半高导叶端面间隙对离心泵水力性能影响的数值模拟与验证

离心泵中存在各种间隙,其间隙流动极其复杂,易出现泄漏流、间隙涡等复杂湍流,影响离心泵的水力性能及运行稳定性.该文结合数值模拟与试验方法,采用SSTk–ω湍流模型,研究半高导叶端面间隙对离心泵水力性能及内部流场的影响规律,重点探讨半高导叶端面间隙对离心泵水力性能的影响机理.结果表明,适当的半高导叶端面间隙能有效改善离心泵水力性能,拓宽其高效区,导叶叶高为1.0时,最高效率点流量37.5m3/h处,而导叶叶高为0~0.8时,其最高效率点流量42.5m3/h处;导叶端面间隙为0.4~0.6导叶叶高时,离心泵的效率与扬程最优,且最大效率为57.5%;在0.6倍设计工况、0.8倍设计工况和1.0倍设计工况时,带半高导叶端面间隙的离心泵中叶轮做功和导叶内总压损失均高于普通导叶式离心泵,在0.6倍设计工况,导叶叶高为1.0时叶轮做功比导叶叶高为0~0.8时叶轮做功低将近7m水头,且在0.6倍设计工况和0.8倍设计工况下,导叶叶高为0时导叶内总压损失平均值比导叶叶高为1.0时分别高6.66m、4.62m水头;在1.2倍设计工况和1.4倍设计工况时,其叶轮做功和导叶内总压损失均低于普通导叶式离心泵;在各流量工况下,带导叶端面间隙的离心泵中蜗壳内总压损失均小于普通导叶式离心泵;随着流量增加,带半高导叶端面间隙的离心泵中叶轮-导叶动静干涉作用在逐渐减弱,叶轮-蜗壳动静干涉作用逐渐凸显.研究结果为离心泵导叶优化设计提供参考.     

进口管壁面轴向开槽消除轴流泵特性曲线驼峰

当轴流泵在小流量工况下运行时,由于叶轮进口的冲角增大,导致在叶轮内产生脱流等不稳定流动结构,降低泵的水力性能。该文采用计算流体动力学分析方法对轴流泵内部流场进行了研究,结果表明:该轴流泵的特性曲线存在明显的驼峰区域,在0.3到0.61倍最优流量工况区间,轴流泵的扬程和效率明显下降。在临界失速工况下(0.61倍最优流量工况),叶片吸力面前缘靠近轮缘处及叶片尾缘靠近轮毂处均出现了脱流;在深度失速工况下(0.45倍最优流量工况),脱流进一步发展,并与来流共同作用形成稳定的涡旋结构,阻塞整个流道。为了提高轴流泵在小流量工况下的水力性能,引入一种轴流泵进口管开槽技术,分析其对轴流泵内部流场的影响及驼峰的改善作用。结果表明:在小流量工况下,轴向开槽可以减小叶轮进口环量和冲角,可以减小叶片背部的脱流,轴流泵的驼峰得到明显的改善。开槽深度是改善轴流泵小流量工况下驼峰的重要因素之一,当槽深与叶轮直径比为0.02时,叶轮内的通道涡几乎完全消除,轴流泵深度失速工况点的扬程、效率分别提高了66%和32%,极大地改善了轴流泵的水力性能。沟槽数目越多,槽长越长,消除驼峰的能力越好,60个沟槽与2/3倍叶轮直径的槽长在其他参数相同的条件下消除驼峰的能力更强。该文可为避免轴流泵内部的失速流动以及消除水力性能曲线上的驼峰相关研究提供参考。     

