水稻旱作对籽粒灌浆特性和物质积累的影响

选用汕优63水稻,在旱作条件下,研究水稻灌浆特性和干物质积累和分配.覆膜旱作(T1)和露地旱作(T2)生育期和有效分蘖终止期较常规水作(CK)延迟,籽粒最大干重到达时间提前,T1、T2以强势粒灌浆为主,弱势粒很少灌浆,CK灌浆强势粒和弱势粒并重.抽穗前对干物质积累、运转和分配影响不大,生育后期有较大抑制作用,不同处理各器官干物质分配比例大小不同.单株有效分蘖数虽较常规水作有所增加,但分蘖成穗率、每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重均降低,导致产量降低.旱作汕优63应该采取适当的栽培管理措施促进弱势粒的灌浆并提高其结实率.     

华北平原冬小麦麦田覆盖对土壤温度和生育进程的影响

通过秸秆和薄膜覆盖田间试验,研究了不同覆盖材料对冬小麦田土壤温度(5 cm)以及冬小麦生长发育、穗分化、干物质积累和分配、营养生长期间的N转移、产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,秸秆覆盖平缓了冬小麦整个生育期土壤温度的变化,使冬季土壤温度提高0.63℃,越冬后降低0.35℃;春季降温效应延长了冬小麦穗分化的时间,平均缩短了灌浆持续时间2 d;低温增加了冬小麦穗期干物质和N含量向收获期非籽粒转移的效率,最终造成产量和水分利用效率降低了1.98%和0.14 kg/m3.薄膜覆盖提高了冬小麦灌浆前土壤温度0.44℃,增温效应促进了作物生长,整个生育期的生物量提高116.0 kg/m2;穗分化时期的增温效应使得该处理冬小麦不易形成大穗,同时灌浆期的低温效应影响了籽粒的饱满度,最终产量和水分利用效率分别降低了3.24%和0.17 kg/m3.研究认为,秸秆覆盖和薄膜覆盖具有保墒效应,但其产生的温度效应对冬季作物生长发育造成不利影响,使得最终产量和水分利用效率并没有提高.     

基于APSIM模型的地膜覆盖与露地种植条件下旱地小麦灌浆过程模拟

准确模拟小麦籽粒干物质积累过程可为调控小麦生产提供技术支持。基于APSIM模型模拟数据和大田实测数据同步研究旱地冬小麦籽粒干物质积累过程,并在模型验证的基础上分析积温对小麦籽粒干物质积累过程的影响。APSIM-Wheat模型模拟地膜覆盖和露地种植在灌浆期各阶段粒重和籽粒灌浆速率的决定系数大于0.92,归一化均方根误差小于16.25%,有效性指数大于0.91,表明APSIM-Wheat模型在研究区模拟小麦灌浆过程具有较好的拟合度和适应性。地膜覆盖种植优于露地种植,两年度模型模拟地膜覆盖籽粒干物质日积累量模拟值高于露地5.23%,田间实测地膜覆盖的最大灌浆速率平均高于露地10.46%,快增期平均灌浆速率高于露地13.68%,千粒重平均高于露地2.50%。Logistic进一步分析表明,地膜覆盖种植有利于提前最大灌浆速率的时间,减少灌浆渐增期、缓增期的持续时间;其次,积温通过影响籽粒干物质日积累量进而影响灌浆速率,在灌浆期大气日积温、土壤日积温与籽粒干物质日积累量均呈极显著正相关关系。     

不同生育期灌水和施氮对河西地区春小麦生长和产量的影响

通过大田小区试验,设置4个氮肥水平和6个不同生育期灌水处理,研究了不同生育期灌水和施氮对河西地区春小麦的生长及产量的影响。结果表明:与春小麦各个生育期都灌水(CK)相比,苗期、拔节期、抽穗期以及苗期+灌浆期不灌水对春小麦的株高、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质的累积都有显著的影响,其中苗期、苗期+灌浆期不灌水对株高、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质的累积量影响最大。在平均氮肥水平下,苗期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期以及苗期+灌浆期不灌水春小麦的产量与对照相比分别降低25.63%、11.88%、13.67%、10.38%及34.06%。因此,苗期不灌水和苗期+灌浆期不灌水对春小麦的产量影响最大,其次为抽穗期不灌水、拔节期不灌水和灌浆期不灌水。施氮对不同生育期灌水的春小麦的株高、叶面积指数(LAI)、干物质的累积量、收获指数(HI)、穗粒数、有效小穗数和产量都有显著的促进作用。     

