 3D laser scanning technology

The study of wind erosion processes is of great importance to the prevention and control of soil wind erosion. In this study, three structurally intact soil samples were collected from the steppe of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China and placed in a wind tunnel where they were subjected to six different wind speeds (10, 15, 17, 20, 25, and 30 m/s) to simulate wind erosion in the wind tunnel. After each test, the soil surfaces were scanned by a 3D laser scanner to create a high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and the changes in wind erosion mass and microtopography were quantified. Based on this, we performed further analysis of wind erosion-controlling factors. The study results showed that the average measurement error between the 3D laser scanning method and weighing method was 6.23% for the three undisturbed soil samples. With increasing wind speed, the microtopography on the undisturbed soil surface first became smooth, and then fine stripes and pits gradually developed. In the initial stage of wind erosion processes, the ability of the soil to resist wind erosion was mainly affected by the soil hardness. In the late stage of wind erosion processes, the degree of soil erosion was mainly affected by soil organic matter and CaCO₃ content. The results of this study are expected to provide a theoretical basis for soil wind erosion control and promote the application of 3D laser scanners in wind erosion monitoring.     

我国北方强风蚀区空间分布格局及特征分析

我国北方强风蚀区是形成沙尘天气的主要区域,本文依据各风蚀区风速的大小、走向,自然地理条件,沙化土地现状及分布特点,将我国北方沙区分为古尔班通古特沙漠西北缘、天山东段—塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘、柴达木盆地西段、河西走廊—阿拉善、鄂尔多斯—乌拉特、浑善达克沙地东北部、内蒙古东部七个强风蚀区。同时从沙化土地、降水量、风速及大风日数、沙尘天气的发生等方面对强风蚀区空间分布格局及特征进行了分析。     

土壤风蚀量随残茬高度的变化规律研究

在内蒙古自治区武川县建立农田土壤风蚀试验区,采用内蒙古农业大学研制的移动式风蚀风洞和旋风分离式集沙仪,直接在农田上观测不同残茬高度条件下的农田风蚀土壤损失情况。试验结果表明:土壤风蚀量和扬起沙尘的高度随风速的增加而增加,随着作物秸秆残茬高度的增加而降低,且输沙量与高度变化符合指数函数关系,土壤颗粒主要集中在近地表层内运动。保护性耕作可明显地提高启沙风速,减少农田土壤损失,当秸秆高度为30 cm时,风蚀量仅为传统耕地的1/4左右。     

小波分析法在内蒙古寒旱区降水量特征研究中的应用

区域降水量不但是影响土壤风蚀的一个重要因素,同时还对植被及农牧业发展起着决定性的作用。以内蒙古寒旱区降水量为研究对象,在收集多年气象站观测数据的基础上,引入MHF小波函数,对其时间序列进行小波分析。揭示了区域降水量变化的多时间尺度的复杂结构,分析了其在不同时间尺度下的周期性和突变诊断点。研究表明:内蒙古寒旱区降水具有明显的季节性和阶段性特征,以1年和9年的周期振动最强;在整个时间域上,降水量呈减小趋势。     

残茬高度对土壤风蚀量影响的试验研究

在内蒙古自治区武川县建立农田土壤风蚀试验区,采用内蒙古农业大学研制的移动式风蚀风洞和旋风分离式集沙仪,观测不同残茬高度条件下农田土壤的风蚀情况.试验结果表明:土壤风蚀量和扬起沙尘的高度随风速的增加而增加,随着作物秸秆残茬高度的增加而降低,且风蚀量与高度变化符合指数函数关系,土壤颗粒主要集中在近地表层内运动.保护性耕作可明显地提高起沙风速,减少农田土壤损失,当秸秆高度为30 cm时,风蚀量仅为传统耕地的1/4左右.     

作物残茬覆盖对农田土壤风蚀的影响

为定量评价干旱半干旱地区农田土壤抗风蚀效果,采用移动式风洞及其配套测试系统对内蒙古武川县上秃亥乡农田地表进行了原位测试研究。结果表明,不同风速下土壤风蚀量随作物残茬盖度的增加呈指数规律减少;40%以上残茬盖度可明显提高土壤颗粒起动风速并减少风蚀量;当风速为14~18 m/s时,地表作物残茬盖度为60%~80%具有较好的抗风蚀效果。