离心泵内部流动时序效应的CFD计算

为了研究导叶时序效应对离心泵性能的影响,采用CFD方法对设计流量工况下导叶不同时序位置时离心泵内部流动进行了数值计算,定义导叶叶片尾缘与隔舌夹角为0时为时序位置0,每增加10°增加一个时序位置。得到了泵内外特性随时序位置不同的变化规律,并分析了不同时序位置对隔舌处压力脉动及叶轮径向力非定常特性的影响。结果表明：随着导叶时序位置的增加,泵扬程和效率呈先上升后下降的趋势,导叶与隔舌相对位置在20°时达到最大值,扬程较最低值提高0.6 m;时序效应对隔舌处1倍和2倍叶片通过频率影响最大,且随时序位置的增加,主频和压力脉动幅值呈先减小后增加的趋势,时序位置1时幅值为4时的70%;导叶时序位置的改变主要影响泵底座-出口方向叶轮径向力分量。研究结果为离心泵径向导叶设计提供参考。     

竖井与轴伸贯流泵装置水力特性比较

为比较竖井与轴伸贯流泵装置的水力特性,借助大型商用CFD软件在水泵水力模型、导叶以及流道总长度保持不变的情况下,对竖井和轴伸贯流泵装置进行了数值仿真模拟计算,并对竖井式贯流泵装置外特性进行了试验验证,试验结果表明设计工况点扬程和效率的模拟结果和试验误差在1%以内,非设计工况误差偏大。计算结果表明:进水流道水力损失较小但是能够影响着水泵性能的发挥,竖井与轴伸进水流道出口的面积加权均匀度分别为92.8%、95.2%,1.25倍设计流量工况下,叶轮的效率在竖井内比在轴伸贯流泵装置内效率最多低1.3%。出水流道的水力损失较大并影响着泵装置的性能曲线,轴伸与竖井出水流道水力损失最大值出现在0.59倍设计流量工况点,此时轴伸出水流道内水力损失值为0.459 m,竖井直管出水流道内水力损失值为0.741 m,轴伸贯流泵装置效率比竖井高了3.5%。算例中扬程以1.27 m为分界线,扬程低时竖井贯流泵装置整体性能较好,扬程高时轴伸贯流泵装置性能较好。该研究可为低扬程泵站的选型提供参考。     

离心泵能量性能预测的对比

简述了离心泵性能预测的研究现状。分别采用流场计算法和水力损失法对10台离心泵的设计点工况进行了性能预测并详细比较两种方法的预测结果。流场计算采用FLUENT,在双参考坐标系下,选用标准k-ε湍流模型,SIMPLEC方法对叶轮蜗壳进行耦合相对定常求解。预测了各模型的总效率和扬程并与试验值做了比较;计算了理论扬程以及叶轮和蜗壳内的水力损失。对比研究结果表明,基于FLUENT的流场计算法具有比较高的预测精度,其中扬程预测精度平均高0.98%,效率预测精度平均高1.51%。分析了两种方法预测差异的原因。     

叶片厚度对轴流泵性能影响及内部流场分析

为研究叶片厚度对轴流泵性能影响及其内部流场变化规律,该文采用圆弧法和流线法进行比转速550、转速2900r/min的QY90-4.4-1.5型潜水轴流泵水力模型设计,完成产品开发及样机型式试验。通过加厚叶轮叶片进行对比试验,阐明泵流量—扬程、流量—轴功率和流量—效率曲线产生差别的原因。采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法进行叶片厚度对流场影响的数值计算,得到最优工况叶片表面相对速度分布和不同工况叶片表面静压分布。经过分析,阐明薄叶片总体性能优于厚叶片,但抗汽蚀性能可能劣于厚叶片。厚叶片翼型脱流、叶片进出口出现回流及二次流情况更为严重,水力损失较大,是泵效率等性能参数偏低的主要原因。     