北疆春播、麦后复播青贮玉米物质生产和温光生态效应利用的比较

以新玉15号为供试品种,研究了春播和麦后复播青贮玉米(复播1期,6月30日播种;复播2期,7月10日播种)在产量、干物质积累和光温气候资源利用等方面的差异。结果表明:春播、复播1期、复播2期的群体干物质产量分别为15 615、17 615、14 671 kg·hm-2,春播、复播1期、复播2期鲜重产量53 988、67 251、68 327 kg·hm-2;复播青贮玉米生育期明显缩短,光合有效辐射和≥10℃积温较春播少;复播1期苗期、穗期、灌浆期均处于最适温度范围之内;春播、复播1期、复播2期的LAI峰值为5.01、5.72、6.36,总光合势分别为2.45×106、2.84×106、3.37×106m2·d-1·hm-2。复播青贮玉米的产量潜力主要在于大口期之前生育期优越的光温资源条件,且大口期之前干物质积累速率较春播快。     

不同灌溉模式对中麦349生长发育的影响

在田间限量灌溉条件下,以小偃22为对照,研究了4种灌溉模式对中麦349干物质转移效率、籽粒灌浆速率、产量及其构成因素、土壤含水率等方面的影响.结果表明,不同灌溉后各营养器官干物质转移量及对籽粒的贡献率均降低,叶源的光合性能提高,花后光合产物向籽粒的分配量增加;籽粒灌浆期延长,中后期灌浆速率提高,粒重增大;穗数、穗粒教、千粒重以及产量均提高.相同灌溉模式下,中麦349较对照干物质转移量及对籽粒的贡献率均较大,但各灌溉模式干物质转移量及对籽粒贡献率均较对照下降幅度较大;对照模式下,中麦349较对照营养器官干物质向籽粒运输量大,对籽粒贡献率较大,产量较多次灌溉减产较少,耐旱程度较强.中麦349两水与三水处理无显著差异,以浇越冬水+拨节水+灌浆水产量最高,小偃22以浇越冬水+拔节水模式产量最高.在浇一水模式中,两品种均以浇拔节水产量较高.     

绿洲生态条件下氮磷肥配施对冬小麦干物质分配及产量的影响

在西北绿洲生态条件下,设165 kg·hm-2(N1),225 kg·hm-2(N2)两个氮素(纯氮)水平和105 kg·hm-2(P1)、165 kg·hm-2(P2)两个磷素(P2O5)水平共4个处理,研究了氮磷配施对冬小麦产量及干物质积累及分配、灌浆特性的影响。结果表明:N2P1、N2P2具有较高的籽粒产量,分别为7 644.73、7 686.25 kg·hm-2,同时,水分利用效率(WUE)也较高,分别为11.67、11.49 kg·hm-2·mm-1;千粒重和穗粒数随施氮量增加而提高,磷对籽粒产量构成要素影响不显著;氮、氮和磷互作对籽粒平均灌浆速率(V)、最大灌浆速率(Vmax)、有效灌浆持续期粒重增加值(Ws)和有效灌浆持续期灌浆速率(Vs)均有显著影响,但影响籽粒重量的主要因素是Vmax;氮、磷及氮和磷互作对不同器官干物质积累及其分配影响在不同生育时期表现不一。     

不同水氮磷钾耦合条件下玉米干物质与养分累积动态变化

采用盆栽正交设计方案,研究不同水、氮、磷、钾耦合处理玉米干物质、养分N、P、K吸收累积的动态变化。结果表明,不同水、氮、磷、钾耦合条件下,玉米干物质、养分累积量随玉米生育期的延长而增加,累积趋势都呈"S"型曲线,可用指数方程y=aexp(-b/t)拟合。玉米干物质累积速率和养分累积速率用y=aexp(-b/t)求导可得,最大累积速率出现的时间可对指数方程y=aexp(-b/t)求二阶导数得出。不同处理玉米干物质累积最大速率出现时间为玉米出苗后33.56~68.06 d,N累积最大速率出现时间为出苗后14.73~64.19 d,P累积最大速率出现时间为出苗后45.23~80.64 d,K累积最大速率出现时间为出苗后18.80~53.91 d。     

施肥对旱地农田生态系统冬小麦干物质积累的影响

研究了施肥对时地冬小麦总茎数、顺面积系数及干物质积累和经济产量的影响,并探讨了这些生长因素与经济产量之间的关系。结果表明,施肥使冬小麦分蘖增多,总茎数和每公顷成穗数增加;使各生育期叶面积系数及干物质积累量增大,特别使灌浆期保持较高数值。不同施肥水平下的物质积累过程均可用指数方程ｙ＝ａｅ＾ｂ／ｘ很好拟合,而且方程中的ａ值随施肥水平提高而增大,ｂ值基本。相关分析表明,冬前、灌浆阶段冬小麦生长状况对经济     

滴灌条件下土壤水势对萝卜N、P、K吸收的影响

在滴灌条件下观察、研究萝卜生长和养分吸收的关系,发现萝卜在生长到35d至75d期间,各器官中N、P、K含量均有减小的趋势,收获时肉质根中N、P含量随土壤水势降低而升高。在不同生育期,土壤水势对萝卜的生长、养分吸收有不同程度的影响,在前55d内影响不显著,但到75d时,处理之间存在显著差异。最终结果表明土壤水势控制在-25～-35kPa的处理不但能促进萝卜的根系对N、P的吸收,增加养分的积累量,还能在一定程度上提高萝卜的干物质积累。在-35～-55kPa和高于-25kPa时养分吸收量和干物质积累量都会有所降低。因此,在滴灌条件下,水势控制在-25～-35kPa,可以提高作物对养分的吸收,提高养分吸收效率。     

Mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.

Mercury and cadmium were found in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir (AFR), Idaho. Mercury and cadmium levels in some fish exceeded human health standards set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the World Health Organization. Analyses performed on the flesh of rainbow trout showed mercury residues of up to 1.20 mg/kg, which were higher than residues previously reported in trout collected in 1970 and 1971 from AFR. Cadmium residue levels were as high as 0.80 mg/kg. Although arsenic was found in reservoir sediment at levels of 1.36-2.40 mg/kg, it was not detected in fish.     

Pests,Predators, and Parasites

Abstract

The development of resistance to insecticides and the hazards inherent in their use present ever-increasing problems in insect control today. The difficulties and dangers have given impetus to research on other means of combating pests. Australia has always been prominent in the field of biological control, and the CSIRO Division of Entomology is an important centre, keenly seeking controls for both insects and weeds. Progress in the search for and establishment of parasites of Sirex, the pine pest, was described in Rural Research 64. This article reviews six other projects of particular interest, namely those involving potato moth, buffalo fly, white wax scale, green vegetable bug, lantana, and skeleton-weed.     

Intestinal uptake,metabolism, and transport of naphthol: In vitro capacity,requirements, and inhibition

The metabolism and transport of [¹⁴C]-naphthol were investigated in sacs of rat small intestine to better understand metabolism of the pesticide carbaryl (which contains naphthol) in the intestine. The capacity to synthesize polar ¹⁴C-labeled metabolites was approximately saturated at 50 μM naphthol. The metabolic capacity of the cranial small intestine was about two times the capacity of the caudal. Anaerobic incubation severely suppressed naphthol metabolism. Sodiumfree medium suppressed metabolism only slightly but altered transport of water and of the polar ¹⁴C-labeled metabolites to serosal and mucosal fluids; the effect on metabolite transport cannot be explained by the effects of sodium on water movements, however. Calcium-free medium did not affect metabolism or metabolite transport; 2,4-dinitrophenol, and possibly phlorizin, but not ouabain, suppressed naphthol metabolism in specific regions of the intestine. Each of the three inhibitors altered metabolite transport. It is concluded that the capacity to conjugate naphthol in the small intestine is greater in the cranial than caudal regions; the quantity of naphthol taken up from the medium is proportional to the rate of formation of the polar metabolite, naphthyl glucuronide; addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol, phlorizin, or ouabain, or deletion of sodium, perturbed the transport of the polar metabolite, but the perturbance could not be explained by the effect on rate or direction of fluid transfer and indicated an effect on cellular permeability or on transport mechanisms; the effect of the three inhibitors and possibly of elevated naphthol concentrations (to 520 μM) in the medium on metabolite transport may be by a sodium interaction; the latter suggests that naphthol may be toxic to the intestine at concentrations approaching 100 to 1000 μM.     

Species, Cultivars, Rootstocks and Environment

World apricot production by no means meets the total need of the international market (fresh and processed fruits) and is far below the potential in view of the existing favourable geographic, climatic and agrotechnical conditions. The cause for this insufficient world production of apricots, particularly in certain countries which have favourable conditions for apricot culture and its expansion, should be investigated using scientific and technical concepts concerning the apricot decline syndrome (apoplexy, sudden wilting, withering of apricots). After the mutual assistance of research workers from different disciplines in investigating this complex disease, the economic security of apricot growing can be improved and apricot decline reduced to an acceptable level. Special attention must be paid to selecting appropriate cultivars, rootstocks or interstocks, locations and cultivation techniques.     