单流道离心泵定常非定常性能预测及湍流模型工况适用性

为了评价计算流体动力学在单流道离心泵性能预测中的精度,以一台比转速为140的单流道离心泵作为研究对象,基于试验测试结果,对比分析了定常及非定常计算方法的性能预测结果,研究了标准k-ε湍流模型(Standard k-ε)、重正化群k-ε湍流模型(Renormalization group k-ε,RNG k-ε),标准k-ω湍流模型(Standard k-ω)和SST k-ω湍流模型(Shear stress transport k-ω,SST k-ω)4种湍流模型在单流道离心泵内流计算中的适用性,并分析了泵内的流动。结果表明,单流道离心泵内流的CFD计算应采用非定常方法;小流量工况下,单流道泵的内流CFD(Computational fluid dynamics)计算应采用SST k-ω模型,扬程、效率和功率偏差均比较小,分别为0.38%、3.12百分点和5.59%;设计工况和大流量工况下的内流计算应采用RNG k-ε模型,扬程预测偏差在3%以内,效率预测偏差在4个百分点以内,功率预测偏差在4%以内;小流量工况时,单流道叶轮叶片进口边下游压力面流道内出现较严重的流动分离和回流现象;单流道叶轮出口环面的低压区位置位于叶片出口边上游,且紧靠出口边。研究结果可为单流道离心泵CFD性能预测提供参考。     

基于径向基神经网络与粒子群算法的双叶片泵多目标优化

针对双叶片泵存在水力性能比相同比转速的多叶片离心泵低的缺陷,该文以一台型号为80QW50-15-4的双叶片污水泵作为研究对象,将其设计流量点的扬程和效率定为优化目标,运用ANSYS CFX(computational fluid dynamics x)进行数值模拟获得性能数据,采用径向基(radial basis function,RBF)神经网络建立结构参数与扬程、效率性能间的预测模型,并将其用作粒子群算法的适应值评价模型,在样本空间内进行最优值求解,获得扬程和效率的Pareto解。选取扬程最优个体和效率最优个体进行数值模拟,研究其在输运不同介质时的性能与内流场差异,并与初始模型的数值模拟数据相比较。经试验验证,清水介质中设计流量点扬程最优个体的扬程较初始个体增加0.96 m,增幅达到5.5%;效率最优个体的效率较初始个体提升了10.11个百分点。该优化方法改善了叶轮水力特性,使双叶片泵性能得到提高。     

半开式离心泵变工况叶顶间隙的流动特性

为研究不同工况下,叶顶间隙对半开式叶轮离心泵内部流场及外特性的影响,该文对某半开式叶轮离心泵内部三维湍流流场进行数值模拟。揭示了离心泵内不同工况下叶轮流道和叶顶间隙层内的流动规律,对比分析了4种不同流量工况下叶顶间隙泄漏涡的流动特性、叶顶间隙层总压与相对速度分布,以及流量的变化对离心泵外特性的影响。结果表明:在小流量(设计流量为1.5 m3/h)时,间隙层内充满了泄漏涡,随着流量的增加涡核逐渐减少;大流量时涡核几乎消失,但此时流体速度激增,流动冲击损失变大在叶轮出口与间隙层附近存在着大面积回流,小流量时回流几乎占据了整个出口。通过模型泵外特性试验,验证了数值计算的准确性。该文为离心泵叶顶间隙设计及水力优化提供了参考。     

基于CFD的离心泵小流量工况下扬程预测分析

为了分析和提高小流量工况下离心泵CFD(computational fluid dynamics)扬程预测的精度,该文对一比转数为64的离心泵多个小流量工况下的内部流动进行了全流场定常多相位和非定常瞬态数值模拟。重点分析了定常多相位计算中的相位角和非定常计算中的时间步长对扬程预测结果的影响,并对比分析了定常多相位和非定常计算对扬程预测的优劣及其原因。研究结果表明,相位角对定常多相位数值计算的扬程预测结果影响很小;时间步长对基于非定常数值计算的扬程预测结果有较大影响。非定常数值计算的扬程预测精度远高于定常多相位数值计算的扬程预测精度,其相对误差都在2%以内。随着流量的减小,叶片与蜗壳的动静干涉作用也越来越明显。对小流量工况下离心泵扬程进行CFD预测,必须被考虑叶片与隔舌的动静干涉作用。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.