施肥对小麦、玉米和大豆连作土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了明确长期施肥和不施肥条件下作物连作对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以典型黑土为研究对象,选取长期定位实验站长期施肥和不施肥条件下的小麦、玉米和大豆连作处理,通过稀释平板法和Biolog Eco微平板法,测定土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量、碳源代谢活性等指标,为建立合理的农田管理措施提供数据支撑和理论依据。结果表明:长期施肥条件下大豆、小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均高于不施肥处理,且均以大豆连作处理细菌和真菌数量最高。不施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数较大豆连作处理分别下降了24.8%和31.0%,真菌总数分别下降了64.0%和51.2%;施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数则较大豆连作处理分别下降了29.0%和45.5%,真菌总数分别下降了26.7%和31.5%。Biolog结果表明,不施肥条件下小麦连作处理的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)高于玉米和大豆连作处理,施肥条件下则是大豆连作处理的AWCD值高于小麦和玉米连作处理。不施肥条件下大豆、玉米和小麦连作处理利用最多的碳源是碳水化合物类,施肥后不同连作处理利用最多的是碳水化合物类和多聚物类。大豆和小麦连作不施肥条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是α-D-乳糖,施肥条件下利用率最高的碳源均是D,L-α-甘油,而不论施肥与否,玉米连作条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是D-半乳糖醛酸;葡萄糖-1-磷酸盐和γ-羟基丁酸是农田黑土微生物群落特异利用的关键碳源。主成分分析得出,施肥对土壤微生物碳源代谢能力的影响大于作物的影响。     

Insecticidal activity of N,N-diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,n-di-isopropyl-, and n,n-di-isobutylalkanamides against mosquito larvae

N,N-Diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,N-di-isopropyl, and N,N-di-isobutylalkanamides in which the acyl moiety ranged from C₈ to C₂₁ were synthesised, and their larvicidal activity was determined against the first-instar larvae of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The four homologous series of amides generally showed an increase in their larvicidal activity as the carbon number in the acyl moiety of the amides increased, until the activity reached a maximum. Subsequently, an increment of carbon number resulted in declining activity in the higher homologues, until the activity disappeared. N,N-Diethyltetradecanamide, N,N-dipropylundecanamide, N,N-di-isopropylundecanamide, and N,N-di-isobutlynonanamide or -dodecanamide were the most active compounds in their respective homologous series of amides; however, they were less active than their analogous N,N-dimethylalkanamides previously studied.     

Persistence and residual activity of an organophosphate, pirimiphos-methyl, and three IGRs, hexaflumuron, teflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen, against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Three insect growth regulators (IGR), the chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI) teflubenzuron and hexaflumuron and the juvenile hormone mimic (JHM) pyriproxyfen, as well as the organophosphate (OP) pirimiphos-methyl, were evaluated for their activity against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F), in cowpea seeds stored for up to 8 months post-treatment. The initial activity data showed that, based on LC50 level, teflubenzuron had strong ovicidal activity (LC50 = 0.056 mg kg(-1)) followed by pirimiphos-methyl (1.82 mg kg(-1)) and pyriproxyfen (91.9 mg kg(-1)). The residual activity data showed that none of the IGRs tested had strong activity when applied at 200 mg kg(-1) in reducing the oviposition rates of C maculatus at various storage intervals up to 8 months post-treatment. However, teflubenzuron reduced adult emergence (F1 progeny), achieving control ranging from 96.2% at 1 month to 94.3% at 8 months. Hexaflumuron showed a similar trend in its residual activity, ranging between 93.8% control at 1 month to 88.2% control at 8 months post-treatment. However, pyriproxyfen was more active than the CSIs tested and caused complete suppression (100% control) of adult emergence at all storage intervals. Unlike the IGRs tested, pirimiphos-methyl applied at 25 mg kg(-1) was more effective in reducing oviposition rates of C maculatus up to 8 months post-treatment. A strong reduction of adult emergence was also observed at various bimonthly intervals (98.6% control at 1 month to 91.6% control at 8 months post-treatment). The persistence of hexaflumuron and pirimiphos-methyl in cowpea seeds was also studied over a period of 8 months. The loss of hexaflumuron residue in treated cowpeas (200 mg kg(-1)) was very slow during the first month post-treatment (4.43%). At the end of 8 months, the residue level had declined significantly to 46.4% of the initial applied rate. The loss of pirimiphos-methyl residue in treated cowpeas (25 mg kg(-1)) was relatively high during the first month post-treatment (36.7%) and increased to 81.6% after 8 months.     

Dieldrin residues in soybeans in Illinois, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974

The Illinois soybean crop was monitored in 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974 for dieldrin residues resulting from aldrin applied to corn in the years before soybean cultivation. Residue levels of dieldrin in soybeans increased between 1965 and 1974. The percent of fields which had soybeans with a dieldrin level above 0.03 ppm increased between 1965 and 1974. Dieldrin residue levels in soybeans grown in Illinois are expected to decline now that the use of aldrin has diminished and will soon cease. No significant correlation was evident between the dieldrin levels in soybeans and the area of the State where they had grown, the date of planting, or the variety.